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Sisters of Mercy

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The Sisters of Mercy is a religious institute for women in the Roman Catholic Church. It was founded in 1831 in Dublin, Ireland, by Catherine McAuley. In 2019, the institute had about 6,200 sisters worldwide, organized into a number of independent congregations. Notable achievements include the foundation of education and health care facilities, around the world.

HistoryEdit

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FoundingEdit

The Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy began when Catherine McAuley used an inheritance to build a large house on Baggot Street, Dublin, as a school for poor girls and a homeless shelter for servant girls and women. Local women assisted in the works of the house. There was no idea then of founding a religious institution; McAuley's plan was to establish a society of secular ladies who would spend a few hours daily in instructing the poor. Gradually the ladies adopted a black dress and cape of the same material reaching to the belt, a white collar and a lace cap and veil.

In 1828, Archbishop Daniel Murray advised McAuley to choose some name by which the little group might be known, and she chose that of "Sisters of Mercy", having the design of making the works of mercy the distinctive feature of the institute. She desired that the members should combine with the silence and prayer of the Carmelite, the active labors of a Sister of Charity. The position of the institute was anomalous, its members were not bound by vows nor were they under a particular rule.

Archbishop Murray asked the Sisters of Mercy to declare their intentions as to the future of their institute, whether it was to be classed as a religious congregation, or to become secularized. The associates unanimously decided to become religious. It was deemed better to have this congregation unconnected with any already existing community.<ref name=Austin/>

On the Octave of the Ascension, 1829, the archbishop blessed the chapel of the institution and dedicated it to Our Lady of Mercy. This combination of the contemplative and the active life necessary for the duties of the congregation called forth so much opposition, that it seemed as though the community of twelve must disband; but it was settled that several of the sisters should make their novitiates in some approved religious house and after their profession return to the institute to train the others to religious life.

The Presentation Sisters, whose rule was based on the Rule of St. Augustine, seemed best adapted for the training of the first novices of the new congregation and McAuley, Elizabeth Harley and Anna Maria Doyle began their novitiate at George's Hill, Dublin, on 8 September 1830.<ref name=Austin/> While they were in training, Frances Warde managed the affairs of the Baggot Street house.<ref>Austin, Mary Stanislas. "Mary Francis Xavier Warde." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 30 January 2020Template:PD-notice</ref>

On 12 December 1831, Catherine McAuley, Mary Ann Doyle, and Elizabeth Harley professed their religious vows as the first three Sisters of Mercy, thereby founding the congregation. In 1839, Mary Francis Bridgeman professed her vows and joined the congregation

ExpansionEdit

File:Convent of Mercy, Templemore, April 2010.JPG
Mercy Convent, Templemore, County Tipperary

In the 10 years between the founding and her death on 11 November 1841, McAuley established additional independent foundations in Ireland and England:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tullamore (1836), Charleville (1836), Carlow (1837), Cork (1837), Limerick (1838), Bermondsey, London (1839), Galway (1840), Birr (1840), and St Mary's Convent, Birmingham (1841), as well as branch houses of the Dublin community in Kingstown (1835) and Booterstown (1838).

The Sisters offered free schools for the poor, academies for the daughters of the rising middle class, and "houses of mercy", providing shelter for poor youth and women in Dublin and other cities who were in danger of being exploited. They were called upon by bishops in several major epidemics of cholera to nurse people in homes and in the public hospitals.<ref name=":0">Evelyn Bolster, RSM, 1964. The Sisters of Mercy in the Crimean War. Cork: The Mercier Press.</ref>

Their services were in much demand. McAuley opened the first Convent of Mercy in England at Bermondsey on 19 November 1839 for the education of children and the visitation of the poor, sick, and needy. Mother Mary Clare Moore was appointed Superior. The convent was designed in the 'Gothic Style' by Augustus Pugin, his first purpose-designed religious community building. It was destroyed during World War II.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In May 1842, at the request of Bishop Fleming, a small colony of Sisters of Mercy crossed the Atlantic to found the congregation at St. John's, Newfoundland. In 1846, the sisters arrived in Perth, Australia. In the United States, the first community of Sisters of Mercy was established in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1843, followed by Providence, Rhode Island, in 1851.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sisters from Limerick opened a house in Glasgow in 1849 and a band from Carlow, Irland arrived in New Zealand, in 1850. In 1860, St Catharine's Convent was founded in Edinburgh and in 1868, the English community established houses in Shrewsbury and on the island of Guernsey.<ref name=Austin>Austin, Mary Stanislas. "Sisters of Mercy." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 2 October 2015.Template:PD-notice</ref>

Crimean WarEdit

With the London Times reporting appalling conditions at the front, the War Office appealed for volunteer nurses. On 14 October 1854, Bishop Thomas Grant, of Southwark approached the Sisters at Bermondsey.<ref name=":0" /> Together with other nuns, six Bermondsey Sisters of Mercy, including Mary Bernard Dickson, travelled to Crimea to work under Florence Nightingale.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Boer WarEdit

At the request of the bishop of Mahikeng, Dr Anthony Gaughran, sisters came to South Africa to found convents there. Mother Superior Teresa Cowley led a group from the convent in Strabane, with the group acting as nurses to the military during the siege of Mahikeng.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Mercy International AssociationEdit

In 1992 leaders of the various congregations formed the "Mercy International Association" to foster collaboration and cooperation. The Mercy International Centre is located in Dublin. Members of the Association are:

  • Sisters of Mercy of the Americas
  • Institute of the Sisters of Mercy of Australia
  • Sisters of Mercy of Great Britain
  • Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy (Ireland)
  • Nga Whaea Atawhai o Aotearoa Sisters of Mercy New Zealand
  • Sisters of Mercy of Newfoundland
  • Religious Sisters of Mercy (Philippines)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Vows and activitiesEdit

Sisters of Mercy is an international community of Roman Catholic women religious vowed to serve people who suffer from poverty, sickness and lack of education with a special concern for women and children. Members take vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, the evangelical counsels commonly vowed in religious life, and, in addition, vows of service.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

They continue to participate in the life of the surrounding community. In keeping with their mission of serving the poor and needy, many sisters engage in teaching, medical care, and community programs. The organization is active in lobbying and politics.

ConstitutionEdit

The Sisters of Mercy are constituted as religious and charitable organizations in a number of countries. Mercy International Association is a registered charity in Ireland.<ref>Registered Charity no. CHY 10078.</ref>

ControversiesEdit

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In 1869, Sister of Mercy, Susan Saurin, brought suit against her superiors accusing them of bullying, assault and imprisonment. She sought £5,000 in damages. The "Great Convent Case" opened at Westminster Hall with heightened press interest given Victorian antipathy to all things Catholic.<ref name=Arnstein>Arnstein, Walter L., Protestant Versus Catholic in Mid-Victorian England (London: University of Missouri Press, 1982), pp. 3-4 Template:ISBN</ref> The Daily Telegraph made a special publication on the "Inner Life of the Hull Nunnery Exposed" to cover the trial.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Saurin won her case and was awarded fifty pounds in damages.<ref name="herald">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In May 2009, the institute was among four religious congregations for women that came under scrutiny and criticism for their part in running Magdalene laundries in past decades, where women were brought by the state, or their families, for being unmarried and pregnant, or for other reasons. The report found that girls supervised by congregations or orders, chiefly the Sisters of Mercy, suffered much less sexual abuse, but instead endured frequent assaults and humiliation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Mercy Sisters have noted they were not compensated for caring for the women and that the laundries were not profit-making ventures. "We acknowledge fully the limitations of the service we provided for these women when compared with today's standards and sincerely wish that it could have been different. We trust that the implications of the changed context are understood by the wider society."<ref name=Stockman/>

In 2011, as part of their Sculpture Trail initiative, the Ennis Tidy Towns Committee erected a statue at the site of the old St. Xavier's Primary School, now the Clare Museum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Created by Barry Wrafter, it was commissioned to celebrate the work of the Sisters of Mercy since their coming to the town in 1854.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Schools founded or run by Sisters of MercyEdit

AustraliaEdit

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CanadaEdit

  • Academy of Our Lady of Mercy, St. John's, Newfoundland
  • St. Augustine's Elementary School, St. John's, Newfoundland
  • St. Bride's College, St. John's, Newfoundland

IrelandEdit

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Guyana

  • St John Bosco Boys Orphanage, Georgetown
  • Mercy Wings Academic Foundation, Georgetown

JamaicaEdit

New ZealandEdit

In 1849 Bishop Pompallier visited St Leo's Convent in Carlow, Ireland, seeking sisters to emigrate; eight left from St Leo's, led by Mother Mary Cecilia. They travelled to New Zealand, learning Māori along the way, establishing the Sisters of Mercy in Auckland as the first female religious community in New Zealand in 1850.<ref name="DNZB Maher">Template:DNZB</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Columns-list

PhilippinesEdit

  • Holy Infant College, Tacloban City
  • Assumption Academy, Tanauan, Leyte
  • Cathedral School of La Naval, Naval, Biliran
  • Holy Cross High School, Camp Philips, Bukidnon

United KingdomEdit

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United StatesEdit

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Hospitals and healthcare workEdit

AustraliaEdit

CanadaEdit

  • St.Clare's Mercy Hospital, St. John's

IrelandEdit

PhilippinesEdit

  • Mother of Mercy Hospital, Tacloban

Sisters of Mercy of the AmericasEdit

Michael O'Connor was born in Cobh, Ireland. In June 1841, O'Connor was appointed Vicar General of Western Pennsylvania, and two years later, Bishop of the newly constituted Diocese of Pittsburgh. He traveled to Rome for his consecration and on his return, stopped in Ireland to recruit clergy for his new diocese, obtaining eight seminarians from St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, and seven Sisters of Mercy from Carlow, Ireland. The sisters arrived in Pittsburgh in December 1843, with Frances Warde as superior.<ref>Canevin, Regis. "Pittsburgh." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 26 July 2019Template:PD-notice</ref> Mercy Hospital in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania opened 1898.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1858, Mother Mary Teresa Maher led a group of ten Sisters of Mercy to Cincinnati from Kinsale, Ireland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1892, the eleven Sisters of Mercy came to Cincinnati at the invitation of Archbishop John Baptist Purcell. They soon opened a Night School for Young Women. Mercy Hospital in Hamilton, Ohio was founded in 1892. Mother of Mercy High School was founded in 1915. They also direct Bethany House Services for homeless women and children.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

By the 1920s, there were 39 separate Sisters of Mercy congregations across the United States and Latin America. In 1929, the "Sisters of Mercy of the Union" was founded, merging many of the congregations into one single entity with nine provinces. Seventeen communities remained independent. A federation of all the Mercy congregations was formed and in the 1970s, and a common constitution was developed. Further work toward consolidation continued, and in July 1991, the "Sisters of Mercy of the Americas" was established. In December 2018, the sisters marked 175 years in the United States.<ref name=Stockman>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In July 2017 "Mercy Education System of the Americas" (MESA) was formally established to unite and serve the Mercy education ministries in Argentina, Belize, Guam, Honduras, Jamaica, the Philippines and the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Religious Sisters of Mercy of Alma are a separate congregation of women religious. They developed from the Sisters of Mercy, and were established as an institute of pontifical right, in 1973.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Education in the AmericasEdit

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Secondary schoolsEdit

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Colleges and universitiesEdit

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DefunctEdit

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BelizeEdit

  • St. Catherine Academy, Belize City
  • Muffles College (Secondary School in Orange Walk Town)
  • Muffles Junior College (Associate degree-offering institution)

HondurasEdit

  • Instituto María Regina (La Ceiba, Honduras)

Healthcare in the AmericasEdit

The Sisters founded dozens of hospitals in the United States,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and sponsors, or co-sponsors, six health systems. The organization also operates health care ministries in Belize, Guam, Guyana, Peru and the Philippines.<ref name=Stockman/>

In 1883, they founded The Retreat, A Home for Friendless Girls for unwed expecting mothers in Toledo, Ohio. The hospital changed names and locations several times over the years before closing as Riverside Mercy Hospital in 2002.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1892, they founded Mercy Hospital in Hamilton, Ohio. "With lots of heavy industry in Hamilton at the time, there was a lot of need for emergency care for accident victims."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1893, they founded Mercy Hospital in Des Moines, Iowa<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1916, the Sisters of Mercy established Sisters of Mercy's St. Joseph's Sanitarium, in Asheville, North Carolina, to treat tuberculosis patients, which later became St. Joseph's Hospital. In 1998, St. Joseph's Hospital was sold to Memorial Mission Hospital. The Sisters continue to operate urgent care centers in the Asheville area, under the name Sisters of Mercy Urgent Care.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Mercy Health is an nonprofit Catholic healthcare organization in the Midwestern United States, and is headquartered in the suburban western St. Louis County suburb of Chesterfield, Missouri.

Healthcare systemsEdit

Healthcare systems sponsored by, co-sponsored by, or with historical ties to the Sisters of Mercy of the Americas include:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

  • Connolly, Mary Beth Fraser. Women of Faith: The Chicago Sisters of Mercy and the Evolution of a Religious Community (Oxford University Press, 2014)
  • Delaney, Helen Mary. "The evolution of governance structures of the Sisters of Mercy of Australia, 1846-1990" (PhD dissertation,  University of Ottawa; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,  1991. NN80045).
  • Fitzgerald, Mary Innocentia. "An Essay Toward a History of the Sisters of Mercy in the Diocese of Buffalo 1857-1942" (PhD Dissertation,  Canisius College; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,  1942. 28559081).
  • Ford, Augusta Bonita.  "The Sisters of Mercy in Newfoundland their contribution to business education" (PhD Dissertation,  Memorial University of Newfoundland;  ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,  1981. MK57200).
  • Gillgannon, Mary McCauley. "The Sisters of mercy as Crimean War Nurses." (PhD dissertation, University of Notre Dame; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,  1962. 6204407).
  • Hartfield, Anne Elizabeth. "“Sisters of Mercy, mothers to the afflicted”: Female -created space in San Francisco, 1854 through the turn of the century" (PhD Dissertation,  The Claremont Graduate University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,  2003. 3079300).
  • Herron, Mary Eulalia (Sr.). The Sisters Of Mercy In The United States 1843-1928, (The Macmillan Company, 1929)
  • Powers, Mary Blaise. "The changing patterns of enrollment in schools staffed by the religious Sisters of Mercy in the province of St Louis: causes and implications" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kansas; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,  1981. 8202590).
  • Tarbox, Mary Patricia. "The origins of nursing by the Sisters of Mercy in the United States. 1843–1910" (PhD Dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,  1986. 8704315).

External linksEdit

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