Toei Ōedo Line
Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Infobox rail line
The Template:Nihongo is a rapid transit railway line of the municipal Toei Subway network in Tokyo, Japan. It commenced full operations on December 12, 2000; using the Japanese calendar this reads "12/12/12" as the year 2000 equals Heisei 12. The line is completely underground, making it the second-longest railway tunnel in Japan after the Seikan Tunnel.
On maps and signboards, the line is shown in magenta. Stations carry the letter "E" followed by a two-digit number inside a more pinkish ruby circle.
In fiscal year 2023, the Ōedo Line had the highest daily ridership in the Toei network, serving an average of 836,179 passengers. Despite this, it was the only Toei subway line to operate at a loss, incurring a deficit of 3.2 billion yen.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
OverviewEdit
The Ōedo Line is the first Tokyo subway line to use linear motor propulsion (and the second in Japan after the Osaka Metro Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line), which allows it to use smaller cars and smaller tunnels (a benefit similarly achieved by the Advanced Rapid Transit system manufactured by Bombardier). This technology, though, is incompatible with other railway and subway lines, which can only operate with vehicles utilizing conventional rotary motors, thus preventing Ōedo Line trains from operating through services onto them. Although vehicles with rotary motor propulsion can technically operate on the Ōedo Line, its smaller tunnels and loading gauge prevents such occurrences, hence making the Ōedo Line the first self-enclosed subway line in Tokyo in over 40 years, and the first and to date only such line operated by Toei, although there is a track connection to the Asakusa Line that can only be used by Class E5000 locomotives.
The line is deep (as low as Template:Convert below ground at points) through central Tokyo, including three underground crossings of the Sumida River. Originally budgeted at ¥682.6 billion and 6 years, the construction ended up taking nearly 10 years and estimates of the final cost of construction range from the official ¥988.6 billion to over ¥1,400 billion, making it the most expensive subway line ever built at that point.<ref name="toei">都営12号線（大江戸線）環状部事業の評価（総括表） Template:Webarchive, Toei</ref> However, stages 1–3 of Singapore's Downtown MRT line, completed in 2017, are 2.84 times as expensive, at 33,669.5 compared to 11,571.8 US dollars per kilometer after adjusting for inflation and international price differences. Phase 1 of New York's Second Avenue Subway, also completed in 2017, is over 5.5 times costlier per kilometer at 2,308.3 compared to 416.3 price-adjusted US dollars per kilometer.<ref name="tcp-ny">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Ridership projections originally estimated 1 million users daily, a figure scaled down to 820,000 before opening. At the end of 2006, the line was averaging 720,000 passengers/day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, its ridership has increased by about five percent each year since its opening, following new commercial and residential development around major stations such as Roppongi and Shiodome. According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation, as of June 2009 the Ōedo Line was the fourth most crowded subway line in Tokyo, at its peak running at 178%Template:Ref label capacity between Monzen-Nakachō and Tsukishima stations.<ref>Metropolis, "Commute", June 12, 2009, p. 07. Template:Webarchive Capacity is defined as all passengers having a seat or a strap or door railing to hold on to.</ref>
There are plans to extend the Ōedo Line westward from its current western terminus at Hikarigaoka Station through to a new terminus in Ōizumigakuenchō, Template:Cvt north of Ōizumi-gakuen Station (on the Seibu Ikebukuro Line) then later towards Higashi-Tokorozawa Station (on the Musashino Line). Construction of the first segment to Ōizumigakuenchō is tentatively scheduled for before 2015, and will include the construction of three new stations, temporarily named Doshida station, Ōizumichō station and Ōizumigakuenchō station.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following the awarding of the 2020 Summer Olympics to Tokyo, there has been speculation regarding the addition of another Template:Cvt to the proposed extension in order to extend the line to Niiza where the shooting range for the Olympics is to be located. A decision regarding this matter is expected in 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Update inline
ServicesEdit
The Ōedo Line runs in a loop around central Tokyo before branching out towards Nerima in the western suburbs, meaning the line is shaped like a figure 6 lying on its side. It is not a true loop line: trains from the western Hikarigaoka terminus run anticlockwise around the loop and terminate at the intermediate Tochōmae Station facing towards Hikarigaoka, and vice versa. The arrangement is very much like the London Underground Circle Line since 2009, but does not share any track segments with other lines.
The full Template:Cvt trip from Tochōmae around the loop and onward to Hikarigaoka takes 81 minutes. Trains operate once every three to five minutes during rush hours, and once every six minutes during off-peak weekday hours, weekends and holidays.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Noise complaintsEdit
The Ōedo line is one of the noisiest train lines in the world, with decibel levels reaching 90 decibels frequently along the line.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, during the COVID-19 outbreak, noise levels have reached to over 105 decibels. The train line's President states that infection is a more significant concern [than hearing damage], and therefore train's windows are kept open to increase ventilation, which caused a number of complaints. As of April 2023, windows continue to be kept open to reduce the risks of Covid-19 transmission.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The cause of the Ōedo line's high noise levels lies in construction constraints such as preexisting infrastructure and the need to build deep tunnels, resulting in low-radius curves and small tunnels.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Station listEdit
All stations are located in Tokyo.
Rolling stockEdit
- Toei 12-000 series 8-car EMU trainsets
- Toei 12-600 series 8-car EMU trainsets
Oedo Line trains are housed and maintained at the Kiba depot, located underneath Kiba Park to the southeast of Kiyosumi-Shirakawa Station. Prior to the completion of the Oedo Line loop in 2000, servicing was performed at a depot near Hikarigaoka Station.
Major overhaul work for Oedo Line trains is performed at the Magome depot, located south of Nishi-Magome Station on the Toei Asakusa Line. Oedo Line trains access this facility using a connecting tunnel to the Asakusa Line near Shiodome Station. Because of differences in infrastructure and technology used preventing trains on either line from accessing the other, a special Toei Class E5000 locomotive powers these ferry runs during overnight hours when the subway is closed.
HistoryEdit
Template:More citations needed section The Ōedo Line was first proposed in 1968 as an incomplete loop line from Shinjuku around northern and eastern Tokyo to Azabu. This plan was amended in 1972 to complete the loop back to Shinjuku, extend it to Hikarigaoka and add a spur line to Mejiro from the northern side. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government undertook construction of the line, which was initially called Template:Nihongo.
The first segment from Hikarigaoka to Nerima began operations on 10 December 1991. The line was extended from Nerima to Shinjuku on 19 December 1997, and later from Shinjuku to Kokuritsu-Kyōgijō on 20 April 2000.
With this extension, Shintaro Ishihara, the governor of Tokyo, named the line "Toei Oedo Line", where Oedo literally means "Great Edo", a reference to Tokyo's former name. As was the case with earlier lines, the public was initially polled to select a name; however, Ishihara rejected the chosen name, Template:Nihongo, on the grounds that it would not initially form a complete loop, and that calling it such would cause confusion with the Yamanote Line and the Osaka Loop Line.
The full line began operation on 12 December 2000. An additional station (Shiodome Station) was opened on 2 November 2002 to connect to the Yurikamome guideway transit line. Following the addition of Shiodome, the automated announcements in the trains were changed to advertise businesses and facilities near each station, a first in Tokyo (although this was already the practice on the municipal subways of Osaka and Nagoya).
Future plansEdit
Starting on 18 January 2023, car 4 on all services on the Oedo line were designated as a women-only car in a bid by the railway operator to reduce sexual assaults onboard trains.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The restriction is in effect during the morning peak hour.
NotesEdit
Template:Refbegin a. <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^{{#if:| }} Crowding levels defined by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 100% — Commuters have enough personal space and are able to take a seat or stand while holding onto the straps or hand rails.
- 150% — Commuters have enough personal space to read a newspaper.
- 180% — Commuters must fold newspapers to read.
- 200% — Commuters are pressed against each other in each compartment but can still read small magazines.
- 250% — Commuters are pressed against each other, unable to move.
See alsoEdit
- List of railway lines in Japan
- London Underground Circle Line, Bangkok MRT Blue Line and Hamburg U3, three metro lines with similar arrangements