Sinti

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File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J0525-0500-003, Rheinland, Sinti und Roma mit Wohnwagen auf Landstraße.jpg

Sinti people in Rhine Province, Germany, 1935

The Sinti (masc. sing. Sinto; fem. sing. Sintetsa, Sinta) are a subgroup of the Romani people.<ref name= lorely>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name= Hancock>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name= Minority/> They are found mostly in Germany, France, Italy and Central Europe, numbering some 200,000 people.<ref name="Grimes" />Template:Efn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They were traditionally itinerant, but today only a small percentage of Sinti remain unsettled. In earlier times, they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities.

Within the Sinti Community are various tribes such as the Manouche in France.<ref name=Minority>Template:Cite book</ref> They speak the Sinti-Manouche variety of Romani, which exhibits strong German influence.<ref name=Grimes/><ref name=Minority/>

Etymology and originEdit

The origin of the Sinti people, as with the broader Romani people, lies generally in the Indian subcontinent. While people from the western Indian subcontinent's Sindh region were mentioned in 1100 by Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Maydani, it is unclear whether the Sindhi people were the ancestors of modern Sinti, though it is clear that Sinti and other Romani people originated in the northern Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Kenrick">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn

The origin of the name is disputed.Template:Efn Scholar Jan Kochanowski, and many Sinti themselves, believe it derives from Sindhi, the name of the people of Sindh in medieval India (a region now in southeast Pakistan).<ref name="Kenrick"/><ref name="Matras 2004">Template:Cite book</ref> Romani Historian Ian Hancock states that the connection between Sinti and Sindhi is not tenable on linguistic grounds and that in the earliest samples of Sinte Romani, the endonym of Kale was used instead.<ref name= Hancock/>

Scholar Yaron Matras argued that Sinti is a later term in use by the Sinti from only the 18th century on, and is likely a European loanword.Template:Efn<ref name="Matras 2004" /> This view is shared by Romani linguist Ronald Lee, who stated the name's origin probably lies in the German word Reisende, meaning 'travellers'.<ref name="Lee 2009">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A recent study by Estonian and Indian researchers found genetic similarities between European Romani men and Indian men in their sample.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

The Sinti arrived in Austria and Germany in the Late Middle Ages as part of the emigration from the Indian Subcontinent,<ref name="dw">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> eventually splitting into two groups: Eftavagarja ("the Seven Caravans") and Estraxarja ("from Austria").<ref name="Szombati 2016">Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref name="Szombati 2018">Template:Cite book</ref> They arrived in Germany before 1540.Template:Sfn The two groups expanded, the Eftavagarja into France and Portugal, where they are called "Manouches", and to the Balkans, where they are called "Ciganos" (from Byzantine Greek "τσιγγάνος" and "Ἀτσίγγανος", deriving from Ancient Greek "ἀθίγγανος", meaning "untouchable"Template:Efn Template:Efn); and the Estraxarja into Italy and Central Europe, mainly what are now Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, eventually adopting various regional names.<ref name="Szombati 2018"/>

From 1926-1973, Pro Juventute, a Swiss children's charity, with the support of Swiss authorities, committed crimes against humanity against the Yenish, Manouche, and Sinti people in Switzerland by forcibly removing children from their families and placing them in foster homes, adoptive families, and correctional institutions through the Kinder der Landstrasse (Children of the Open Road) project. This was part of a wider effort to forcibly assimilate these traditionally nomadic communities into the sedentary Swiss society. In February 2025, the Swiss government formally acknowledged that the forced removals and assimilation efforts constitute a crime against humanity under international law.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The HolocaustEdit

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File:Trollmanngross.jpg

Johann Trollmann, a German Sinti boxer, 1928

The Sinti migrated to Germany in the early 15th century. Despite their long presence, they were still generally regarded as beggars and thieves, and, by 1899, the police kept a central register on Sinti, Roma, and Yenish peoples. Nazi Germany considered them racially inferior (see Nazism and race), and persecuted them throughout Germany during the Nazi periodTemplate:Sndthe Nuremberg Laws of 1935 often being interpreted to apply to them as well as the Jews.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Adolf Eichmann recommended that Nazi Germany solve the "Gypsy Question" simultaneously with the Jewish Question, resulting in the deportation of the Sinti to clear room to build homes for ethnic Germans.Template:Sfn Some were sent to the territory of Poland, or elsewhere, including some deported to the territory of Yugoslavia by the Hamburg Police in 1939.Template:Sfn Others were confined to designated areas, and many were eventually murdered in gas chambers.<ref name="Davis 2015">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Many Sinti and Roma were taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were put in a special section, called the "gypsy camp". Josef Mengele often performed some of his infamous experiments on Sinti and Roma. On 2 August 1944, the "gypsy camp" was closed, and approximately 4,000 Sinti and Roma were gassed during the night of 2–3 August and burnt in the crematoria. The date 2 August is commemorated as Roma and Sinti Holocaust Remembrance Day.<ref name="europa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Sinti-und-Roma-Gedenkstätte beim Färbertor in Nürnberg.jpg

Memorial in Nuremberg opposite Frauentorgraben 49, where on 15 September 1935 the Nuremberg Laws were adopted in the ballroom of the Industrial & Cultural Association clubhouse

In the concentration camps, the Sinti were forced to wear either a black triangle, indicating their classification as "asocial", or a brown triangle,<ref name="Shapiro & Ehrenreich 2002">Template:Cite book</ref> specifically reserved for Sinti, Roma, and Yenish peoples.

Notable peopleEdit

Anita Awosusi (born 1956)Template:Dashwriter, musician, activist
Tayo Awosusi-Onutor (born 1978)Template:Dashsinger-songwriter, author, activist
Ayo (born 1980)Template:Dashsinger, songwriter and actress
Wawau Adler (born 1967)Template:Dashjazz guitarist
Jakob Bamberger (1913–1989)Template:Dashboxer and activist
Drafi Deutscher (1946–2006)Template:Dashsinger and songwriter
Lily Franz (1924–2011)Template:Dashwriter and Holocaust survivor
Philomena Franz (1922-2022)Template:Dashwriter and Holocaust survivor
Elisabeth Guttenberger (1926–2024)Template:Dashactivist and Holocaust survivor
Hugo Höllenreiner (1933–2015)Template:DashHolocaust survivor and public speaker
Mario Mettbach (1952–2021/22)Template:Dashpolitician
Oto Pestner (born 1956)Template:Dashsinger, songwriter and politician
Schnuckenack Reinhardt (1921–2006)Template:Dashjazz musician
Marianne Rosenberg (born 1955)Template:Dashsinger and daughter of Otto Rosenberg
Otto Rosenberg (1927–2001)Template:Dashwriter, activist and holocaust survivor
Sido (born 1980)Template:Dashrapper
Chrissy Teigen (b. 1985)Template:Dashmodel<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Johann Trollmann (1907–1944)Template:Dashboxer and victim of forced sterilisation
Häns'che Weiss (1951-2016)Template:Dashjazz musician
Raymond Gurême (1925-2020) - acrobat, activist, and holocaust survivor

File:Bundesarchiv R 165 Bild-244-52, Asperg, Deportation von Sinti und Roma.jpg

Deportation of Sinti and Roma in Asperg, 22 May 1940

File:Düsseldorf-Lierenfeld Gedenktafel.JPG

Memorial for murdered Sinti in Düsseldorf-Lierenfeld

File:Ravensburg Mahnmal Sinti.jpg

Ravensburg, Memorial for Sinti murdered in Auschwitz