Thomas Hooker

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:For multi Template:Infobox person Thomas Hooker (July 5, 1586 – July 7, 1647) was a prominent English colonial leader and Congregational minister, who founded the Connecticut Colony after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding speaker and an advocate of universal Christian suffrage.

Called today "the Father of Connecticut", Thomas Hooker was a towering figure in the early development of colonial New England. He was one of the great preachers of his time, an erudite writer on Christian subjects, the first minister of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and one of the first settlers and founders of both the city of Hartford and the state of Connecticut. He has been cited by many as the inspiration for the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut", which some have described as the world's first written democratic constitution establishing a representative government.<ref>Following the Rev. Hooker's sermon in which he declared, "The foundation of authority is laid in the free consent of the people", the Fundamental Orders were adopted by the colony of Connecticut on January 14, 1639 (by New Style reckoning). While some modern historians dispute the claim that this was the first constitution in the western democratic tradition, neither the Mayflower Compact nor the Narragansett communities' agreements established any forms of government. Furthermore, former Connecticut Chief Justice Simeon E. Baldwin upheld the claim in Norris Osborn's History of Connecticut in Monographic Form, declaring that "never had a company of men deliberately met to frame a social compact for immediate use, constituting a new and independent commonwealth, with definite officers, executive and legislative, and prescribed rules and modes of government, until the first planters of Connecticut came together for their great work on January 14th, 1638–9." Drafted primarily by Roger Ludlow, it was the first compact between a government and the people to uphold the Rev. Hooker’s proclamation that the foundation of constitutional authority was with the people. Ref: Osborn, Norris Galpin, Editor, History of Connecticut in Monographic Form (States History Co., 1925); Hooker, John, An Account of the Reunion of the Descendants of Rev. Thomas Hooker (The Salem Press, 1890), p. 27; Logan, Walter Seth, Thomas Hooker, the First American Democrat (The Order of the Founders and Patriots of America, 1904), p. 19; Lutz, Donald S., Stephen L. Schechter & Richard B. Bernstein, Roots of the Republic: American Founding Documents Interpreted, p. 24; CT.gov, The Official State of Connecticut Website [ww.ct.gov/ctportal/cwp/view.asp?a=246434]; Connecticut, History of the USA http://www.usahistory.info/New-England/Connecticut.html.</ref>

LifeEdit

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Cuckoos Farm, Little Baddow, Essex, Hooker's home around 1629

Early lifeEdit

Thomas Hooker was likely born in Leicestershire at "Marfield" (Marefield or possibly Markfield) or Birstall.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He went to Dixie Grammar School at Market Bosworth.<ref name=brit>Template:Cite EB1911</ref> Family genealogist Edward Hooker linked Thomas Hooker to the Hooker family in Devon, which produced the theologian and clergyman Richard Hooker. Other Hooker genealogists, however, have traced Thomas Hooker to Leicestershire. Positive evidence linking Thomas to Leicestershire is lacking since the Marefield parish records from before 1610 were lost. Any link to the Rev. Richard Hooker is likewise lacking since the Rev. Thomas's personal papers were disposed of and his house destroyed after his death.<ref>Hooker, Edward, "The Origin and Ancestry of Rev. Thomas Hooker,@ a paper prepared by Commander Edward Hooker, U.S.N., and read before the Hooker gathering, August, 1892", The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, by New England Historic Genealogical Society Staff (Heritage Books, 1997), pp. 189–192; The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 44, by New England Historic Genealogical Society Staff (N.E. Historic Genealogical Society, 1890), pp. 397–398; Hooker, Margaret Huntington, "Introduction", Hooker, Edward W., The Descendants of Rev. Thomas Hooker: Hartford, Connecticut, 1586–1908, p. ix; Porter, Alice, "Thomas Hooker", Connecticut Magazine, July–August 1906 [1]; Underwood, Nancy, Ancestry and Descendants of Rev. Thomas Hooker [2]</ref>

CollegeEdit

In March 1604, Hooker entered Queens' College, Cambridge as a sizar but migrated to Emmanuel College.<ref name=ACAD>Template:Acad</ref> He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1608 and his Master of Arts in 1611.<ref name=brit/><ref name=ACAD/><ref name=bio>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> In 1609 he was elected to a Dixie fellowship at Emmanuel.<ref name=brit/>

Hooker was appointed to St George's Church, Esher, Surrey in 1620, where he earned a reputation as an excellent speaker.<ref name=brit /><ref name=bio /> He also became noted for his pastoral care of Mrs. Joan Drake, the wife of the patron. She was a depressive whose stages of spiritual regeneration became a model for his later theological thinking. While associated with the Drake household, he married Susannah Garbrand, Mrs. Drake's woman-in-waiting (April 3, 1621) in Amersham, Mrs. Drake's birthplace.<ref>Thomas Hooker, Writings in England and Holland, 1626–1633. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1975), p.7.</ref>

Around 1626, Hooker became a lecturer or preacher at what was then St. Mary's parish church, Chelmsford (now Chelmsford Cathedral) and curate to its rector, John Michaelson.<ref name=brit /> In 1629 Archbishop William Laud suppressed church lecturers, and Hooker retired to Little Baddow where he kept a school.<ref name=brit />

His leadership of Puritan sympathizers brought him a summons to the Court of High Commission. Forfeiting his bond, Hooker fled to Rotterdam in the Netherlands,<ref name=bio /> and considered a position in the English Reformed Church, Amsterdam, as assistant to its senior pastor, the Rev. John Paget.<ref>Thomas Hooker, Writings in England and Holland, 1626–1633. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1975), p.25.</ref> From the Netherlands, after a clandestine trip to England to put his affairs in order,<ref>Thomas Hooker, Writings in England and Holland, 1626–1633. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1975), p.33 et passim.</ref> he immigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony aboard the Griffin.<ref name=descendants>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=brit/>

Hooker arrived in Boston and settled in Newtown (later renamed Cambridge), where he became the pastor of the earliest established church there, known to its members as "The Church of Christ at Cambridge".<ref>Records of the Church of Christ at Cambridge in New England: 1632–1830, Boston, MA: Putnam, 1906).</ref> His congregation, some of whom may have been members of congregations he had served in England,<ref>Williams, G.H., Thomas Hooker, Writings in England and Holland, 1626–1633. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1975), p. 33.</ref> became known as "Mr. Hooker's Company".<ref name=brit/> For a time he lived in Watertown, Massachusetts, but felt that the towns were too close together.<ref name=hanson>*Template:Cite book</ref> When the General Court of Massachusetts allowed residents to split off and found new communities, his group was among the first to go.<ref name=hanson/>

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Hooker and Company Journeying through the Wilderness from Plymouth to Hartford, in 1636, Frederic Edwin Church, 1846

Voting in Massachusetts was limited to freemen, individuals who had been formally admitted to their church after a detailed interrogation of their religious views and experiences. Hooker disagreed with this limitation of suffrage, putting him at odds with the influential pastor John Cotton.

Owing to his conflict with Cotton, discontented with the suppression of Puritan suffrage, and at odds with the colony leadership,<ref name=bio /> Hooker and the Rev. Samuel Stone led a group of about 100<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> who, in 1636, founded the settlement of Hartford. It was named for Stone's birthplace, Hertford in England.<ref>Walker, George Leon, Thomas Hooker: Preacher, Founder, Democrat (Dodd, Mead and Company, 1891), p. 97; Allen, Morse S., & Arthur H. Hughes, Connecticut Place Names (The Connecticut Historical Society, 1976), p. 234; Gross, Governor Wilbur L., Sponsor, Connecticut, American Guide Series by Workers of the Federal Writers’ Project of the Works Progress Administration for the State of Connecticut (The Riverside Press, 1938), p. 169.</ref>

They founded the Connecticut Colony.<ref name=brit/><ref name=AP>Template:Cite book</ref> Hooker became more active in politics in Connecticut. The General Court representing Wethersfield, Windsor and Hartford met at the end of May 1638 to frame a written constitution in order to establish a government for the commonwealth. Hooker preached the opening sermon at First Church of Hartford on May 31, declaring that "the foundation of authority is laid in the free consent of the people."<ref>Hooker, Thomas, Lecture delivered at the First Church, Hartford, Connecticut, on May 31, 1638, quoted in Walker, George Leon, Thomas Hooker: Preacher, Founder, Democrat, p. 125; and Trumbull, Benjamin, A Complete History of Connecticut, Vol. I (Maltby, Goldsmith and Co., and Samuel Wadsworth, 1818, and Arno Press, 1972), pp. 20–21.</ref>

On January 14, 1639, freemen from these three settlements ratified the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut" in what John Fiske called "the first written constitution known to history that created a government. It marked the beginnings of American democracy, of which Thomas Hooker deserves more than any other man to be called the father. The government of the United States today is in lineal descent more nearly related to that of Connecticut than to that of any of the other thirteen colonies."<ref>Fiske, John, Beginnings of New England, or the Puritan Theocracy in Its Relation to Civil and Religious Liberty (Houghton Mifflin Company, the Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1889), pp. 127–28.</ref>

In recognition of this, near Chelmsford Cathedral, Essex, England, where Hooker had been town lecturer and curate, there is a blue plaque fixed high on the wall of a narrow alleyway, opposite the south porch, that reads: "Thomas Hooker, 1586–1647, Curate at St. Mary's Church and Chelmsford Town Lecturer 1626–29. Founder of the State of Connecticut, Father of American Democracy."<ref>The Cathedral Church of St Mary, St Peter, and St Cedd, Chelmsford, England, a centre of worship and mission; Brief History {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Thomas Hooker http://www.britannia.com/bios/hooker.html</ref>

Death and legacyEdit

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Hooker's statue by Frances Laughlin Wadsworth

Hooker died during the 1647 North American influenza epidemic on July 7, at the age of 61, two days after his birthday. The location of his grave is unknown, although he is believed to be buried in Hartford's Ancient Burying Ground. A crypt was erected there; in addition a plaque on the back of the First Church refers to his burial.

Because there was no known portrait of him, in the 20th century Frances Laughlin Wadsworth used the likenesses of his descendants to sculpt the commissioned statue of Hooker that was erected in 1938 in front of Hartford's Old State House.

ViewsEdit

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Plaque honoring Hooker's ministry at the First Church of Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Thomas Hooker strongly advocated extended suffrage to include Puritan worshippers, leading him and his followers to colonize Connecticut.<ref name=brit /> He also promoted the concept of a government that must answer to the people, stating: "[T]hey who have the power to appoint officers and magistrates, it is in their power, also, to set the bounds and limitations of the power and place unto which they call them" through "the privilege of election, which belongs to the people according to the blessed will and law of God".<ref name=brit /> Hooker argued for greater religious tolerance towards all Christian denominations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Hooker defended the calling of synods by magistrates, and attended a convention of ministers in Boston whose purpose was to defend Congregationalism.<ref name=brit/> Hooker later published A Survey of the Summed of Church-Discipline in defense of Congregationalism, and applied its principles to politics and government.<ref name=bio/>

Thomas Hooker was a prominent proponent of the doctrine of preparationism, which taught that by making use of the means of grace, a "person seeking conversion might dispose himself toward receiving God's grace."<ref name=McClymond>Template:Cite book</ref> He believed that much of God's favor needed to be re-earned by men.<ref name=CH>Template:Cite journal</ref> To Hooker, sin was the most crafty of enemies, defeating grace on most occasions. He disagreed with many of the predecessor theologies of Free Grace theology, preferring a more muted view on the subject. He focused on preparation for heaven and following the moralist character.<ref name=CH/>

FamilyEdit

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House of Thomas Hooker, Hartford, Connecticut

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Coat of Arms of Thomas Hooker

Thomas Hooker came to the colonies with his second wife, Suzanne. Nothing is known of his first wife.

His son Samuel, likely born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, graduated from Harvard College in 1653. He became minister of Farmington, Connecticut, where his descendants lived for many generations.<ref group=notes>Married to the eldest daughter of Capt. Thomas Willett of Plymouth Colony, a Plymouth merchant and later first mayor of New York City, Rev. Samuel Hooker was the progenitor of all Hookers who claim descent from Rev. Thomas Hooker of Connecticut. [3]</ref> Of Rev. Samuel Hooker, Cotton Mather wrote in Magnalia Christi Americana: "Thus we have to this day among us our dead Hooker, yet living in his worthy son Samuel Hooker, an able, faithful, useful minister at Farmington, in the Colony of Connecticut."

His daughter Mary married Rev. Roger Newton, who was a founder and first minister of Farmington, Connecticut. Newton later was called as minister in Milford, Connecticut.

His grandchildren also had prominent lives. John Hooker, son of Rev. Samuel and grandson of Rev. Thomas, served as Speaker of the Connecticut Assembly, and previously as Judge of the state supreme court. James Hooker, brother of John and son of Rev. Samuel, also became a prominent political figure in Connecticut. He married the daughter of William Leete of Guilford, Connecticut, and subsequently settled there. James Hooker served as the first probate judge, and later as speaker of the Connecticut colonial assembly. Rev. Thomas's granddaughter Mary Hooker, the daughter of Rev. Samuel, married the Rev. James Pierpont. Their daughter Sarah Pierpont married the Rev. Jonathan Edwards.

Other descendants of Thomas Hooker include Henry Hooker, John Hooker, Arthur Atterbury, Charles Atterbury Mary Hooker Pierpont, William Howard Taft, Timothy Dwight V, Aaron Burr, William Gillette, William Huntington Russell, Edward H. Gillette, George Catlin, Emma Willard, J.P. Morgan, Rev. Joshua Leavitt, Roger Hooker Leavitt, Hart Leavitt, Frank Nelson Doubleday, John Turner Sargent, Thom Miller, Adonijah Rockwell and Nathan Watson.<ref name=descendants/> On May 16, 1890, descendants of Thomas Hooker held their first reunion at Hartford, Connecticut.<ref>"In Honor of Thomas Hooker, His Descendants to Hold a Reunion in Hartford, Conn.", The New York Times, May 1, 1890</ref>