Ted Jolliffe

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Edward Bigelow Jolliffe

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Edward Bigelow Jolliffe Template:Post-nominals (March 2, 1909 – March 18, 1998) was a Canadian social democratic politician and lawyer from Ontario. He was the first leader of the Ontario section of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and leader of the Official Opposition in the Ontario Legislature during the 1940s and 1950s. He was a Rhodes Scholar in the mid-1930s, and came back to Canada to help the CCF, after his studies were complete and being called to the bar in England and Ontario. After politics, he practised labour law in Toronto and would eventually become a labour adjudicator. In retirement, he moved to British Columbia, where he died in 1998.

Early life and educationEdit

His family had lived in Ontario for generations.<ref name="1945 Bio"> Template:Cite news</ref> His parents, the Reverend Charles and Gertrude Jolliffe, were missionaries for the Methodist Church of Canada, and were living near what was then known as Luchow, China.<ref name="tostarOB"/> Edward Bigelow Jolliffe was born at the Canadian Missionary hospital in Luchow, near Chunking on March 2, 1909.<ref name="1945 Bio"/><ref name="birthday"> Template:Cite news</ref> He was home-schooled in China by his mother until his early teens.<ref name="tostarOB"/> When his family returned to Ontario, he attend Rockwood Public School and then went to high school at Guelph Collegiate Institute.<ref name="1945 Bio"/> He was an undergraduate at the University of Toronto's Victoria College, the United Church College.<ref name="1945 Bio"/> He became the head of the Victoria Student Council, and was a member of the Hart House Debates Committee.<ref name="1945 Bio"/> In 1930, he won the Maurice Cody scholarship, and then became one of Ontario's Rhodes Scholars that same year.<ref name="1945 Bio"/> He attended Christ Church, Oxford University for three years.<ref name="tostarOB"/> As a member of Oxford's Labour Club, he met David Lewis, the club's leader and a fellow Canadian.<ref name="Smith_a">Smith, p. 195</ref> Together they fought the Communist Red October club and fascists such as Lord Haw-Haw–William Joyce.<ref name="Smith_a"/> Both he and Lewis planned a 'silent' protest at Joyce's February 1934 speech at Oxford. They carefully made sure that enough members from the Labour Club attended the meeting, and then in groups of two or three, strategically walked out of the speech, across the creaking wooden floors, effectively blotting out Joyce's speech.<ref name="Smith_a" /> The Blackshirts in the audience then caused riots in the street after the meeting and Jolliffe and Lewis were in the thick of it.<ref name="Smith_a"/>

His Oxford experiences made him a socialist and he joined the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation shortly after it was formed in 1932 during his summer vacation.<ref name="1945 Bio"/> He helped form an overseas branch of the CCF at Oxford that year.<ref name="1945 Bio"/> He was called to the bar in England, and was the first Canadian to win the Arden scholarship.<ref name="1945 Bio"/> When Jolliffe permanently returned from Oxford, he worked as the CCF's Ontario organizer<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and was called to the bar in Ontario and practised law in Toronto from 1938 onwards.<ref name="1945 Bio"/>

He was a candidate in the 1935 Canadian election in the Toronto riding of St. Paul's, placing fourth.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He ran again in the 1940 federal election, this time in the York East electoral district. He was noted for calling out the former federal Conservative government for neglecting World War I soldiers on their return home, and that this time, "proper measures be taken to protect the future of Canadian soldiers and their dependents."<ref name="torstar450325">Template:Cite news</ref> He countered that a C.C.F. government would stop war profiteering and the protect the interests of the country's soldiers and "small taxpayers."<ref name="torstar450325"/> He was soundly defeated, like every other Ontario CCF candidate, placing a distant third.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Leader and 1943 electionEdit

Jolliffe became the first political leader of the Ontario CCF on April 3, 1942, at the party's annual convention.<ref name = "CCF Leader"> Template:Cite news</ref> The 1943 Ontario general election proved to be a peak period for him and the party as he led the CCF to within five seats of victory with 34 seats and 32% of the vote.<ref name="Citizen Obit"> Template:Cite news</ref> That election brought in a new Conservative minority government under George Drew.<ref name = "PC Minority"> Template:Cite news</ref> After the election, the Conservatives began an over 40-year-dynasty governing Ontario.<ref name="Citizen Obit" /> Jolliffe won the York South seat, and became its Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) as well as the new leader of the Official Opposition.<ref name="CCF Takes T.O."> Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Ontario provincial election, 1943

1945 "Gestapo" campaignEdit

In the 1945 Ontario election, Drew ran an anti-Semitic, union bashing, Red-baiting campaign.<ref name="MacDonald, p.292">MacDonald, p.291-297</ref> The previous two years of anti-socialist attacks by the Conservatives and their supporters, like Gladstone Murray and Montague A. Sanderson, were devastatingly effective against the previously popular CCF.<ref>Caplan, p. 157</ref> Much of the source material for the anti-CCF campaign came from the Ontario Provincial Police(OPP)'s Special Investigation Branch's agent D-208: Captain William J. Osbourne-Dempster. His office was supposed to be investigating war-time 5th column saboteurs. Instead, starting in November 1943, he was investigating, almost exclusively, Ontario opposition MPPs, mainly focusing on the CCF caucus.<ref>Caplan, 182-184,187</ref> The fact that Jolliffe knew about these 'secret' investigations as early as February 1944 led to one of the most infamous incidents in 20th-century Canadian politics.<ref name="Caplan, p. 168">Caplan, p. 168</ref>

May 24, 1945 radio speechEdit

As can be discerned from the previous description, the 1945 campaign was anything but genteel and polite. Jolliffe replied by giving a radio speech—written with the assistance of Lister Sinclair—<ref name="Caplan">Caplan, p.179</ref> that accused Drew of running a political Gestapo in Ontario.<ref name="MacDonald, p.292"/> In the speech excerpt below, Jolliffe alleged that a secret department of the Ontario Provincial Police was acting as a political police – spying on the opposition and the media.<ref name="MacDonald, p.292"/>

Template:Cquote

The dramatic tone of the speech is Sinclair's, as at the time, he was a dramatist, mostly writing for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC).<ref name="Caplan" /> At the time, there was speculation among CCF supporters as to whether or not the speech damaged the party's reputation. But as Gerald Caplan maintains in his book The Dilemma of Canadian Socialism, the CCF was already at 21 percent in popular support in the Gallop poll just prior to the speech.<ref>Caplan, 171</ref> On election day, they received 22 percent of the popular vote, so at best it added an extra percentage point of support. At worst, it didn't have an effect, which is highly unlikely.

Jolliffe's inflammatory speech became the main issue of the campaign, and dominated coverage in the media for the rest of the election.<ref name="Caplan, 170">Caplan, 170</ref> Drew, and his Attorney-General Leslie Blackwell vehemently denied Jolliffe's accusations, but the public outcry was too much for them to abate. On May 28, 1945, they appointed a Royal Commission to investigate these charges.<ref name ="Le Bell Commission Announced"> Template:Cite news</ref> Jolliffe's CCF and the Ontario Liberal party wanted the election suspended until the Commission tabled its report.<ref name ="Hault Election"> Template:Cite news</ref> Drew ignored these requests and continued to hold the election on its original date, despite it being many months before the Commission's findings could be made available.<ref>Caplan, pp.170-171</ref>

Election Day, June 4, 1945Edit

Jolliffe's CCF went from 34 seats to 8, but almost garnering the same number of actual votes cast, though their percentage of the popular vote dropped from 32 to 22 percent.<ref name="Caplan_a">Caplan, p. 191</ref> Drew, with his attack campaign, successfully drove the voter turn-out up, thereby driving the CCF's percentage and seat totals down.

Monday, June 4, 1945, was one of Ontario's most important elections in the 20th century according to Caplan and David Lewis. It shaped the province for the next 40 years, as the Conservatives won a massive majority in the Legislature, and would remain in government for the next 40 consecutive years.

After going from 34 seats to 8, as Caplan puts it, "June 4 and June 11 [federal election], 1945, proved to be black days in CCF annuals: Socialism was effectively removed from the Canadian political agenda."<ref>Caplan, 191</ref> The CCF would never fully recover from this defeat and would eventually cease as a party and morph into the Ontario New Democratic Party. Only then, and in the 1970s, did a social democratic party attain the popularity it had under Jolliffe in 1943.

For Ted Jolliffe, another election consequence was his tenure as the MPP from York South ended, at least for the time being. He lost the election but did better than any other CCF candidate in Toronto or in the outlying Yorks.<ref name="Caplan_a" />

	Party	Leader	1943	Elected	% change	Popular vote
	Party	Leader	1943	Elected	% change	%	change Template:Canadian party colour	George Drew	38	66	+73.7%	44.3%	+8.6% Template:Canadian party colour	Mitchell Hepburn	15	11	-26.7%	29.8%	-1.4% Template:Canadian party colour	Liberal-Labour	-	3	Template:Canadian party colour	Ted Jolliffe	34	8	-76.5%	22.4%	-9.3% Template:Canadian party colour	Leslie Morris	2	2	-	2.4%	Template:Canadian party colour	Liberal Independent	1	-	-
Total Seats			90	90	-	100%								Mitchell Hepburn				29.8%	-1.4% Template:Canadian party colour

LeBel Royal CommissionEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Drew appointed Justice A.M. LeBel as the Royal Commissioner. His terms of reference were restricted to the question of whether Drew was personally responsible for the establishment of "a secret political police organization, for the purpose of collecting, by secret spying, material to be used in attempt to keep him in power."<ref>Caplan, p. 171-172</ref> Wider questions like why the OPP, Ontario Civil Servants, were keeping files on MPPs were not allowed.

Jolliffe would act as his own counsel throughout the commission, but was assisted by fellow CCF lawyer, Andrew Brewin. Both he and Brewin were able to establish, from several eyewitnesses, that agent D-208, Dempster, was spying on the CCF. What they could not prove, because they did not have access to the information in 1945,<ref>Lewis, p. 276</ref> were the letters that Drew wrote to his supporter M.A. (Bugsy) Sanderson suggesting that he would finance any lawsuits or other charges stemming from the information provided by Dempster in his advertisements.<ref>Caplan, 173</ref> Sanderson was, in late 1943 to 1945, along with Gladstone Murray, leading the libelous advertisement campaigns against the CCF in newspapers and bill-boards, with information gleaned from Dempster's briefings.<ref name="Caplan,pp.172-188">Caplan,pp.172-188</ref> Jolliffe presented several witnesses that claimed to have seen these documents. But Jolliffe could not produce the actual letter, and Drew would deny ever writing it.<ref name="Caplan,pp.172-188"/>

On October 11, 1945, Justice LeBel issued his report that essentially exonerated Drew and Blackwell.<ref name=Citizen19451012> Template:Cite news</ref> Due to Jolliffe presenting only circumstantial evidence that linked Drew to Dempster, Murray and Sanderson, the Commissioner found the information unconvincing, even though LeBel believed Dempster's interaction with Sanderson and Murray was inappropriate.<ref>Caplan,pp.181-188</ref>

Jolliffe's motives regarding his accusations, as well as his choice of words, would be questioned for many years afterwards. That would change. In the late 1970s, when David Lewis was doing research for his Memoirs he came across archival evidence proving the charge.<ref>MacDonald, p.295</ref> Due to Lewis's discovery, Drew's son Edward, placed extremely restrictive conditions on his father's papers housed in the Public Archives of Canada that partially continue as of 2025.<ref>MacDonald, p.295-296</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} When Edward Drew (George's son) dies, these archives will become unrestricted.</ref>

As Lewis pointed out in his memoirs, "We found that Premier Drew and Gladstone Murray did not disclose all information to the Lebel Commission; indeed, they deliberately prevaricated throughout. The head of the Government of Ontario had given false witness under testimony.... The perpetrator of Ontario's Watergate got away with it."<ref>Lewis, pp. 276, 287</ref>

1946 Hamilton conventionEdit

In 1946, there was major labour strife in Ontario, and the CCF made it clear they were on the side of the unionists.<ref name="WinStar Convention 1946a"> Template:Cite news</ref> The party's annual convention was held outside of Toronto for the first time.<ref name="CCF Con in Hamiliton"> Template:Cite news</ref> The convention was held at the Royal Connaught Hotel in Hamilton, Ontario from December 9 to 11, 1946, in the city where the United Steelworkers of America (USWA) went through a long protracted strike about reducing the work-week to 40 hours.<ref name="CCF Con in Hamiliton"/><ref name=TorStar461210> Template:Cite news</ref> Jolliffe faced a leadership challenge at this convention from former Toronto Controller Lewis Duncan.<ref name=Winstar461212>Template:Cite news</ref> There were rumblings in 1945 that Duncan would take over from Jolliffe, but that was rumoured to be only if he were able to defeat Drew in the High Park constituency, which he failed to do.<ref name=Winstar450423>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Leaf450627> Template:Cite news</ref> As party chairman John Mitchell stated at the time, it wasn't even close, as Jolliffe was easily re-elected CCF leader again for the fourth time.<ref name="Jolliffe Re-elected Leader"> Template:Cite news</ref>

1948 re-elected MPPEdit

By April 1948, the CCF were attempting to alter their public image in anticipation of the upcoming election. As a result of the Cold War and the "red scare", the party and labour movement acted to purge individuals — including MPP Robert Carlin — suspected of being under Communist influence.<ref name = "Red Scare 1948"> Template:Cite news</ref><ref name = "Carlin Out"> Template:Cite news</ref> As a consequence of the 1948 Ontario general election, the CCF experienced a resurgence, initially securing 22 seats.<ref name="1948 Seat Count"> Template:Cite news</ref> The Conservatives lost most of their Toronto-area seats and even premier Drew lost his High Park seat.<ref name="CCF Gains in TO"> Template:Cite news</ref> Consequently, Jolliffe assumed the position of Leader of the Opposition in Ontario and once again became the MPP for York South.<ref name = "CCF Official Opposition"> Template:Cite news</ref>

However, the CCF’s fortunes soon experienced a decline. Public support for socialism waned, resulting in the CCF’s reduction to a mere two seats in the 1951 Ontario general election, with Jolliffe once again losing his seat.<ref name="1951 CCF Losses"> Template:Cite news</ref> On August 17, 1953, he resigned as party leader in order to prioritize his legal practice.<ref name="Jolliffe Resigns"> Template:Cite news</ref> A few months later, a leadership convention was held to replace him in Toronto on November 20 and 21, 1953. Donald C. MacDonald was elected the new leader on the second ballot with Jolliffe, and National CCF leader M. J. Coldwell looking on.<ref name = "MacDonald New Leader"> Template:Cite news</ref>

Post MPP careerEdit

He returned to his previous career as a labour lawyer, a founding partner in the firm Jolliffe, Lewis and Osler with fellow CCF activist and future New Democratic Party leader, David Lewis in 1945.<ref name="Financial Sacrifice"> Template:Cite news</ref> In the 1950s and 1960s, the firm assisted the United Steelworkers union in their fight with the Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers union in Sudbury, Ontario. In 1968, he was appointed Chief Adjudicator under the federal Public Service Staff Relations Act, a position he held until 1978.<ref name="tostarOB"/> He then became active as a labour arbitrator until his retirement. In 1972, an historical novel he wrote, entitled The First Hundred: A Novel, was published by McClelland & Stewart Limited.<ref> Template:Cite book</ref>

Ted Jolliffe was the first social democratic leader of the opposition in Ontario's Legislature in 1943. He lived long enough to see Bob Rae and the NDP form the Ontario government in September 1990.<ref name="Citizen Obit" /> He died on March 18, 1998, in Salt Spring Island, British Columbia.<ref name="tostarOB"/>

Electoral recordEdit

Template:1940 Canadian federal election/York East

NotesEdit

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External linksEdit

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