Thiourea
Template:Short description Template:See also Template:Chembox
Thiourea (Template:IPAc-en)Template:RefnTemplate:Refn is an organosulfur compound with the formula Template:Chem2 and the structure Template:Chem2. It is structurally similar to urea (Template:Chem2), with the oxygen atom replaced by sulfur atom (as implied by the thio- prefix). The properties of urea and thiourea differ significantly. Thiourea is a reagent in organic synthesis. Thioureas are a broad class of compounds with the formula Template:Chem2
Structure and bondingEdit
Thiourea is a planar molecule. The C=S bond distance is 1.71 Å. The C-N distances average 1.33 Å.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The weakening of the C-S bond by C-N pi-bonding is indicated by the short C=S bond in thiobenzophenone, which is 1.63 Å.
Thiourea occurs in two tautomeric forms, of which the thione form predominates in aqueous solutions. The equilibrium constant has been calculated as Keq is Template:Val.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The thiol form, which is also known as an isothiourea, can be encountered in substituted compounds such as isothiouronium salts.
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ProductionEdit
The global annual production of thiourea is around 8,000 tonnes, mostly in China. Thiourea is manufactured by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with calcium cyanamide in the presence of carbon dioxide.<ref name=Ullmann/>
ApplicationsEdit
Thiox precursorEdit
Thiourea is a precursor to thiourea dioxide, which is achieved using hydrogen peroxide:
Thiourea dioxideis a common reducing agent in textile processing.<ref name=Ullmann>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
PharmaceuticalsEdit
Thiourea has utility in practical heterocyclic chemistry. It is a precursor to sulfathiazoles, tetramisole, and cephalosporins.
Other usesEdit
Other industrial uses of thiourea include production of flame retardant resins, and vulcanization accelerators. Thiourea is building blocks to pyrimidine derivatives. Thus, thioureas condense with β-dicarbonyl compounds.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The amino group on the thiourea initially condenses with a carbonyl, followed by cyclization and tautomerization. Desulfurization delivers the pyrimidine. The pharmaceuticals thiobarbituric acid and sulfathiazole are prepared using thiourea.<ref name="Ullmann"/> 4-Amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole is prepared by the reaction of thiourea and hydrazine.
Thiourea is used as an auxiliary agent in diazo paper, light-sensitive photocopy paper and almost all other types of copy paper.
It is also used to tone silver-gelatin photographic prints (see Sepia Toning).
Thiourea is used in the Clifton-Phillips and Beaver bright and semi-bright electroplating processes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is also used in a solution with tin(II) chloride as an electroless tin plating solution for copper printed circuit boards.
Thiourea has been proposed as a fertilizer especially under conditions of environmental stress.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ReactionsEdit
Thiourea exists in dynamic equilibrium with ammonium thiocyanate at 150 °C. This equilibrium was once exploited as a route to thiourea, but the separation of the mixture is problematic.<ref name=Ullmann/> Thiourea is basic, sustaining protonation at sulfur. According to X-ray crystallography, the product is Template:Chem2, a planar cation. Protonation does not substantially perturb the bond distances.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
OxidationEdit
When treated with a variety of oxidants, thiourea forms a cationic disulfide. Oxidation with iodine proceeds as follows:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Oxidized with hydrogen peroxide gives thiourea dioxide.<ref name= Makarov14>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ReductantEdit
Thiourea reduces peroxides to the corresponding diols.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Thiourea is also used in the reductive workup of ozonolysis to give carbonyl compounds.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Dimethyl sulfide is also an effective reagent for this reaction, but it is highly volatile (boiling point Template:Val) and has an obnoxious odor whereas thiourea is odorless and conveniently non-volatile (reflecting its polarity).
Precursor to thiolsEdit
Thiourea is employed as a source of sulfide, such as for converting alkyl halides to thiols. The reaction capitalizes on the nucleophilicity of the sulfur center and is reminiscent of the protonation of thiourea. S-alkylation gives a isothiouronium salt:
Isothiouronium cations are prone to base hydrolysis to give the thiolate, which can undergo protonation to give the thiol.
In one example, ethane-1,2-dithiol is prepared from 1,2-dibromoethane:<ref>Template:OrgSynth</ref>
Precursor to metal sulfidesEdit
Like other thioamides, thiourea can serve as a source of sulfide upon reaction with metal ions. For example, mercury sulfide forms when mercuric salts in aqueous solution are treated with thiourea:
These sulfiding reactions have been applied to the synthesis of many metal sulfides..<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Precursor to heterocyclesEdit
Thiourea is a building block for many heterocycles. It is a precursor to pyrimidine derivatives via condensation with β-dicarbonyl compounds.<ref>Template:OrgSynth</ref>
Similarly, aminothiazoles can be synthesized by the reaction of α-haloketones and thiourea.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The pharmaceuticals thiobarbituric acid and sulfathiazole are prepared using thiourea.<ref name=Ullmann/> 4-Amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole is prepared by the reaction of thiourea and hydrazine.
With metalsEdit
Being a soft nucleophile, thiourea has an affinity for metal ions, forming coordination complexes. Representative is Template:Chem2.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> One practical consequence of its affinity for metals, thiourea is used as a silver polish.<ref name=Ullmann/> Another potential application is the use of thiourea as a lixiviant for gold and silver leaching, bypassing the steps of cyanide use and smelting.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Thiourea is a reagent in the Kurnakov test used to differentiate cis- and trans- isomers of certain square planar platinum complexes. The reaction was discovered in 1893 by Russian chemist Nikolai Kurnakov and is still performed as an assay for compounds of this type.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
SafetyEdit
The Template:LD50 for thiourea is Template:Val for rats (oral).<ref name="msds">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A goitrogenic effect (enlargement of the thyroid gland) has been reported for chronic exposure, reflecting the ability of thiourea to interfere with iodide uptake.<ref name=Ullmann/>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Thyroid hormone receptor modulators Template:Authority control