The Curragh
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The Curragh (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:Langx Template:IPAc-ga) is a flat open plain in County Kildare, Ireland. This area is well known for horse breeding and training. The Irish National Stud is on the edge of Kildare town, beside the Japanese Gardens. Pollardstown Fen, the largest fen in Ireland, is of particular interest to botanists and ecologists because of the numerous bird species that nest and visit there. There are also many rare plants that grow there.
It is composed of a sandy soil, formed after an esker deposited a sand load, and as a result has excellent drainage characteristics.
HistoryEdit
Used as a meeting site during Pre-Christian societies, the Curragh is shrouded in mythology. The hill to the north of the Curragh is called the Hill of Allen (Almhain) and is the purported meeting place of the mythical Fianna. Legend has it that in about 480 AD, when St Brigid became intent on founding a monastery in Kildare, she asked the High King of Leinster for the land on which to build it. When he granted her as much land as her cloak would cover, she then placed her cloak on the ground to cover the entire Curragh plain.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 1 April 1234, The 3rd Earl of Pembroke lost a battle at the Curragh against a group of men loyal to Henry III of England. Lord Pembroke was wounded in the battle and died at his castle at Kilkenny on 16 April.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
It was a common site for mustering the armies of the Pale (see Essex in Ireland). During the 1798 Rebellion there was a massacre in the Curragh at Gibbet Rath. The Curragh Camp is now located there, where the Irish Defence Forces undergo training.
At a natural bowl-shaped amphitheatre on the Curragh known locally as Donnelly's Hollow the Irish champion boxer Dan Donnelly defeated the English champion George Cooper in 1815, before a large crowd. Donnelly had a famed reach and the remains of his arm were on show until recently in the Hideout Pub in the nearby town of Kilcullen.
In 1866, a commission was appointed by the British Treasury to report into the use made of the Curragh and make recommendations on legislation.<ref name="c329">Template:Cite book</ref> It reported in 1868,<ref name="c329"/> and led to the Curragh of Kildare Act 1868 (31 & 32 Vict. c. 60).<ref name="Britain1868">Template:Cite book</ref>
On 2 January 1941 the Curragh was bombed by the Luftwaffe, the air force of the Third Reich, causing slight damage. One SC250 bomb remains unaccounted for.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Legal recognitionEdit
Template:Infobox UK legislation Template:Infobox UK legislation The earliest mention of the Curragh in legal documents was 1299, when an act was passed, to prevent swine from feeding on the Curragh plains to the detriment of the sward.
In 1865 Parliament set up a commission to examine the Curragh. The findings of this led to the enactment of the Template:Visible anchor (31 & 32 Vict. c. 60). This created the honorary position of a Ranger tasked with the care, management and preservation of the Curragh for the purpose of horseracing and training of horses.
The 1868 act also provided for a second commission to report on the use of the Curragh for common pasture. This report is detailed in the Template:Visible anchor (33 & 34 Vict. c. 74). This act specifies sheep grazing rights for the Curragh.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, the lands of the Curragh passed from the Crown to the Minister for Finance of the Irish State.
The Curragh of Kildare Act 1961 repealed the 1868 Act and sections of the 1870 Act. It also abolished the office of the Ranger and transferred its duties to the Department of Defence.<ref>Template:Cite ISB</ref>
MilitaryEdit
There has been a permanent military presence in the Curragh since 1856.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> The Curragh Camp is now home to the Defence Forces Training Centre of the Irish Defence Forces.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Curragh Military Museum opened in 2010.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Records of women, known as Wrens of the Curragh, who were paid for prostitution and other services (such as clothes-washing, mending, alcohol) by soldiers at the camp, go back to the 1840s.<ref name=":0" /> Up to 60 women lived in 'nests' half-hollowed out of banks and ditches, which were covered in furze bushes.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> Whilst many women were sex workers, others had common-law marriages to soldiers but were barred from living within the camp itself.<ref name=":1" /> The women's presence is not reported after the 1880s.<ref name=":1" />
SportEdit
Horse racingEdit
The Curragh Racecourse on the plain is Ireland's Premier Flat Racecourse. Every year, it hosts all five classic races in the racing calendar: the Irish Derby Stakes, the Irish Oaks, the Irish 1,000 Guineas, the Irish 2,000 Guineas and the Irish St. Leger.
Motor racingEdit
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On 2 July 1903, the Gordon Bennett Cup ran through the Curragh. It was the first international motor race to be held in what was then the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland wanted the race to be hosted in the United Kingdom (as it existed then), and Ireland was suggested as the venue because racing was illegal on British public roads. Following a lobbying campaign, local laws were adjusted, and Kildare was chosen on the basis of the straightness of its roads. As a compliment to Ireland, the British team chose to race in Shamrock greenTemplate:Efn which later became known as British racing green.<ref name=Champanellois/><ref name=Leinster/><ref name="Forix GBT 1903"/><ref name="Forix Gordon B"/> The route consisted of several loops of a circuit that passed-through Kilcullen, the Curragh, Kildare, Monasterevin, Stradbally, Castledermot, Carlow, and Athy. The Template:Convert race was won by the Belgian racer Camille Jenatzy, driving a Mercedes.<ref name=Leinster/><ref name=Bleacher/>
After The Emergency both motor cars and motorcycle racing took place on occasions drawing crowds up to 30,000. For eight years from 1947 until 1954 cars competed, while motorcycle racing continued until 1967.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first race was run by the Leinster Motor Club on 12 July 1947 over a Template:Convert course known as the "Short circuit" but eight years later the death of Don Beauman during at a different Irish venue plus other fatal racing accidents in 1955 brought an end to motor car racing at the Curragh.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The 1951 Wakefield Trophy was won by the then 22-year-old Stirling Moss.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EducationEdit
The Curragh Camp has one primary school which is a mixed school called St Catherine of Sienna.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also within the Curragh Camp is a secondary school known as Curragh Community College. This secondary school, founded in 1933 as Curragh Post Primary School,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is situated beside the parade ground. As of November 2024, it was proposed to move the school to a new building in Kildare town.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Other primary schools in the Curragh area include Newbridge Educate Together (a national school under the patronage of Educate Together)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Gaelscoil Chill Dara (an Irish medium school or gaelscoil).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Gaelscoil Chill Dara, which was founded in 1995,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> was originally based in Herbert Lodge on the Curragh and later moved to a larger purpose-built premises at Curragh Grange. It is under the patronage of An Foras Pátrúnachta.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The school, which was oversubscribed for a number of years,<ref name="GSCD1">Template:Cite news</ref> takes many of its pupils from the surrounding towns of Newbridge, Kildare Town, Naas, Kilcullen and Rathangan.<ref name="GSCD">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Gaelscoil Chill Dara had an enrollment of 312 as of August 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Cultural referencesEdit
- The Curragh plains were used to film the battle scenes in the film Braveheart.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- An Irish folk song is called The Curragh of Kildare.
- The 2020 film Dating Amber was filmed and set in the Curragh.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>