Tiraspol
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Tiraspol (Template:Moldovan Cyrillic, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; also {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}};<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is the capital and largest city of Transnistria, a breakaway state of Moldova, where it is the third-largest city. The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of culture, economy, tourism, and light industry, such as furniture and electrical goods production.
The modern city of Tiraspol was founded by the Russian generalissimo Alexander Suvorov in 1792, although the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying ethnic groups.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city celebrates its anniversary every year on 14 October.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
EtymologyEdit
The toponym consists of two ancient Greek words: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Tyras, the Ancient name for the Dniester River, and polis, i.e., a city (state).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
Classical and medieval historyEdit
Tyras ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), also spelled Tiras, was a colony of the Greek city Miletus, probably founded about 600 BC, situated some Template:Convert from the mouth of the Tiras River (Dniester). Of no great importance in early times, in the second century BC it fell under the dominion of indigenous kings whose names appear on its coins. It was destroyed by the Thracian Getae about 50 BC.Template:Citation needed
In 56 AD, the Romans restored the city and made it part of the colonial province of Lower Moesia.Template:Citation needed A series of its coins exist that feature heads of Roman emperors from Domitian to Severus Alexander. Soon after the time of the latter, the city was destroyed again, this time by the invasion of the Goths. Its government was in the hands of five archons, a senate, a popular assembly, and a registrar. The images on its coins from this period suggest a trade in wheat, wine, and fish. The few inscriptions extant are mostly concerned with trade.Template:Citation needed
Such ancient archeological remains are scanty, as the city site was built over by the great medieval fortress of Monocastro or Akkerman.<ref>See E. H. Minns, Scythians and Greeks (Cambridge, 1909); V. V. Latyshev, Inscriptiones Orae Septentrionalis Ponti Euxini, vol. I.</ref> In the Late Middle Ages, the area around of modern Tiraspol became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Lithuanians, unable to settle their vast state on their own, allowed Moldavian settlement in the area.Template:Sfn
Tsarist Russian ruleEdit
Template:More citations needed section The Russian Empire conquered its way to the Dniester River, taking territory from the Ottoman Empire. In 1792 the Russian army built fortifications to guard the western border near a Moldavian village named Sucleia. Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov is considered the founder of modern Tiraspol; his statue is the city's most distinctive landmark.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city took its name from Tyras, the Greek name of the Dniester River on which it stands. It was granted city rights in 1795.Template:Sfn
In 1828, the Russian government established a customs house in Tiraspol to try to suppress smuggling. The customs house was subordinated to the chief of the Odesa customs region. It began operations with 14 employees. They inspected shipments of bread, paper, oil, wine, sugar, fruits and other goods.
In December 1917, Tiraspol hosted a congress of Transnistrian Moldovans, at which they wished to unite the city with Bessarabia.Template:Sfn
Soviet TiraspolEdit
After the Russian Revolution, the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created in Ukraine in 1924, with Balta as its capital.Template:Sfn The republic had Romanian, Ukrainian and Russian as its official languages. Its capital was moved in 1929 to Tiraspol, which remained the capital of the Moldavian ASSR until 1940.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfn
In 1940, following the secret provisions of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the USSR forced Romania to cede Bessarabia. It integrated Tiraspol, until then part of the Moldavian ASSR, into the newly formed Moldavian SSR. On 7 August 1941, following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, the city was taken over by Romanian troops. Later that month, on 19 August, the Tiraspol Agreement establishing the Transnistria Governorate was signed. During the occupation, Tiraspol was under Romanian administration. During that period almost all of its Jewish population died: they were slain in situ or deported to German Nazi death camps, and killed there.
In 1941, before the occupation, the newspaper Dnestrovskaya Pravda was founded by the Tiraspol City Council of popular deputies. This is the oldest periodical publication in the region. On 12 April 1944, the city was retaken by the Red Army and became again part of the Moldavian SSR.
According to a 1991 figure by Moldova's Ministry of National Security (now the Security and Intelligence Service, SIS), of the 5,485 people who were sentenced to death in the territory of modern Moldova during totalitarian communist rule, over 4,000 of them were executed in Tiraspol, in the Template:Ill, in 1937 and 1938 alone, during the Great Purge.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Post-secessionEdit
On 27 January 1990, the citizens in Tiraspol passed a referendum declaring the city as an independent territory.Template:Citation needed The nearby city of Bendery also declared its independence from Moldova. As the Russian-speaking independence movement gained momentum, some local governments banded together to resist pressure from the Moldovan government for nationalization.Template:Citation needed
On 2 September 1990, Tiraspol was proclaimed the capital of the new Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. The new republic was not officially recognized by Soviet authorities; however, it received support from some important Soviet leaders, such as Anatoly Lukyanov.Template:Citation needed After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the territory east of the Dniester River declared independence as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), with Tiraspol as its capital. It was not recognized by the international community.Template:Citation needed
On 1 July 2005, the Lucian Blaga Lyceum, a high school with Romanian as its language of instruction, was registered as a Transnistrian non-governmental establishment. The registration of six Romanian language schools has been the subject of negotiations with the government since 2000.Template:Citation needed The tension increased in the summer of 2004, when the Transnistrian authorities forcibly closed the schools that taught using the Latin script. According to the official PMR view, this is considered as Romanian. "Moldovan", written in the Cyrillic script, is one of the three official languages in the PMR; Romanian is not. Some economic measures and counter-measures were taken on both banks of the Dniester.Template:Citation needed
Tensions have been seen in terrorist incidents. On 6 July 2006, an explosion, believed to be caused by a bomb, killed at least eight people in a minibus.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later on 13 August, a grenade exploded in a trolleybus, killing two and injuring ten.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 25 April 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, several explosions were reported near the Ministry of State Security (Transnistria) in Tiraspol. Firefighters were on the scene but there were no casualties.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 17 March 2024, Transnistrian official press released a video allegedly<ref name=2024drone1>Template:Cite news</ref> showing a Mil Mi-8 helicopter in poor condition and likely not in use,<ref name=2024drone2>Template:Cite news</ref> not having been moved in over 13 years at the moment of the explosion,<ref name=2024drone1 /> in a military unit in Tiraspol being attacked and destroyed by a kamikaze drone. No victims were reported.<ref name=2024drone2 /> Transnistria claimed the drone had been launched from Ukraine from the direction of Odesa, more precisely from a bridge located Template:Convert from the nearest border crossing between Transnistria and Ukraine. Ukraine immediately denied having anything to do with the incident.<ref name=2024drone1 /> On the day of the incident, the Bureau for Reintegration of the Republic of Moldova called it an "attempt to provoke panic and fear in the region".<ref name=2024drone2 /> Later, on 25 March, the bureau confirmed the explosion of the helicopter was not caused by a drone attack but by "other factors" and that the video contained "obvious elements of video montage". In the video, the drone disappears shortly before the explosion below the helicopter occurs. Reportedly, explosives placed under the helicopter were detonated remotely instead.<ref name=2024drone1 />
On 8 January 2025, during the 2025 Moldovan energy crisis, a woman in Tiraspol died from carbon monoxide poisoning after using a gas water heater to shower without having a chimney.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Geography and climateEdit
Tiraspol features a humid continental climate that closely borders an oceanic climate and has transitional features of the humid subtropical climate due to its warm summers. Summers are mild, with average monthly temperatures at around Template:Convert in July and August. Winters are cold, with average temperatures in the coldest month (January) at Template:Convert. Precipitation is relatively evenly spread throughout the year, though there is a noticeable increase in monthly precipitation in June and July. Tiraspol on average sees nearly Template:Convert of precipitation per year. Template:Weather box
DemographicsEdit
PopulationEdit
Template:Historical populations The population of the city was about 190,000 in 1989 and about 203,000 in 1992. 41% were Russians, 32% Ukrainians (both Eastern Slavic) and 18% were Moldovans (Romanians).Template:Citation needed
As result of the political and economic situation that followed the proclamation of the independent (unrecognized) Transnistria, as well as large Jewish emigration in the early 1990s, the population of the city fell below its 1989 number and the 2004 Transnistrian census put its population at 158,069.<ref name=p04>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1897, 31,616 people lived in the city of Tiraspol, who were classified, by language, in the following way:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Native language | Population | share of population |
|---|---|---|
| Russian | 14,013 | 44.32% |
| Yiddish | 8,568 | 27.1% |
| Ukrainian | 3,708 | 11.73% |
| Romanian | 3,611 | 11.42% |
| Polish | 1,003 | 3.17% |
| Belarusian | 119 | 0.38% |
| Bulgarian | 56 | 0.18% |
| Lithuanian | 7 | 0.02% |
| Latvian | 7 | 0.02% |
| Czech | 1 | 0.003% |
In 1926, 29,700 people lived in the city of Tiraspol who were classified, by ethnicity, as follows:
| Ethnic group | Population | % total share |
|---|---|---|
| Russian | 16,276 | 54.8% |
| Hebrew | 8,732 | 29.4% |
| Ukrainian | 4,277 | 14.4% |
| Moldovan (Romanians) | 416 | 1.4% |
According to the Soviet census of 1939, the city's population was 43,676 inhabitants, distributed as follows:<ref name=d39>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Ethnic group | Population | % Total share |
|---|---|---|
| Russian | 14,785 | 33.85% |
| Ukrainian | 12,504 | 28.63% |
| Hebrew | 11,764 | 26.93% |
| Moldovan (Romanian) | 3,480 | 7.97% |
- 2004<ref> The Transnistrian census of 2004 data by nationality at http://pop-stat.mashke.org/pmr-ethnic-loc2004.htm</ref>
| Ethnic group | Population | % Total share |
|---|---|---|
| Russian | 65,298 | 41.71% |
| Ukrainian | 52,278 | 33.07% |
| Moldovan (Romanian) | 23,790 | 15.05% |
| Bulgarian | 2,450 | 1.55% |
| Gagauz | 1,988 | 1.26% |
| Belarusian | 1,712 | 1.08% |
| German | 701 | 0.44% |
| Hebrew | 573 | 0.36% |
| Armenian | 360 | 0.23% |
| Polish | 324 | 0.2% |
| Gypsy/Rromi/Romani | 116 | 0.07% |
| Others | 7,849 | 4.98% |
ReligionEdit
The Latin Catholic minority is served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chișinău.
In the fourteenth century, Tiraspol was the see city of the diocese of Kherson; in 1848, a Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiraspol was erected with its see in Saratov. Since 1993, it did not cover any Moldovan territory, not even Tiraspol. The diocese was suppressed in 2002.
CultureEdit
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The statue of Alexander Suvorov was erected in the central square in 1979 in commemoration of his 250th anniversary. In front of the Transnistrian Government building there is a statue of Vladimir Lenin. On the opposite side of the central square, a monument plaza features a Soviet T-34 tank, commemorating the Soviet victory in World War II, an eternal flame to those who fell defending the city in 1941 and liberating it in 1944, as well as several monuments dedicated to more recent conflicts, including the Soviet–Afghan War and the War of Transnistria.
SportEdit
The two main football clubs are Sheriff Tiraspol and FC Tiraspol. Sheriff is the most successful Moldovan football club of recent history, winning 14 league titles since the 2000–2001 season, and 6 Moldovan Cups. The team gained world notoriety for their last-minute 2–1 victory during the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League edition against later tournament winners Real Madrid on 28 September 2021. A third club, CS Tiligul-Tiras Tiraspol, withdrew from competition prior to the 2009–2010 season. Tiraspol is home to the Sheriff Stadium, the largest capacity stadium in the region, with a capacity of 14,300 seats.
International relationsEdit
Twin towns – sister citiesEdit
Template:See also Template:Div col
- Template:Flagdeco Bălți, Moldova<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagdeco Comrat, Moldova<ref name=":0" />
- Template:Flagdeco Trondheim, Norway (2000)<ref name="Trondheim">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagdeco Volgograd, Russia<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagdeco Kaluga, Russia<ref name=":1" />
- Template:Flagdeco Kursk, Russia<ref name=":1" />
- Template:Flagdeco Obninsk, Russia<ref name=":1" />
- Template:Flagdeco Severodvinsk, Russia<ref name=":1" />
- Template:Flagdeco Novosibirsk, Russia<ref name=":1" />
- Template:Flagdeco Mykolaiv, Ukraine<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagdeco Kherson, Ukraine<ref name=":2" />
- Template:Flagdeco Cherkasy, Ukraine<ref name=":2" />
- Template:Flagdeco Ternopil, Ukraine<ref name=":2" />
- Template:Flagdeco Ashdod, Israel<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagdeco Leninsky District, Minsk, Belarus<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagdeco Sokhumi, Abkhazia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Template:Flagdeco Tskhinvali, South Ossetia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
- Template:Flagdeco Santarem, Portugal<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Notable peopleEdit
- Yuri Avvakumov (born 1957), Russian architect, artist, and curator
- Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–1953), Russian and Soviet chemist who invented the first filtering activated charcoal gas mask
- Georgi Stamatov (1869–1942), Bulgarian writer
- Mikhail Larionov (1881–1964), Russian avant-garde painter
- Abraham Rabinovitch (1889–1964), Australian-Russian property developer and pioneer of the Sydney Modern Orthodox Jewish community
- Gheorghe Pintilie (1902–1985), Soviet intelligence agent, Russian citizen and naturalised Romanian communist activist of Ukrainian origin, the first Director of the Securitate
- Izrail Shmurun (1912–1985), Moldavian Soviet architect
- Larisa Eryomina (born 1950), stage and screen actress
- Oxana Ionova (born 1966), head of the state tax service of Transnistria, director of Transnistria's central bank from 2008 to 2011; subsequently charged with embezzlement of Russian humanitarian aid, illegal business practices, abuse of power and forgery
- Vlad Stashevsky (born 1974), Russian pop singer
- Berenika Glixman (born 1984), Israeli classical pianist
- Sergey Stepanov (born 1984), musician and composer, member of the SunStroke Project
- Valeria Lukyanova (born 1985), Ukrainian model, famous for her resemblance to a Barbie doll, lives in Moscow
PoliticsEdit
- Serhii Kivalov (born 1954), Ukrainian politician, jurist, parliamentarian, head of Central Election Commission
- Vladimir Mikhailovich Belyaev (born 1965), the minister of information and telecommunications
- Maya Parnas (born 1974), politician and was the former acting Prime Minister of Transnistria
- Nina Shtanski (born 1977), former Transnistrian state politician, the Minister of Foreign Affairs 2012 to 2015
- Roman Khudyakov (born 1977), Russian politician, chairman of the Liberal Democratic Party of Transnistria
- Vladimir Yastrebchak (born 1979), the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Transnistria from 2008 to 2012.
- Olga Paterova (born in 1984), politician, the press secretary for the political youth organization Breakthrough
- Yury Cheban, Transnistrian Minister of Natural Resources and Ecological Control
SportEdit
- Constantin Nour (1906 or 1907 – 1986), Romanian champion middleweight boxer and national team trainer
- Larisa Popova (born 1957), rower who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1976 Summer Olympics
- Igor Samoilenco (born 1977), boxer
- Andrei Mihailov (born 1980), backstroke swimmer, competed in the 2000 and the 2004 Summer Olympics
- Andrei Corneencov (born 1982), Moldovan international footballer.
- Stanislau Tsivonchyk (born 1985), Belarusian pole vaulter, competed in the pole vault at the 2012 Summer Olympics
- Vitalie Bulat (born 1987), footballer
- Oleksandr Kolchenko (born 1988), Ukrainian basketball player
- Dănilă Artiomov (born 1994), breaststroke swimmer
- Artur Dalaloyan (born 1996), Russian artistic gymnast of Armenian origin
GalleryEdit
- Tiraspol sign.JPG
Sign at the entrance to Tiraspol
- Monument to Suvorov - panoramio.jpg
- Tiraspolstreet.jpg
A street in central Tiraspol
- TIraspol Transnistria (11359980726).jpg
The Victory Park
- 13.07.2008 - panoramio (2).jpg
The Dnestr river passing through Tiraspol
- Lenin Statue on 25 Oktober Street - Tiraspol - Transnistria (36701973581).jpg
The statue of Lenin in front of the parliament building
- Street Scene - Tiraspol - Transnistria - 01 (36008035783).jpg
Street scene
- Tiraspol, PMR (15144382021).jpg
Railway station
- Tiraspol Casa sindicatelor și depoul pompierilor.jpg
Trade union building and fire station
- War Memorial-Tomb of the Unknown Soldier - Tiraspol - Transnistria (36008034023).jpg
War memorial and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
- Architectural Detail - Tiraspol - Transnistria - 01 (35982734024).jpg
Part of the city centre
- Tiraspol Suvorov Square.jpg
Photo of the Suvorov Square in Tiraspol
- Tiraspol Suvorov Monument.jpg
Photo of the Suvorov Monument in Tiraspol
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
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External linksEdit
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Non-Transnistrian linksEdit
- Template:JewishGen-LocalityPage
- Tyraspol (Tiraspol) in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (1892)Template:In lang
Transnistrian linksEdit
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