Sprat

File:Odesa bazaar (5) sprats.JPG

style }}

Sprat is the common name applied to a group of forage fish belonging to the genus Sprattus in the family Clupeidae. The term also is applied to a number of other small sprat-like forage fish (Clupeoides, Clupeonella, Corica, Ehirava, Hyperlophus, Microthrissa, Nannothrissa, Platanichthys, Ramnogaster, Rhinosardinia, and Stolothrissa). Like most forage fishes, sprats are highly active, small, oily fish. They travel in large schools with other fish and swim continuously throughout the day.<ref name="Meskendahl2010">Meskendahl, L., J.-P. Herrmann, and A. Temming. "Effects of Temperature and Body Mass on Metabolic Rates of Sprat, Sprattus Sprattus L." Marine Biology 157.9 (2010): 1917–1927. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 November 2011. p. 1925 [1]</ref>

They are recognized for their nutritional value, as they contain high levels of polyunsaturated fats, considered beneficial to the human diet. They are eaten in many places around the world.<ref>Sprats Fried in Batter</ref> Sprats are sometimes passed off as other fish; products sold as having been prepared from anchovies (since the 19th century) and others sold as sardines sometimes are prepared from sprats, as the authentic ones once were less accessible. They are known for their smooth flavour and are easy to mistake for baby sardines.

Species

True sprats

True sprats belong to the genus Sprattus in the family Clupeidae. The five species are:

Sprattus species
Common name	Scientific name	Maximum length	Common length	Maximum weight	Maximum age	Trophic level	Fish Base	FAO	ITIS	IUCN status
New Zealand blueback sprat	Sprattus antipodum (Hector 1872)	12.0 cm	9.0 cm			3.0	<ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref>		<ref>{{#if:161794	wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon	url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161794	title = Sprattus antipodum	publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System }}	Template:Citation error }}</ref>	LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern<ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
Falkland sprat	Sprattus fuegensis (Blomefield, 1842)	18.0 cm	15.0 cm			3.4	<ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref>		<ref>{{#if:551216	wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon	url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=551216	title = Sprattus fuegensis	publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System }}	Template:Citation error }}</ref>	LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern<ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
New Zealand sprat	Sprattus muelleri (Klunzinger, 1879)	13.0 cm	10.0 cm			3.0	<ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref>		<ref>{{#if:551217	wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon	url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=551217	title = Sprattus muelleri	publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System }}	Template:Citation error }}</ref>	LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern<ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
Australian sprat	Sprattus novaehollandiae (Valenciennes, 1847)	14.0 cm				3.0	<ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref>		<ref>{{#if:551218	wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon	url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=551218	title = Sprattus novaehollandiae	publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System }}	Template:Citation error }}</ref>	LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern<ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
European sprat*	Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus, 1758)	16.0 cm	12.0 cm		6 years	3.0	<ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref>	<ref>Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>	<ref>{{#if:161789	wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon	url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161789	title = Sprattus sprattus	publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System }}	Template:Citation error }}</ref>	LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern<ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref>

* Type species

Other sprats

The term also is commonly applied to a number of other small sprat-like forage fish that share characteristics of the true sprat. Apart from the true sprats, FishBase lists another 48 species whose common names ends with "sprat". Some examples are:

Sprat-like species
Common name	Scientific name	Maximum length	Common length	Maximum weight	Maximum age	Trophic level	Fish Base	FAO	ITIS	IUCN status
Black Sea sprat	Clupeonella cultriventris (Nordmann, 1840)	14.5 cm	10 cm		5 years	3.0	<ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref>	<ref>Clupeonella cultriventris (Nordmann, 1840) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>	<ref>{{#if:161819	wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon	url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161819	title = Clupeonella cultriventris	publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System }}	Template:Citation error }}</ref>	LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern<ref>Template:Cite iucn</ref>

Characteristics

File:Sprattus sprattus Gervais.jpg

style }}

The average length of time from fertilization to hatching is about 15 days, with environmental factors playing a major role in the size and overall success of the sprat.<ref name="Nissling2004">Nissling, Anders. "Effects of Temperature on Egg And Larval Survival of Cod (Gadus Morhua) And Sprat (Sprattus Sprattus) In The Baltic Sea – Implications For Stock Development." Hydrobiologia 514.1-3 (2004): 115–123. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 November 2011. p. 121 [2]Template:Dead link</ref> The development of young larval sprat and reproductive success of the sprat have been largely influenced by environmental factors. Some of these factors affecting the sprat can be seen in the Baltic Sea, where specific gravity, water temperature, depth, and other such factors play a role in their success.

In recent decades the number of sprat has fluctuated, due primarily to availability of zooplankton, a common food source, and also from overall changes in Clupeidae total abundance.<ref name=Casini2004 /> Although the overall survival rates of the sprat decreased in the late 1980s and early 1990s, there has been a subsequent increase.<ref name=Casini2004 /> Recent studies suggesting a progression in the reproductive success of the sprat acknowledge that a significant increase in spawning stock biomass occurred.<ref name=Koster2001 /> One of the main concerns for reproductive success for the sprat include exceedingly cold winters, as cold temperatures, especially in the Baltic Sea, have been known to affect the development of sprat eggs and larvae.<ref name=Nissling2004 />

The metabolic rate of the sprat is highly influenced by environmental factors such as water temperature.<ref name=Meskendahl2010 /> Several related fish, such as the Atlantic herring (C. harengus), have much lower metabolic rates than that of the sprat. Some of the difference may be due to size differences among the related species,<ref name=Meskendahl2010 /> but the most important reason for high levels of metabolism for the sprat is their exceedingly high level of activity throughout the day.<ref name=Meskendahl2010 />

Distribution

Fish of the different species of sprat are found in various parts of the world including New Zealand, Australia, and parts of Europe. By far, the most highly studied location where sprat, most commonly Sprattus sprattus, reside is the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. The Baltic Sea provides the sprat with a highly diverse environment, with spatial and temporal potential allowing for successful reproduction.<ref name="Koster2001">Friedrich W. Köster, et al. "Developing Baltic Cod Recruitment Models. I. Resolving Spatial And Temporal Dynamics of Spawning Stock And Recruitment For Cod, Herring, And Sprat." Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 58.8 (2001): 1516. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 November 2011. p. 1516. [3]Template:Dead link</ref>

One of the most well-known locations in the Baltic Sea where they forage for their food is the Bornholm Basin, in the southern portion of the Baltic Sea.<ref name="Casini2004">Casini, Michele, Cardinale, Massimiliano, and Arrheni, Fredrik. "Feeding preferences of herring (Clupea harengus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the southern Baltic Sea". ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61 (2004): 1267–1277. Science Direct. Web. 22 November 2011. p. 1268. [4]</ref> Although the Baltic Sea has undergone several ecological changes during the last two decades, the sprat has dramatically increased in population.<ref name="Casini2006">Casini, Michele, Massimiliano Cardinale, and Joakim Hjelm. "Inter-Annual Variation in Herring, Clupea Harengus, And Sprat, Sprattus Sprattus, Condition in the Central Baltic Sea: What Gives The Tune?." Oikos 112.3 (2006): 638–650. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 November 2011. p. 638. [5]</ref> One of the environmental changes that has occurred in the Baltic Sea since the 1980s includes a decrease in water salinity, due to a lack of inflow from the North Sea that contains high saline and oxygen content.<ref name=Casini2006 />

Ecology

File:Scramble^^ A Gannet begins its take off run. - geograph.org.uk - 1368991.jpg

A gannet begins its takeoff run: Much "fuel" is needed for this huge bird to achieve take-off. Sprats and other forage fish that are abundant in the summer can provide this.

In the Baltic Sea, cod, herring, and sprat are considered the most important species.<ref name=Koster2001 /> Cod is the top predator, while the herring and sprat primarily are recognized as prey.<ref>Maris Plikshs, et al. "Developing Baltic Cod Recruitment Models. I. Resolving Spatial And Temporal Dynamics of Spawning Stock And Recruitment For Cod, Herring, And Sprat." Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 58.8 (2001): 1516. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Nov. 2011, p.1517 [6]Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> This has been proven by many studies that analyze the stomach contents of such fish, often finding contents that immediately signify predation among the species.<ref name=Koster2001 /> Although cod primarily feed on adult sprat, sprat tend to feed on cod before the cod have been fully developed. The sprat tends to prey on the cod eggs and larvae.<ref name=Nissling2004 /> Furthermore, sprat and herring are considered highly competitive for the same resources that are available to them. This is most present in the vertical migration of the two species in the Baltic Sea, where they compete for the limited zooplankton that is available and necessary for their survival.<ref name=Casini2004 />

Sprats are highly selective in their diet and are strict zooplanktivores that do not change their diet as their size increases, like some herring, but include only zooplankton in their diet.<ref name=Casini2004 /> They eat various species of zooplankton in accordance to changes in the environment, as temperature and other such factors affect the availability of their food.

During autumn, sprats tend to have a diet high in Temora longicornis and Bosmina maritime. During the winter, their diet includes Pesudocalanus elongates.<ref name=Casini2004 /> Pseudocalanus is genus of the order Calanoida and subclass Copepoda that is important to the predation and diet of fish in the Baltic Sea.<ref>Renz, Jasmin, Peters, Janna, Hirch, Hans-Jürgen. "Life cycle of Pseudocalanus acuspes Giesbrecht (Copepoda,Calanoida) in the Central Baltic Sea: II. Reproduction, growth and secondary production." Marine Biology, 151 (2007):515-527. Springer Link. Web. 4 December 2011. p. 515 [7]</ref>

In both autumn and winter, a tendency exists for sprats to avoid eating Acartia spp., because they tend to be very small in size and have a high escape response to predators such as the herring and sprat. Although Acartia spp. may be present in large numbers, they also tend to dwell more toward the surface of the water, whereas the sprats, especially during the day, tend to dwell in deeper waters.<ref name=Casini2004 />

Fisheries

• Time series for global capture of all sprats 2.png

  Global commercial capture of sprats in million tonnes 1950–2010<ref name=FAOdata>Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets</ref>

• Global total production sprats.png

  The total capture of sprats in 2010 reported by the FAO was 667,000 tonnes.<ref name=FAOdata />

As food

Template:See also In Northern Europe, European sprats are commonly smoked and preserved in oil, which retains a strong, smoky flavor.

Sprat, if smoked, is considered to be one of the foods highest in purine content.<ref>Various food types and their purine content http://www.acumedico.com/purine.htm</ref>

Sprats contain long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). They are present in amounts comparable to Atlantic salmon, and up to seven times higher in EPA and DHA than common fresh fillets of gilt-head bream. The sprats contain about 1.43 g/100 g of these polyunsaturated fatty acids that have been found to help prevent mental, neural, and cardiovascular diseases.<ref name="Kalachova">Galina S. Kalachova, et al. "Content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in three canned fish species." International Journal of Food Sciences & Nutrition 60.3 (2009): 224–230. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 26 October 2011. p.224. [8]</ref>

• Sprattus sprattus.jpg

  Sprattus sprattus, the European sprat

• Visserijmuseum048.jpg

  Creel with sprat, National Fishery Museum, Belgium

• Visserijmuseum047.jpg

  Oven for smoking sprat, National Fishery Museum, Belgium

Further reading

• {{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}
• Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982) Template:ISBN