Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe

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The Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe is an American twin-engine heavy-lift helicopter designed by Sikorsky Aircraft for the United States Army. It is named after Tarhe, an 18th-century chief of the Wyandot Indian tribe whose nickname was "The Crane".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The civilian version is the Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane.

DevelopmentEdit

File:Sikorsky Skycrane carrying 2 Hueys c.jpg

A CH-54A Tarhe carrying a pair of UH-1 Huey utility helicopters

File:CH54B and M551 Sheridan.jpg

CH-54B carrying an M551 Sheridan tank, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama

File:Sikorsky Skycrane CH-54B c.jpg

Sikorsky Skycrane CH-54B with landing gear modified for soft ground.

Work on what would become the CH-54 can be traced back to Sikorsky's earlier activities with "sky-crane" helicopters, particularly the piston-engined Sikorsky S-60 of the late 1950s. Following the end of the Korean War, the United States Army sought to procure a successor to the Sikorsky CH-37 Mojave, an early piston-engined heavy lift helicopter; being aware of this need, Sikorsky were keen to fulfill it.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/> The company was already working on the Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane, a civil-orientated heavy lift rotorcraft that was designed specifically for the purpose of carrying large payloads externally; the development of a military-configured derivative was viewed as a natural option. While Sikorsky were quick to recognise the advantages of adopting turboshaft propulsion, there were no suitable engines of that type initially available, thus it had to work with the American engine manufacturer Pratt and Whitney to modify their JT12 turbojet to produce one.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/>

One innovative feature for any helicopter of the era was the incorporation of an automatic flight control system, effectively a fly-by-wire arrangement.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/> This feature enabled the aft-facing crew member to control the rotorcraft's pitch, roll, and yaw with 10% control authority, along with an altitude-hold function; it was also praised for being relatively easy to fly under instrument flight rules (IFR).<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/> Considerable attention was paid to the fuselage's design, particularly to minimising weight and maintenance requirements. The landing gear was designed to kneel to make loading easier as well as to ease operations from sloped surfaces.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/> From on onset, Sikorsky sought to enable the type to carry as diverse a range of cargoes as possible, leading to the incorporation of fitting for the carriage of barges and of a specially-designed multipurpose "people pod" that was suited for use for personnel transport, paratroop operations, and even as a mobile hospital or mobile command post.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/><ref name = "sikorsky 95">Sikorsky 2007, p. 95.</ref>

On 9 May 1962, the first of three prototypes performed its maiden flight.<ref name="Janes 76 p386">Taylor 1976, p. 386.</ref> It was subsequently tested by the US Army at Fort Benning while the other two underwent an evaluation in West Germany.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/> During June 1963, it was announced that the US Army had placed an order for an initial six helicopters, designating it as the CH-54A; the first of these was officially accepted on 30 June 1963.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/> Following a relatively brief period of testing and evaluation, the CH-54 was quickly put into active use in Vietnam.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/>

Early on, the type had demonstrated itself to possess unrivalled performance in some aspects. Template:Asof, it continues to hold the helicopter record for highest altitude in level flight at Template:Cvt, which it set in 1971,<ref name=alt11>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well at the fastest climb to 3,000,<ref name=climb3>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 6,000,<ref name=climb6>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and 9,000<ref name=climb9>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> m (10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 ft). On 20 April 1965, a CH-54A equipped with a people pod lifted 90 people, comprising its crew of three and 87 combat-equipped troops; this was the largest number of people to be lifted by a single helicopter at that time.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/>

Operational historyEdit

The United States Army would ultimately procure 105 examples, which it operated under the designation of CH-54 Tarhe. It was most prolifically used during the Vietnam War, typically to provide logistical support and heavy transport activities in aid of American ground troops. In the theater, CH-54s would routinely be used to reposition artillery pieces such as the M101 howitzer, and even airlift bulky payloads such as bulldozers and patrol boats.<ref>Wiest and McNab 2015, pp. 90, 95.</ref><ref>Wise 2010, pp. 85–86.</ref> In terms of retrieved aircraft alone, in excess of 380 were reportedly recovered via CH-54, resulting in the saving of several hundred million dollars.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/><ref name = "sikorsky 95"/>

In particular, those forces operating in and around the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between North Vietnam and South Vietnam were unable to rely on ground supply routes due to the unavoidable challenges posed by the local geography; instead, they were almost entirely dependent on air support provided by rotorcraft such as the CH-54.<ref>Wiest and McNab 2015, p. 92.</ref> The type would operate so close to the frontlines that several would come under fire from the North Vietnamese.<ref>Wise 2010, p. 88.</ref><ref name = "boyne 146">Boyne 2011, p. 146.</ref> One unusual use of the type came under the Combat Trap programme, which saw it drop 10,000 lb bombs, intended for clearing landing zones.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/> One danger that its crews had to maintain awareness of was the strong downwash generated by the rotors; nearby tents were particularly at risk of being blown away.<ref>Tucker 2011, p. 470.</ref>

As a heavy transport helicopter, capable of retrieving numerous types of downed aircraft, it proved to be highly successful. The Tarhe can hold its cargo up and tight against its center spine to lessen drag and eliminate the pendulum effect when flying forward, as well as winch vehicles up and down from a hovering position, so the helicopter can deploy loads while hovering. Due to budget cuts, the Heavy Lift Helicopter (HLH) program was canceled and the CH-54 was not upgraded with larger engines. The relatively small fleet proved costly to maintain, thus the tandem-rotor Boeing CH-47 Chinook, a rival heavy lift helicopter, gradually supplemented the CH-54 for most transport duties, eventually replacing it in Regular Army aviation units during the 1980s. Another heavy lift helicopter, the Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion, had also been developed using many of the proven systems of the CH-54, including its engine, fuselage, and dynamic systems.<ref name = "boyne 2767">Boyne 2011, pp. 276–277.</ref>

The CH-54 was also operated by the Army National Guard, where it performed a variety of military and civilian missions.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/> It participated in various humanitarian relief operations, including the rescuing of a whale in Alaska. Unusual payloads include whole antenna towers and log cabins; another example was the use of a CH-54 to airlift air conditioners onto the roof of the Pentagon.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/> Furthermore, it was commonly tasked with relocating non-airworthy or retired aircraft. Despite these atypical demands, the CH-54 achieved a strong safety record.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/> The military cutbacks enacted at the end of the Cold War proved to be the death knell for the CH-54's military service; the final National Guard flight was conducted on 10 January 1993.<ref name = "Chandler 1994">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Following their withdrawal from military use, many CH-54s were acquired by civilian operators and thus continued to be used in this new capacity.<ref name = "Chandler 1994"/> Of these, Erickson Air-Crane of Central Point, Oregon, operates the largest fleet of S-64 helicopters in the world under the name Erickson S-64 Aircrane. These can be equipped with water-dropping equipment (some also have foam/gel capability) for firefighting duties worldwide.<ref name = "boyne 336">Boyne 2011, p. 336.</ref> After obtaining the type certificate and manufacturing rights in 1992, Erickson remains the manufacturer.

VariantsEdit

YCH-54A: Preproduction aircraft, six built.<ref name="Harding p243">Harding 1990, p. 243.</ref>
CH-54A: Production model powered by two Template:Convert Pratt & Whitney T73-P-1 turboshafts, 54 built.<ref name="Harding p243" />
CH-54B: Heavier version of the CH-54A with two Template:Convert T73-P-700 turboshafts and twin-wheeled main undercarriage, 37 ordered, 29 built.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name = "Chandler 1994"/>

S-64B: In 1968, Sikorsky proposed a three-engined growth version with upgraded rotor and gearbox. This was not proceeded with but did form the basis for the CH-53E Super Stallion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

OperatorsEdit

File:Sikorsky CH-54A Tarhe (S-64A), USA - Army AN1532342.jpg

US Army CH-54A Tarhe (S-64A), 1989

Template:USA

NASA<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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United States Army<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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- 273rd Heavy Helicopter Company
- 355th Heavy Helicopter Company
- 478th Heavy Helicopter Company
- 2nd Battalion, 291st Aviation Company
United States Army Reserve<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Army National Guard
- Company D, 113th Aviation, 152nd Airlift Wing, Nevada ARNG 1986–1993 (received CH-54A<ref name="auto" />)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

- 1160 Aviation Company, Georgia ARNG (received CH-54A<ref name="auto" />)
- 137th Transportation Company (Heavy Helicopter), Kansas ARNG (received CH-54A<ref name="auto" />)
- Company E, 185th Aviation Brigade, Mississippi ARNG (received CH-54A<ref name="auto" />)
- Pennsylvania (received CH-54A<ref name="auto" />)
- Alaska (received CH-54B<ref name="auto" />)
- Alabama (received CH-54B<ref name="auto" />)
- Connecticut (received CH-54B<ref name="auto" />)

Surviving aircraftEdit

File:Sikorsky CH-54A Tarhe (Skycrane) (40434472933).jpg

CH-54A Tarhe ("Skycrane") on display

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A large number of surviving airframes exist in flyable condition as well as in museum collections worldwide.