Social Democratic Party (Portugal)
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox political party
The Social Democratic Party (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, PSD) is a liberal-conservative<ref name="Nordsieck">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Colomer2008">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Oppelland 2007">Template:Cite book</ref> political party in Portugal that is currently the country's ruling party. Commonly known by its colloquial initials PSD, on ballot papers its initials appear as its official form PPD/PSD, with the first three letters coming from the party's original name, the Democratic People's Party ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, PPD). A party of the centre-right,<ref name="Almeida2012"/><ref name="Freire2007">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Lisi2007">Template:Cite book</ref> the PSD is one of the three major parties in Portuguese politics, its rivals being the Socialist Party (PS) on the centre-left and the far-right Chega (CH) party.
The PSD was founded in 1974, two weeks after the Carnation Revolution. In 1976, the party adopted its current name. In 1979, the PSD allied with centre-right parties to form the Democratic Alliance and won that year's election. One year later, the party's founder and then Prime Minister, Francisco Sá Carneiro died in a plane crash. After the 1983 general election, the party formed a grand coalition with the Socialist Party, known as the Central Bloc, before winning the 1985 general election under new leader Aníbal Cavaco Silva, who shifted the party to the right. Cavaco Silva served as Prime Minister for ten years, instituting major economic liberalisation and winning two landslide victories. After he stepped down, the PSD lost the 1995 election. The party was returned to power under José Manuel Durão Barroso in 2002, but was defeated in the 2005 election. The party was able to return to power after the 2011 elections and four years later was able to win a plurality in the 2015 legislative election, winning 107 seats in the Assembly of the Republic in alliance with the CDS – People's Party, but being unable to form a minority government and went back to the opposition. Nine years later, in 2024, the party returned to power as a minority government, under a rebranded Democratic Alliance coalition, alongside CDS–PP and the People's Monarchist Party (PPM), a mandate that was renewed in May 2025. The party elected its current leader, Luís Montenegro, on 28 May 2022. Since the 2024 election, Montenegro has been the incumbent Prime Minister of Portugal.
Originally a social democratic party, the PSD became the main centre-right, conservative party in Portugal.<ref name="Almeida2012">Template:Cite book</ref> The PSD is a member of the European People's Party and the Centrist Democrat International. Until 1996, the PSD belonged to the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party and Liberal International.<ref name="Almeida2012"/> The party publishes the weekly Povo Livre (Free People) newspaper.
HistoryEdit
FoundationEdit
The Social Democratic Party was born on 6 May 1974, when Francisco Sá Carneiro, Francisco Pinto Balsemão and Joaquim Magalhães Mota publicly announced the formation of what was then called the PPD, the Democratic People's Party (Template:Langx). On 15 May, the party's first headquarters were inaugurated in Largo do Rato, Lisbon. This was followed, on 24 June, by the formation of the first Political Committee, consisting of Francisco Sá Carneiro, Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Joaquim Magalhães Mota, Barbosa de Melo, Mota Pinto, Montalvão Machado, Miguel Veiga, Ferreira Júnior, António Carlos Lima, António Salazar Silva, Jorge Correia da Cunha, Jorge Figueiredo Dias and Jorge Sá Borges.
The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} publication was founded, its first issue being published on 13 July 1974, led by its first two directors, Manuel Alegria and Rui Machete. The PPD's first major meeting was held in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Lisbon, on 25 October, and a month later the party's first official congress took place.
On 17 January 1975, 6300 signatures were sent to the Supreme Court so that the party could be approved as a legitimate political entity, which happened a mere eight days later.
In 1975, the PPD applied unsuccessfully to join the Socialist International,<ref name="Gunther1991">Template:Cite book</ref> with its membership attempt vetoed by the Socialist Party.<ref name="Pappas2001">Template:Cite book</ref>
Alberto João Jardim was the co-founder of the Madeiran branch of the PSD, and governed the autonomous archipelago for decades, running as a member of the party.
Democratic Alliance governmentsEdit
The Democratic People's Party participated in a number of coalition governments in Portugal between 1974 and 1976, following the Carnation Revolution. This is seen as a transitional period in Portuguese politics, in which political institutions were built and took time to stabilize. In 1976, the party adopted its current name. In 1979, the PSD formed an electoral alliance, known as the Democratic Alliance (AD), with the Democratic and Social Centre (now called the People's Party, CDS-PP) and a couple of smaller right-wing parties. The AD won the parliamentary elections towards the end of 1979, and the PSD leader, Francisco Sá Carneiro, became Prime Minister. The PSD would be part of all governments until 1995. The AD increased its parliamentary majority in new elections called for 1980, but was devastated by the death of Sá Caneiro in an air crash on 4 December 1980. Francisco Pinto Balsemão took over the leadership of both the Social Democratic Party and the Democratic Alliance, as well as the Prime Ministership, but lacking Sá Carneiro's charisma, he was unable to rally popular support.
The Democratic Alliance was dissolved in 1983, and in parliamentary elections that year, the PSD lost to the Socialist Party (PS). Falling short of a majority, the Socialists formed a grand coalition, known as the Central Bloc, with the PSD. Many right-wingers in the PSD, including Aníbal Cavaco Silva, opposed participation in the PS-led government, and so, when Cavaco Silva was elected leader of the party on 2 June 1985, the coalition was doomed.
Cavaco Silva governments (1985–1995)Edit
The PSD won a plurality (but not a majority) in the general election of 1985, and Cavaco Silva became Prime Minister. Economic liberalization and tax cuts ushered in several years of economic growth. After a motion of no confidence was approved, early elections were called for July 1987, which resulted in a landslide victory for the PSD, who captured 50.2 percent of the popular vote and 148 of the 250 parliamentary seats – the first time that any political party in Portugal had mustered an absolute majority in a free election. While the PSD had been very popular going into the election, the size of its victory far exceeded the party's most optimistic projections. A strong economy, growing above 7 percent in 1988, ushered a big convergence between Portugal and other EU countries.
The PSD won a historic third term in the 1991 election, with a slightly higher vote share than four years earlier, 50.6 percent. The early 1990s recession hit Portugal in 1993 and high levels of unemployment adding to this fiscal adjustments, eroded the popularity of the Cavaco Silva's government. The anti-tolls riots in 25 de Abril Bridge in June 1994 and the violent response from security forces, further undermined Cavaco Silva's position.<ref>"Bloqueio da ponte. O princípio do fim do cavaquismo foi há 25 anos", Diário de Notícias, 22 July 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2020.</ref> In early 1995, Cavaco Silva announced he would not run for a fourth term as Prime Minister.<ref>"Cavaco Silva não se recandidata ao PSD", RTP, 23 January 1995. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</ref>
Post-Cavaco SilvaEdit
After Cavaco Silva stepped down as leader in January 1995, in the following month, in the PSD congress, the party elected Fernando Nogueira as leader. The PSD lost the 1995 election to the PS. In 1996, Cavaco Silva ran for the presidency of the republic, but he failed to defeat former Lisbon Mayor Jorge Sampaio. Sampaio won 53.9 percent to Cavaco's 46.1 percent. The party, for the first time in 16 years, was out of government. In 1996, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was elected party leader, and held that post until 1999. At the time, the party reviewed its membership database, resulting in a correction from 183,000 in 1996 to 77,000 in 1999.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Rebelo de Sousa resigned in April 1999 and shortly after, José Manuel Durão Barroso was elected party leader. The party was again defeated in the 1999 elections. The party made a big comeback in the 2001 local elections by winning several cities, like Lisbon, Porto and Sintra, from the PS and, some, against all odds and predictions.<ref>"PS sofre hecatombe inesperada ", Público, 17 December 2001. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</ref> This PSD result led the then Prime Minister António Guterres (PS) to resign and the country was led to snap general elections in March 2002.<ref>"Guterres, o filme da demissão em noite de autárquicas ", RTP, 29 February 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</ref>
First PSD/CDS coalition government (2002–2005)Edit
The PSD made a comeback in 2002, defeating the PS by a 40 to 38 percent margin. Despite falling short of a majority, it won enough seats to form a coalition with the CDS-PP and its leader, José Manuel Durão Barroso, became Prime Minister. During his term, Barroso aligned Portugal with the United Kingdom, the United States and Spain in the support for the 2003 American-led invasion of Iraq, hosting a summit in Lajes Field, which divided public opinion.<ref>"Cimeira nas Lajes", RTP, 16 March 2003. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</ref>
In the 2004 European Parliament election, the PSD formed an electoral coalition with CDS-PP, the first since 1980, but was soundly defeated by the PS by 45 to 33 percent margin. A few days after the election, Durão Barroso announced his resignation from the office of Prime Minister in order to become President of the European Commission, leaving the way for Pedro Santana Lopes, by then Mayor of Lisbon and a man with whom he was frequently at odds, to become leader of the party and Prime Minister.
Back in opposition (2005–2011)Edit
In the parliamentary election held on 20 February 2005, Santana Lopes led the PSD to its worst defeat since 1983. With a negative swing of more than 12 percent, the party won only 75 seats, a loss of 30. The rival Socialist Party had won an absolute majority, and remained in government after the 2009 parliamentary election, albeit without an absolute majority, leaving the PSD in opposition.
The PSD-supported candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva won the Portuguese presidential elections in 2006 and again in 2011. After the 2005 elections, Luís Marques Mendes was elected leader of the party. Internal infighting weakened Marques Mendes and, in September 2007, Marques Mendes was defeated by Luís Filipe Menezes by a 54% to 42% margin. Menezes was also incapable of dealing with his internal opposition and, after just six months in the job, Menezes resigned. On 31 May 2008, Manuela Ferreira Leite became the first female leader of a major Portuguese party. She won 38 percent of the votes, against the 31% of Pedro Passos Coelho and the 30% of Pedro Santana Lopes.
In the European Parliament election held on 7 June 2009, the PSD defeated the governing socialists, capturing 31.7 percent of the popular vote and electing eight MEPs, while the Socialist Party only won 26.5 percent and elected seven MEPs.
Although this was expected to be a "redrawing of the electoral map", the PSD has still defeated later that year, though the PS lost its majority. Pedro Passos Coelho was elected leader in March 2010, with 61 percent of the votes.
Second PSD/CDS coalition government (2011–2015)Edit
Growing popular disenchantment with the government's handling of the economic crisis coupled with the government's inability to secure the support of other parties to implement the necessary reforms to address the crisis, forced the Socialist Party Prime Minister José Sócrates to resign, leading to a fresh election on 5 June 2011. This resulted in a non-absolute majority for the PSD, leading to a coalition government with the CDS-PP, which served a full term until the 2015 general election. During this term, many austerity policies were put into practice to reduce the budget deficit but, ultimately, created unemployment and a recession that lasted until mid 2013. Since that date, the economy recovered starting to grow between 1 and 2 percent per trimester.
In the 2015 general election, the PSD and CDS-PP ran in a joint coalition, called Portugal Ahead, led by Pedro Passos Coelho and Paulo Portas. The coalition won the elections by a wide margin over the Socialists, capturing 38.6 percent of the votes while the Socialists captured only 32 percent, although the coalition lost 25 MPs and a more than 11 percent of the votes, thus falling well short of an absolute majority. The PSD/CDS-PP coalition was asked by the then President of the Republic, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, to form a government with Passos Coelho as Prime Minister.
Back in opposition (2015–2024)Edit
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The second PSD/CDS government was duly formed and took the oath of office on 30 October 2015, but fell after a no-confidence motion was approved two weeks later. Its 11 days of rule make it the shortest-lived government since Portugal has been a democracy holding free elections. After that, the PSD returned to the opposition benches, and the Socialist Party was able to form an agreement with BE and CDU to support a PS minority government led by António Costa. Pedro Passos Coelho continued as party leader, but a weak opposition strategy led to bad polling numbers for the PSD. All of this culminated with the results of the 2017 local elections. In these elections, the PSD achieved their worst results ever, winning just 98 mayors and 30 percent of the votes. Passos Coelho announced he would not run for another term as PSD leader. On 13 January 2018, Rui Rio defeated Pedro Santana Lopes by a 54 to 46 percent margin and became the new party leader. After 10 years of Cavaco Silva as President of the Republic, the PSD-supported candidate, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, was elected President in 2016, and reelected in 2021.
In order to avoid bankruptcy due to mounting debt, in 2017, the party, alongside the Portuguese Socialist Party, the Portuguese Communist Party, BE and the ecologist party PEV, voted in favour of abolishing party fundraising limits, thereby opening all Portuguese parties to private political donorship, that they are not obligated to disclose.<ref>Partidos podem angariar quanto quiserem e o IVA é devolvido in Jornal Eco, retrieved on August 9, 2022</ref><ref>O que muda no financiamento dos partidos? E as dúvidas que ficam in Jornal Eco, retrieved on August 9, 2022.</ref><ref>Pela calada do Natal aconteceu o saque partidário in Jornal Eco, consulted on August 9, 2022</ref><ref>Partidos sem limites para angariar fundos e com devolução total do IVA in Jornal Público, retrieved on August 9, 2022</ref> The new proposal was reluctantly approved by the Portuguese president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.<ref>Alteração à lei de financiamento dos partidos políticos promulgada in Transparência Internacional - Transparency International Portugal, retrieved on August 9, 2022.</ref>
During his first year in the leadership, Rio faced big internal opposition and, in January 2019, Rio won a motion of confidence presented by Luís Montenegro. In the EP 2019 elections, the PSD achieved their worst result ever in a national election, winning just 22 percent of the votes. The party recovered a lot of ground in the October 2019 general elections, achieving 28 percent of the votes, against the 36 percent of the PS. Nonetheless, Rio's leadership was, once again, challenged and he faced, in a two round leadership contest in January 2020, Luís Montenegro and Miguel Pinto Luz. Rio won the 1st round with 49% of the votes and defeated Luís Montenegro in the 2nd round by 53 to 47 percent margin, thus being reelected as party leader.
In the Azores 2020 regional elections, the PSD was able to return to power, after 24 years in opposition, by forging a controversial deal with CHEGA, plus CDS, PPM and IL.<ref>"Eleições nos Açores: Novo governo regional toma posse na terça-feira", Observador, 19 November 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</ref> The PSD won almost 34 percent of the votes, while the PS fell more than 7 pp, compared with 2016, to 39 percent, an unexpected result, and overall the right wing parties had a 1-seat majority over all the left.<ref>"PS perde maioria absoluta nos Açores, e Chega, IL e PAN entram no parlamento ", Público, 25 October 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</ref> After 2020, the PSD controls the governments of Portugal's only two autonomous regions.
The 2021 local elections were quite positive for the PSD, despite not winning the most mayors in the country as a whole.<ref>"Autárquicas abalam PS e animam PSD", Público, 27 September 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</ref> The party, and its led-coalitions, won a combined 32 percent of the votes and were able to win, from the PS, several cities like Coimbra, Funchal and Barcelos. The main gain of the PSD was the victory in Lisbon, where Carlos Moedas defeated, against all odds and predictions, the PS incumbent mayor Fernando Medina.<ref>"Carlos Moedas eleito presidente da Câmara de Lisboa. "Ganhámos contra tudo e contra todos!" ", Público, 27 September 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</ref> In October 2021, disagreements between the PS and BE-CDU led to the rejection of the 2022 budget and the calling of a snap general election for 30 January 2022.<ref>"É o primeiro chumbo em democracia. Orçamento para 2022 não passa na Assembleia da República", Eco, 27 October 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</ref> Despite a close race predicted by polls, the PSD suffered a big setback by winning just 29% of the votes and seeing the PS gaining a surprise absolute majority, with 41% of the votes.<ref>"PS vence pela primeira vez em todos os distritos do continente", Renascença, 31 January 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</ref> After the election, PSD leader Rui Rio opened the process to elect a new party leader.<ref>"Rio apela a marcação de diretas no PSD "com serenidade"", Eco, 19 February 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.</ref> On 28 May 2022, Luís Montenegro was elected party leader by a landslide, gathering more than 72 percent of the votes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Return to power (2024–present)Edit
Following António Costa's resignation due to an investigation around alleged corruption involving the award of contracts for lithium and hydrogen businesses,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a snap election was called for 10 March 2024. For this election, PSD, CDS–PP and PPM decided to contest the election in a joint alliance called Democratic Alliance (AD). On election day, the AD won by a narrow 29 to 28 percent margin over the Socialist Party, and formed a minority government.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three months later, in the 2024 European Parliament elections, the AD coalition was narrowly defeated by the Socialists, 31 to 32 percent.
A new election was called for May 2025, after a vote of confidence in the AD minority government was rejected, following the revelations of the Spinumviva case involving Luís Montenegro.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The AD coalition was again the winner, with a stronger mandate, gathering nearly 32 percent of the votes and 91 seats.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
IdeologyEdit
Historical evolutionEdit
The party was founded based on classical social democracy<ref name="Almeida2012"/> and was a centre<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> to centre-left<ref name="HloušekKopeček">Template:Cite book</ref> party. It later became a catch-all centre-right party. The party has been described as liberal-conservative,<ref name="Colomer2008"/><ref name="Oppelland 2007"/> conservative,<ref name="Almeida2012"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or conservative-liberal,<ref name="Machado">Template:Cite book</ref> with Christian democratic,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> liberal and economically liberal elements.<ref name="HloušekKopeček"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
FactionsEdit
The PSD is frequently referred to as a party that is not ideology-based, but rather a power party ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name="eleicoes2009.info">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It frequently adopts a functional big tent party strategy to win elections.<ref name="eleicoes2009.info"/> Due to this strategy, which most trace to Cavaco Silva's leadership,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the party is made up of many factions, mostly centre-right (including liberal democrats, Christian democrats and neoconservatives) as well as quasi-social-democrats and former communists:
Template:Hidden begin The main faction when the party was created, throughout the party's history rightist politicians joined them to have a greater chance of gaining power and influencing the country's politics (see liberals, conservatives, right-wing populists and neoliberals). They do not follow traditional social democracy, but Portuguese social democracy as defined by Francisco Sá Carneiro's actions and writings, which includes a degree of centrist and leftist populism. They followed a kind of anti-class struggle party/cross-class party strategy. All the other members of the party claim to follow this line. Among its representatives were most of the leaders between Francisco Sá Carneiro and Cavaco Silva, Alberto João Jardim (also a founding member and an anti-neoliberal) and to an extent Luís Filipe Menezes (who called the PSD the "moderate left party")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> identified himself with a centre-left matrix and a united left strategy and defended a more open party on issues like abortion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> José Mendes Bota is another left-wing populist.<ref>PSD assume-se como partido liberal: só falta ser coerente e mudar o nome Template:Webarchive, 31 August 2009, Câmara dos Comuns. Retrieved 15 June 2010</ref> The Portuguese social-democrats are centered around the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Boavista Group). Template:Hidden end Template:Hidden begin Follow traditional social democracy. They share with the Portuguese social democrats their presence at the creation of the party and "a non-Marxist progressivist line".<ref>Povo Livre, first issue</ref> Many of them (former party leader António Sousa Franco, party co-founder Magalhães Mota, writer and feminist Natália Correia) supported the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Pressing Options) manifesto,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and then left to create the Independent Social Democrat Association ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, ASDI)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Social Democrat Movement ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, MSD),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> forming electoral coalitions (later merging with) the Socialist Party during the 1970s–1980s. Some took part in the Democratic Renovator Party. A later example of a European-style Social democrat leaving the party for the Socialists is activist and politician Helena Roseta. The ones still in the party adapted to its current right-wing outlook or Portuguese social democracy. They today include former communists-turned centre-leftists, like Zita Seabra. Durão Barroso might have moved from Thatcherism to social democracy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ironically, both Social Democrat factions were represented in the 2008 party elections by Manuela Ferreira Leite, economically neoliberal and socially conservative (often compared to Thatcher). Template:Hidden end Template:Hidden begin The other main faction at creation. The PSD was always more successful in the Northern and rural areas of the country. When Sousa Franco and his SPD-inspired social democrats started their break with the rest of the party he referred to a division between "a rural wing, led by Sá Carneiro, and an urban wing, more moderate and truly social democratic, close to the positions of Helmut Schmidt"<ref>Partido Popular Democrático Partido Social Democrático. «uma ala rural, liderada por Sá carneiro (sic), e uma ala urbana, mais moderada e verdadeiramente social-democrata, próxima das posições de Helmut Schmidt.»</ref> Due to the electoral influence of ruralism on the PSD's politics they may be seen inside of or influencing most factions. Template:Hidden end Template:Hidden begin Due to the Salazarist connotation of the term right-wing<ref>the only exception of a self proclaimed "Party of the Portuguese Right" (until 1979) the Movement for the Independence and National Reconstruction (Movimento para a Independência e Reconstrução Nacional, MIRN), a far right and clearly pro-salazarist party led by Kaúlza de Arriaga. see KAÚLZA DE ARRIAGA: o general sem vitórias and 20MIRN.htm</ref> and all terms connected (liberal and conservative) after the Carnation Revolution, the little attractiveness of economic liberalism in European politics,<ref>As ameaças ao modelo social europeu vs. a incapacidade dos partidos liberais venceram eleições: o dilema do PSD (portuguese)</ref> no specific liberal or conservative party was formed in post-1974 Portugal, except the experiences of the Catholic Action-monarchist Liberal Party in 1974<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the centrist liberal Democratic Renovator Party, so they started working inside the PSD. This strategy of joining "socialism and liberalism under the same hat"<ref name="eleicoes2009.info"/> was especially successful during Cavaco Silva's leadership, when the party gave up its candidacy to the Socialist International and became member of the Liberal International and European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party and Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group, leaving the international and the European party and group in 1996 to join the Christian Democrat International (today Centrist Democrat International), the European People's Party and the European People's Party-European Democrats. Since then, the liberal-social democrat rift (or even the liberal-conservative-populist-social democrat rift) has plagued the party's cohesion and actions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Durão Barroso (a former revolutionary Maoist who switched sides in the 1980s) is sometimes referred to as the most pure liberal of the party.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In terms of social liberals, some try to link both social democracy and social liberalism to the PSD,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> to refer to the early PSD as liberal<ref>PSD – Alexandre Relvas apela a Paulo Rangel e Aguiar-Branco para candidatura única, 14 February 2010, Destak paper</ref> or partly social liberal<ref name="Afinal como é que é">Afinal como é que é?, 29 January 2010, last comment</ref> party and social liberalism is sometimes identified with the social market economy tradition the party traditionally supported.<ref>Folha laranja, Juventude Social Democrata Template:Webarchive, Alges</ref> Even members of the Portuguese Social Liberal Movement admit the traditional and current presence of social liberals (and other liberals) on the PSD.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Template:Hidden end Template:Hidden begin Some claim the PSD as the party of Christian Democracy from the beginning,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or having these currents as part of its legacy.<ref name="Afinal como é que é"/> Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa is one of the main preachers of Christian Democracy inside the PSD. As is Paulo Rangel.<ref>Paulo Rangel. "Não se deve excluir uma maioria absoluta do PSD", Maria João Avillez, 13 March 2010, i newspaper</ref> In October 2024, then Prime Minister and leader of the PSD also mentioned that the government and party were "not Liberal from beginning to end but Social Democratic and Christian Democrat".<ref name="observador.pt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Hidden end Template:Hidden begin Distinct from radical right-wing populists, the populist centre and centre-left social democrats (like João Jardim and Sá Carneiro), the populist overlappers (like Cavaco Silva), and the Eurosceptic populists of the Democratic and Social Centre–People's Party (CDS-PP). They are social-economic liberal conservative/conservative liberal and moderate culturally religious conservatives and internationalist national conservatives. Their main representative is Pedro Santana Lopes. Though the main right-wing populists were present at the founding of the party (like Santana Lopes), they were clearly right-wing, recruited when their abilities were noticed in educated circles and universities,<ref>compare with Santana Lopes' description of his recruiting in Lisbon University by Sá Carneiro on late night talk show 5 Para a Meia-Noite, RTP 2, 2 September 2009</ref> with minor agreements with Sá Carneiro's philosophy. Frequently as the PSD is a bipartisanship party, right-wing populists from the CDS-PP join the party. Luís Filipe Meneses is frequently described as a populist but he tried to lead the party back to a left line,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and does not identify or act like the liberal conservative/conservative liberal populists. Template:Hidden end Template:Hidden begin With the post-revolutionary opposition to the right (see above in liberal) no specific conservative party was founded in Portugal; conservatives acted inside the CDS-PP and the PSD. Frequently linked with the neoliberals, pure conservatives are rare in the party as the usual partisan or politician of the party is economically moderate, but socially conservative. One of the rare exceptions of a pure conservative in this party was former party member and MP Vasco Pulido Valente, who is highly elitist and a cultural purist (unlike most of the party's partisans, who have various degrees of populism or meritocracy), highly conservative and traditionalist.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Hidden end Template:Hidden begin Mostly former communists and leftists who supported the policies of the Bush administration and defend similar views in Portuguese politics. The main example is José Pacheco Pereira<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (though his support of the Bush doctrine on the 2003 American-led invasion of Iraq is sometimes challenged.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They are frequently referred to as "Cavaco-ists" due to their support of cavacoism's legacy and candidates representative of it, like Cavaco Silva himself and Ferreira Leite, defending the position that they should take a hard stance on the left and its social liberalism).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Hidden end Template:Hidden begin Neoliberal tendencies were introduced in Portuguese economy by Cavaco Silva, removing socialism from the constitution and finishing the de-collectivization of the economy started with Sá Carneiro. Cavaco (a self-described neo-Keynesian) never employed a totally Reaganite or Thatcherite strategy, maintaining a social democrat matrix and many (right and left-wing) populist and neo-Keynesian policies. Alberto João Jardim described the inconsistent neoliberalism of the PSD as "those Chicago Boys have some funny ideas, but when election time arrives the old Keynesianism is still what counts".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cavaco Silva and Durão Barroso are both sometimes referred to as the closest to neo-liberal leaders of the party.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The main pure representative of the streak is Manuela Ferreira Leite, but even she called herself a social democrat and explained "I'm not certainly liberal, I'm also not populist"<ref name="correiomanha.pt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and lead the social democratic factions during internal party rifts, though she accepts the nickname "Portuguese iron lady" and comparisons to Thatcher if "[it] means [...] an enormous intransigence on values and in principles, of not abdicating from these values and from these principles and of continuing my way independently of the popularity of my actions and the effects on my image".<ref name="correiomanha.pt"/> The main group (officially non-partisan) associated with the neoliberal faction of the PSD is the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Lighthouse Project).<ref name="ovalordasideias.blogspot.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Hidden end Template:Hidden begin The average PSD voter and partisan since Cavaco Silva's leadership. Cavaco himself, though a self-described Neo-Keynesian, an early member of the party since its centre-left days and a man with social-liberal and centrist populist economic policy tendencies, he is personally a social conservative (opposing same-sex marriage<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and abortion) and a practicing Catholic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As such, Cavacoism should be considered a "hybrid" or a political syncretism.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A similar case is Vasco Graça Moura, who claims to be an economic social democrat but opposes gay people serving in the military and is a self-described "centre-left reactionary".<ref>late night talk show 5 Para a Meia-Noite, RTP 2, 28 July 2009</ref> The overlappers are mainly represented in the forums gathered by the District of Oporto section of the party, which during the 2009 European elections tried to gather the ideas of all factions. Template:Hidden end Template:Hidden begin Not to be confused with overlappers. Still indecisive between (traditional or Portuguese) social democracy, social liberalism or any other kind of centrism. Template:Hidden end Template:Hidden begin Are pragmatic although open to privatization and civil society alternatives to the social state, in speech they move closer to the centre-left origins of the party and are generally proud of them.<ref>during his interview with Mário Crespo, the main transversalist/centrist leader, Passos Coelho, referred the return to social democratic party roots as essential.</ref> The main representative of this faction is Pedro Passos Coelho, who claims to be neither left nor right, but that "the real issues are between old and new",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> though his opponents identified him as a liberal (in the conservative-liberal or neoliberal European sense) since the 2008 party election, though he recalled the many meanings of liberal and recalled the left liberalism of the United States Democratic Party,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> being even called "PSD's Obama" by supporters. Centrists and transversalists inside the party share the think tank {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Building Ideas), which Passos Coelho founded and leads.<ref name="ovalordasideias.blogspot.com"/> They mix (like the closely allied centrists) calls to privatization with others to more social justice, government regulation and arbitration and strategic governmental involvement in the economy. This faction is in constant rift with the more socially right-wing ones (who have been leading the party for a long time) and also with the overlappers whose hybrid approach they refuse, over the future of the party and its future ideological and philosophical alignments. Template:Hidden end
- Pinto Balsemao.jpg
Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Prime Minister 1981–1983.
- Aníbal Cavaco Silva 2014.jpg
Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister 1985–1995 and President 2006–2016.
- Barroso EPP Summit October 2010.jpg
Durão Barroso, Prime Minister 2002–2004.
- Pedro Santana Lopes 01.jpg
Pedro Santana Lopes, Prime Minister 2004–2005.
- Flickr - europeanpeoplesparty - EPP Summit June 2010 (82).jpg
Pedro Passos Coelho, Prime Minister 2011–2015.
Election resultsEdit
Assembly of the RepublicEdit
Seat share in the Portuguese legislative elections <timeline> ImageSize = width:750 height:200 PlotArea = width:688 height:170 left:40 bottom:20 AlignBars = justify
Colors =
id:PSD value:rgb(1,0.60,0) legend:Social_Democratic_(PSD)
DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:60 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:15 start:0
PlotData =
bar:Seats color:claret width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S bar:1975 color:PSD from:start till:32.4 text:32.4 bar:1976 color:PSD from:start till:27.8 text:27.8 bar:1979 color:PSD from:start till:32.0 text:32.0 bar:1980 color:PSD from:start till:32.8 text:32.8 bar:1983 color:PSD from:start till:30.0 text:30.0 bar:1985 color:PSD from:start till:35.2 text:35.2 bar:1987 color:PSD from:start till:59.2 text:59.2 bar:1991 color:PSD from:start till:58.7 text:58.7 bar:1995 color:PSD from:start till:38.3 text:38.3 bar:1999 color:PSD from:start till:35.2 text:35.2 bar:2002 color:PSD from:start till:45.7 text:45.7 bar:2005 color:PSD from:start till:30.9 text:30.9 bar:2009 color:PSD from:start till:35.2 text:35.2 bar:2011 color:PSD from:start till:47.0 text:47.0 bar:2015 color:PSD from:start till:38.7 text:38.7 bar:2019 color:PSD from:start till:34.3 text:34.3 bar:2022 color:PSD from:start till:33.5 text:33.5 bar:2024 color:PSD from:start till:33.9 text:33.9 bar:2025 color:PSD from:start till:38.7 text:38.7 </timeline>
PresidentialEdit
| Election | Candidate | First round | Second round | Result | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
| 1976 | Supported António Ramalho Eanes | Template:Yes2 | ||||
| 1980 | António Soares Carneiro | 2,325,481 | 40.2 (#2) | Template:No2 | ||
| 1986 | Diogo Freitas do Amaral | 2,629,597 | 46.3 (#1) | 2,872,064 | 48.8 (#2) | Template:No2 |
| 1991 | Supported Mário Soares | Template:Yes2 | ||||
| 1996 | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,595,131 | 46.1 (#2) | Template:No2 | ||
| 2001 | Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral | 1,498,948 | 34.7 (#2) | Template:No2 | ||
| 2006 | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,773,431 | 50.5 (#1) | Template:Yes2 | ||
| 2011 | 2,231,956 | 53.0 (#1) | Template:Yes2 | |||
| 2016 | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa | 2,413,956 | 52.0 (#1) | Template:Yes2 | ||
| 2021 | 2,531,692 | 60.7 (#1) | Template:Yes2 | |||
European ParliamentEdit
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/- | EP Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1987 | Pedro Santana Lopes | 2,111,828 | 37.5 (#1) | Template:Composition bar | LDR | |
| 1989 | António Capucho | 1,358,958 | 32.8 (#1) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Decrease1 | |
| 1994 | Eurico de Melo | 1,046,918 | 34.4 (#2) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Steady0 | EPP |
| 1999 | José Pacheco Pereira | 1,078,528 | 31.1 (#2) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Steady0 | EPP-ED |
| 2004 | João de Deus Pinheiro | Forward Portugal | Template:Composition bar | Template:Decrease2 | ||
| 2009 | Paulo Rangel | 1,131,744 | 31.7 (#1) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Increase1 | EPP |
| 2014 | Portugal Alliance | Template:Composition bar | Template:Decrease2 | |||
| 2019 | 725,399 | 21.9 (#2) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Steady0 | ||
| 2024 | Sebastião Bugalho | Democratic Alliance | Template:Composition bar | Template:Steady0 | ||
Regional AssembliesEdit
| Region | Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/- | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azores | 2024 | José Manuel Bolieiro | PSD/CDS/PPM | Template:Composition bar | Template:Increase2 | CoalitionTemplate:Efn | |
| Madeira | 2025 | Miguel Albuquerque | 62,059 | 43.4 (#1) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Increase4 | CoalitionTemplate:Efn |
OrganizationEdit
Party leadersEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
List of leadersEdit
| LeaderTemplate:Efn | From | To | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 24 November 1974 | 25 May 1975 | |
| 2nd | Emídio Guerreiro | 25 May 1975 | Template:Nowrap | |
| Template:Centre | Francisco Sá Carneiro (2nd time) | Template:Nowrap | 11 November 1977 | |
| 3rd | António de Sousa Franco | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
15 April 1978 |
| 4th | José Menéres Pimentel | 15 April 1978 | 2 July 1978 | |
| Template:Centre | Template:Nowrap | 2 July 1978 | 4 December 1980 | |
| 5th | Francisco Pinto Balsemão | 13 December 1980 | 27 February 1983 | |
| 6th | Nuno Rodrigues dos Santos | 27 February 1983 | 25 March 1984 | |
| 7th | Carlos Mota Pinto | 25 March 1984 | 10 February 1985 | |
| 8th | Rui Machete | 10 February 1985 | 19 May 1985 | |
| 9th | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 19 May 1985 | 19 February 1995 | |
| 10th | Fernando Nogueira | 19 February 1995 | 31 March 1996 | |
| 11th | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa | 31 March 1996 | 1 May 1999 | |
| 12th | José Manuel Durão Barroso | 2 May 1999 | 30 June 2004 | |
| 13th | Pedro Santana Lopes | 30 June 2004 | 10 April 2005 | |
| 14th | Luís Marques Mendes | 8 April 2005 | 12 October 2007 | |
| 15th | Luís Filipe Menezes | 12 October 2007 | 20 June 2008 | |
| 16th | Manuela Ferreira Leite | 20 June 2008 | 9 April 2010 | |
| 17th | Pedro Passos Coelho | 9 April 2010 | 16 February 2018 | |
| 18th | Rui Rio | 16 February 2018 | 1 July 2022 | |
| 19th | Luís Montenegro | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Incumbent |
Graphical timelineEdit
<timeline> ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:20 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:130 left:20 AlignBars = late
Colors =
id:PSD value:rgb(1,0.60,0) legend:Social_Democratic_(PSD) id:gray1 value:gray(0.8) id:gray2 value:gray(0.9) id:grid value:gray(0.5)
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1974 till:{{#time:d/m/Y}} TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1975 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1974
Legend = columns:1 left:255 top:35 columnwidth:75
TextData =
pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M text:"Political parties:"
BarData =
barset:PM
bar:SáCarneiro bar:Guerreiro bar:SousaFranco bar:MenéresPimentel bar:Balsemão bar:Santos bar:MotaPinto bar:Machete bar:Cavaco bar:Nogueira bar:RebelodeSousa bar:Barroso bar:Santana bar:Mendes bar:Menezes bar:Leite bar:Passos bar:Rio bar:Montenegro
PlotData=
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till barset:PM
bar:SáCarneiro from: 24/11/1974 till: 25/05/1975 color:PSD from: 28/09/1975 till: 10/11/1977 color:PSD from: 02/07/1978 till: 04/12/1980 color:PSD text:"Sá Carneiro" fontsize:10 bar:Guerreiro from: 25/05/1975 till: 28/09/1975 color:PSD text:"Emídio Guerreiro" fontsize:10 bar:SousaFranco from: 10/11/1977 till: 15/04/1978 color:PSD text:"Sousa Franco" fontsize:10 bar:MenéresPimentel from: 15/04/1978 till: 02/07/1978 color:PSD text:"Menéres Pimentel" fontsize:10 bar:Balsemão from: 13/12/1980 till: 27/02/1983 color:PSD text:"Balsemão" fontsize:10 bar:Santos from: 27/02/1983 till: 25/03/1984 color:PSD text:"Rodrigues dos Santos" fontsize:10 bar:MotaPinto from: 25/03/1984 till: 10/02/1985 color:PSD text:"Mota Pinto" fontsize:10 bar:Machete from: 10/02/1985 till: 19/05/1985 color:PSD text:"Machete" fontsize:10 bar:Cavaco from: 19/05/1985 till: 19/02/1995 color:PSD text:"Cavaco Silva" fontsize:10 bar:Nogueira from: 19/02/1995 till: 31/03/1996 color:PSD text:"Nogueira" fontsize:10 bar:RebelodeSousa from: 31/03/1996 till: 01/05/1999 color:PSD text:"Rebelo de Sousa" fontsize:10 bar:Barroso from: 01/05/1999 till: 30/06/2004 color:PSD text:"Durão Barroso" fontsize:10 bar:Santana from: 30/06/2004 till: 10/04/2005 color:PSD text:"Santana Lopes" fontsize:10 bar:Mendes from: 10/04/2005 till: 12/10/2007 color:PSD text:"Marques Mendes" fontsize:10 bar:Menezes from: 12/10/2007 till: 20/06/2008 color:PSD text:"Menezes" fontsize:10 bar:Leite from: 20/06/2008 till: 09/04/2010 color:PSD text:"Ferreira Leite" fontsize:10 bar:Passos from: 09/04/2010 till: 16/02/2018 color:PSD text:"Passos Coelho" fontsize:10 bar:Rio from: 16/02/2018 till: 03/07/2022 color:PSD text:"Rui Rio" fontsize:10 bar:Montenegro from: 03/07/2022 till: {{#time:d/m/Y}} color:PSD text:"Montenegro" fontsize:10
</timeline>
List of secretaries-general (second-in-command)Edit
- Joaquim Magalhães Mota (31 October 1976 – 29 January 1978; as President)
- Sérvulo Correia (29 January 1978 – 2 July 1978; as President)
- Amândio de Azevedo (2 July 1978 – 17 June 1979; as President)
- António Capucho (17 June 1979 – 25 March 1984; as President until 27 February 1983)
- Francisco Antunes da Silva (25 March 1984 – 19 May 1985)
- Manuel Dias Loureiro (19 May 1985 – 8 April 1990)
- José Falcão e Cunha (8 April 1990 – 15 November 1992)
- José Nunes Liberato (15 November 1992 – 19 February 1995)
- Eduardo Azevedo Soares (19 February 1995 – 31 March 1996)
- Rui Rio (31 March 1996 – 20 June 1997)
- Carlos Horta e Costa (20 June 1997 – 19 April 1998)
- António Capucho (19 April 1998 – 17 January 1999)
- Artur Torres Pereira (17 January 1999 – 2 May 1999)
- José Luís Arnaut (2 May 1999 – 23 May 2004)
- Miguel Relvas (23 May 2004 – 10 April 2005)
- Miguel Macedo (10 April 2005 – 14 October 2007)
- José Ribau Esteves (14 October 2007 – 22 June 2008)
- Luís Marques Guedes (22 June 2008 – 11 October 2010)
- Miguel Relvas (11 April 2010 – 12 June 2011)
- José Matos Rosa (12 June 2011 – 18 February 2018)
- Feliciano Barreiras Duarte (18 February 2018 – 19 March 2018)
- José Silvano (19 March 2018 – 3 July 2022)
- Hugo Soares (3 July 2022 – present)
Source:<ref>Secretários-gerais, PSD</ref>
List of Parliamentary leadersEdit
- Carlos Mota Pinto (17 May 1975 – 13 January 1976)
- António Barbosa de Melo (13 January 1976 – 9 June 1976)
- Francisco Sá Carneiro (9 June 1976 – 11 November 1976)
- Afonso Moura Guedes (24 November 1976 – 6 December 1977)
- António Barbosa de Melo (2nd time) (6 December 1977 – 1 March 1978)
- Joaquim Magalhães Mota (1 March 1978 – 20 April 1978)
- José Menéres Pimentel (20 April 1978 – 20 March 1979)
- Francisco Sá Carneiro (2nd time) (20 March 1979 – 16 January 1980)
- Pedro Roseta (3 April 1980 – 4 July 1981)
- Afonso Moura Guedes (2nd time) (4 July 1981 – 19 January 1982)
- Manuel Pereira (19 January 1982 – 28 October 1982)
- Vítor Pereira Crespo (28 October 1982 – 3 November 1983)
- Fernando Condesso (3 November 1983 – 16 October 1984)
- António d'Orey Capucho (16 October 1984 – 27 August 1987)
- Fernando Correia Afonso (27 August 1987 – 28 October 1988)
- Mário Júlio Montalvão Machado (28 October 1988 – 28 November 1992)
- Domingos Duarte Lima (28 November 1992 – 7 January 1995)
- José Pacheco Pereira (7 January 1995 – 21 April 1995)
- José Augusto da Silva Marques (21 April 1995 – 3 November 1995)
- Luís Marques Mendes (3 November 1995 – 6 November 1996)
- Fernando Nogueira (6 November 1996 – 3 November 1999)
- António d'Orey Capucho (2nd time) (3 November 1999 – 27 September 2001)
- Manuela Ferreira Leite (27 September 2001 – 9 April 2002)
- Guilherme Silva (9 April 2002 – 21 April 2005)
- Luís Marques Guedes (21 April 2005 – 18 October 2007)
- Pedro Santana Lopes (18 October 2007 – 26 June 2008)
- Paulo Rangel (26 June 2008 – 13 July 2009)
- António Montalvão Machado (13 July 2009 – 22 October 2009)
- José Pedro Aguiar-Branco (22 October 2009 – 15 April 2010)
- Miguel Macedo (15 April 2010 – 26 June 2011)
- Luís Montenegro (26 June 2011 – 19 July 2017)
- Hugo Soares (19 July 2017 – 22 February 2018)
- Fernando Negrão (22 February 2018 – 4 November 2019)
- Rui Rio (4 November 2019 – 17 September 2020)
- Adão Silva (17 September 2020 – 7 April 2022)
- Paulo Mota Pinto (7 April 2022 – 13 July 2022)
- Joaquim Miranda Sarmento (13 July 2022 – 9 April 2024)
- Hugo Soares (2nd time) (9 April 2024 – present)
Source:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Prime ministersEdit
- Francisco Sá Carneiro: 1979–1980
- Francisco Pinto Balsemão: 1981–1983
- Aníbal Cavaco Silva: 1985–1995
- José Manuel Durão Barroso: 2002–2004
- Pedro Santana Lopes: 2004–2005
- Pedro Passos Coelho: 2011–2015
- Luís Montenegro: 2024–present
Presidents of the RepublicEdit
- Aníbal Cavaco Silva: 2006–2016
- Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa: 2016–present
SymbolsEdit
LogosEdit
The orange color is dominant in the PSD symbols and flags since 1974 and the logo is characterized by three arrows, inspired in the Three Arrows political symbol from the German Social Democratic Party during the 1930s against Nazism. In the PSD logo, the three arrows represent freedom, equality and solidarity - a traditional social democratic motto, with its roots in the French Revolution.<ref>"Imagem | PSD", PSD official website. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref>
- Primeiro Símbolo do PSD.png
Party logo, 1974–1987
- PSD (1987-1996).png
Party logo, 1987–1996
- PSD (1999-2008).png
Party logo, 1999–2008
- PSD (1997-2011).png
Party logo, 1997–1999, 2008–2011
- Partido Social Democrata Logo.svg
Current logo, since 2011
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Social Democratic Party – official website Template:In lang
- Social Democratic Youth – official website Template:In lang
- Social Democratic Workers – official website Template:In lang
Template:PSD Leadership Elections Template:Portuguese parties Template:European People's Party Template:Authority control