Triballi
The Triballi (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) were an ancient people who lived in northern Bulgaria in the region of Roman Oescus up to southeastern Serbia, possibly near the territory of the Morava Valley in the late Iron Age. The Triballi lived between Thracians to the east, Illyrians the west and Celts to the north and were influenced by them. As such in contemporary sources, they are variably described as an independent, Thracian, Illyrian or Celtic tribe. Strabo considered the Triballi as a Thracian people.<ref>Strabos Geography - 'and among the Illyrians the Autariatae, Ardiaei, and Dardanii, and among the Thracians the Triballi; that is, they were reduced in warfare by one another at first and then later by the Macedonians and the Romans'</ref> Most ancient sources considered the Triballi as Thracians, while some few regarded them as Illyrians.<ref>1774 Johann Thunmann: On the History and Language of the Albanians and Vlachs - 'The Triballi who are almost always called Thracians, are regarded as Illyrians by Aristophanes, Livy and Stephanus.'</ref>
As an existing people, the Triballi are mentioned for the last time by Roman historian Appian (2nd century CE). According to Appian, the Triballi were reduced in numbers through their wars against the Scordisci and fled among the Getae, north of the Danube before they went extinct as a distinct people.<ref>Appian, Roman History 9.2. The Illyrian Book LCL 3: 304-305</ref>
HistoryEdit
The Triballi (Template:Langx) are mentioned first in history by ancient Greek authors of the Classical period: by Aristophanes in his play Birds (414 BC) in which Triballos, a barbarian Triballian god of Thrace, accompanies Poseidon and Herakles as a diplomatic embassy, who are quite starving, meant to persuade the play's hero, Peisetairos, to end his blockade (Nephelokokkygia) preventing sacrificesTemplate:Sndthe sustenance of godsTemplate:Sndfrom reaching them on Olympos; by Aristotle and Demosthenes, both of whom lived in the 4th century BC. Among ancient Greeks, the Triballi had a reputation of being a "wild people" and Greek authors write in a similar vein about them. Aristotle writes that among the Triballi "it is honorable to sacrifice one’s life in a battle", while Demosthenes notes the gangs of "lawless youths" of ancient Athens were known as Triballoi.<ref>Demosthenes, Orations 54. Ariston against Conon, an Action for Assault, LCL 351: 156–157</ref><ref>Aristotle, Topica, LCL 391: 378–379</ref>
In 424 BC, they were attacked by Sitalkes, king of the Odrysae, who was defeated and lost his life in the engagement.<ref name=GRT/> They were pushed to the east by the invading Autariatae, an Illyrian tribe; the date of this event is uncertain.<ref name=EB1911>{{#if: |
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In 376 BC, a large band of Triballi under King Hales crossed Mount Haemus and advanced as far as Abdera; they had backing from Maroneia and were preparing to besiege the city when Chabrias appeared off the coast, with the Athenian fleet,<ref name=EB1911/> and organized a reconciliation.<ref name=GRT>Template:Google books</ref>
In 339 BC, when Philip II of Macedon was returning from his expedition against the Scythians, the Triballi refused to allow him to pass the Haemus unless they received a share of the booty. Hostilities took place, in which Philip was defeated<ref name=EB1911/> and wounded by a spear in his right thigh, but the Triballi appear to have been subsequently subdued by him.<ref name=EB1911/><ref>Template:Google books</ref>
After the death of Philip, Alexander the Great passed through the lands of the Odrysians in 335-334 BC, crossed the Haemus ranges and after three encounters (Battle of Haemus, Battle at Lyginus River, Battle at Peuce Island) defeated and drove the Triballians to the junction of the Lyginus at the Danube.<ref name=EB1911/> 3,000 Triballi were killed, the rest fled. Their king Syrmus (eponymous to Roman Sirmium) took refuge on the Danubian island of Peukê, where most of the remnants of the defeated Thracians were exiled. The successful Macedonian attacks terrorized the tribes around the Danube; the autonomous Thracian tribes sent tributes for peace, Alexander was satisfied with his operations and accepted peace because of his greater wars in Asia.
They were attacked by Autariatae and Celts in 295 BC.<ref>The Thracians by Ralph F. Hoddinott, 1981, Template:ISBN, Chapter "South and para-Dunavian Thrace", "Thracian art in the valley of the Lower Danube", page 197</ref>
The punishment inflicted by Ptolemy Keraunos on the Getae, however, induced the Triballi to sue for peace. About 279 BC, a host of Gauls (Scordisci<ref>Appianus</ref>) under Cerethrius defeated the Triballi with an army of 3,000 horsemen and 15,000 foot soldiers. The defeat pushed the Triballi further to the east.<ref name=THEO>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nevertheless, they continued to cause trouble to the Roman governors of Macedonia<ref name=EB1911/> for fifty years (135 BC–84 BC).
Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) registers them as one of the tribes of Moesia.<ref>Template:Google books</ref>
In the time of Ptolemy (90–168 AD), their territory was limited to the district between the Ciabrus (Tzibritza) and Utus (Vit) rivers, part of what is now Bulgaria; their chief town was Oescus.<ref name=EB1911/>
Under Tiberius, mention is made of Triballia in Moesia; and the Emperor Maximinus Thrax (reigned 235–237) had been a commander of a squadron of Triballi. The name occurs for the last time during the reign of Diocletian, who dates a letter from Triballis.<ref name=EB1911/><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 22, (1956) [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 465]</ref>
ArchaeologyEdit
The research of the Triballi began with Fanula Papazoglu's book The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre-Roman Times (1968 in Serbian, 1978 in English). Other historians and archaeologists who wrote on the Triballi include Template:Ill, Dragoslav Srejović, Nikola Tasić, Rastko Vasić, Miloš Jevtić and, especially, Milorad Stojić (Tribali u arheologiji i istorijskim izvorima, 2017).<ref name=Politika>Template:Cite news</ref>
Based on the work of Fanula Papazoglou, several archeological findings in the Morava Valley (Great Morava and South Morava) region in the Iron Age have been linked to the Triballi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2005, several possibly Triballi graves were found at the Hisar Hill in Leskovac, southeastern Serbia.<ref name="b92">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In June 2008, a Triballi grave was found together with ceramics (urns) in Požarevac, central-eastern Serbia.<ref name="jasatomic">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A tomb labeled as "Triballian" was unearthed at Ljuljaci, west of Kragujevac, central Serbia.<ref name="inist">Template:Cite journal</ref> In Bulgaria, a male grave at Vratsa dated to the 4th century BC has been unearthed; the royal tomb contains beautiful goldwork, like pitchers and wreaths.<ref name=Politika/> These findings are labeled as "Triballian" in Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav archaeology based on the definitions of Triballian territory by Fanula Papazoglu (1978) who constructed a Triballian area which in reality is undeterminable via available data. In turn, archaeologists of that era in Yugoslavia began to categorize all finds in the area defined as Triballian by Papazoglu as artifacts of the Triballi tribe.Template:Sfn Based on Papazoglu, a periodization of Triballian finds was proposed: Proto-Triballian (1300–800 BC), Early Triballian (800–600 BC), Triballian (600–335 BC) and period from 335 BC until Roman conquest.<ref name=Politika/>
LegacyEdit
Exonym of SerbsEdit
The term "Triballians" appears frequently in Byzantine and other European works of the Middle Ages, referring to Serbs, as the Byzantines sought to create an ancient name for the Serbs.<ref>Stuck Whilhelm (Guilielmus Stukius Tigurinus), [[[:Template:Google books]] Comments on Arriani historici et philosophi Ponti Euxini et maris Erythraei Periplus, Lugduni, 1577, p. 51]</ref><ref>John Foxe (1517–1587) Acts and Monuments, Published by R.B. Seeley & W. Burnside, London, 1837, vol. 4, p. 27</ref><ref name="eliznik">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Google books</ref><ref name="Papazoglu1978">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some of these authors clearly explain that "Triballian" is synonym to "Serbian".<ref name=JSTOR1>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>[[[:Template:Google books]] Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks] Page 65, 77: "Triballians = Serbs"</ref><ref>Template:Google books: "The Triballians are the Serbs"</ref><ref>[[[:Template:Google books]] The Journal of Hellenic studies] Page 48: "Byzantine historians [...] calling [...] Serbs Triballians"</ref><ref>Template:Google books: "Serbs (were) Triballians"</ref> For example, Niketas Choniates (or Acominatus, 1155–1215 or-16) in his history about Emperor Ioannes Komnenos: "... Shortly after this, he campaigned against the nation of Triballians (whom someone may call Serbians as well) ..."<ref>Historia ed J. van Dieten, Nicetae Choniatae historia ..., Berlin, DeGruyter, 1975, chapter "Reign of Lord Ioannes Komnenos", pp. 4-47 (in medieval Greek language)</ref> or the much later Demetrios Chalkokondyles (1423–1511), referring to an Islamized Christian noble: "... This Mahmud, son of Michael, is Triballian, which means Serbian, by his mother, and Greek by his father."<ref>D. Chalkocondyles (Chalkondyles) cited in C. Paparrigopoulos History of the Greek nation, Athens, 1874, vol. 5, p. 489, in Greek language.</ref> or Mehmed the Conqueror when referring to the plundering of Serbia.<ref>Template:Google books</ref>
Mihailo Vojislavljević succeeded as Knez of "Duklja" in 1046, or as his realm was called by contemporary Cedrenus: "Triballorum ac Serborum principatum".<ref name=CedrenusII338>Cedrenus II, col. 338</ref> According to George Kedrenos (fl. 1050s) and John Skylitzes (fl. 1057), he was the Prince of Triballians and Serbs (Τριβαλλών και Σέρβων...αρχηγός<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>/ Τριβαλλῶν καὶ Σέρβων...ἀρχηγός).<ref>Skylitzes 475.13-14</ref>
In the 15th century, a coat of arms of "Tribalia", depicting a wild boar with an arrow pierced through the head (see Boars in heraldry), appeared in the supposed coat of arms of Emperor Stefan Dušan 'the Mighty' (r. 1331–1355).<ref>The first Serbian uprising and the restoration of the Serbian state, [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 164]</ref> The motif had, in 1415, been used as the coat of arms of the Serbian Despotate and is recalled in one of Stefan Lazarević's personal Seals, according to the paper Сабор у Констанци.<ref name="kragujevac">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pavao Ritter Vitezović also depicts "Triballia" with the same motif in 1701<ref>Stemmatographia sive armorum Illyricorum delineatio, descriptio et restitutio, 1701</ref> and Hristofor Zhefarovich again in 1741.<ref>Balkanika, Issue 28, [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 216]</ref>
With the beginning of the First Serbian Uprising, the Parliament adopted the Serbian coat of arms in 1805, their official seal depicted the heraldic emblems of Serbia and Tribalia.<ref>East European quarterly, Volume 6, [[[:Template:Google books]] p. 346]</ref>
Even though the two names were used as synonyms by some Byzantine sources and certain heraldic inheritance, Serbian official historiography does not equalate the Serbs and the Triballi, nor does it fabricate a cultural continuity between the two.<ref name=Politika/>
Tribals and Tribalia are often identified in a historical context with Serbs and Serbia, as these interpretations refer only to Laonikos Chalkokondyles of the 15th century, who often resorted to archaisms in his historical writings that have come down to us (Mizi, Illyrians, etc.) to indicate the subjects of the individual rulers, without attaching ethnic meaning to their content.
Exonym of BulgariansEdit
Marin Barleti (1450–1513), wrote in his biography of Skanderbeg (published between 1508 and 1510), that the father of Skanderbeg's mother Voisava was a "Triballian nobleman" (pater nobilissimus Triballorum princeps).<ref name=Noli-189>Template:Harvnb; Barletius, l. I, fo 2: "... Triballorum princeps"</ref> In another chapter, when talking about the inhabitants of Upper Debar that defended Svetigrad, he calls them "Bulgarians or Triballi" (Bulgari sive Tribali habitant).<ref>Template:Cite book; Barletius, l. V, fo. 62: "Superior Dibra montuosa est et aspera, ferax tarnen et Macedoniam tum ipsa loci vicinitate, tum similitudine morum contingens. Bulgari sive Tribali habitant"</ref> In Barleti's work, Triballian is used as a synonym for Bulgarians.<ref name="Bicoku1">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Romanian geographic nameEdit
In Romania, "Tribalia" refers to the Timok Valley region split between Serbia and Bulgaria in which the Romanian-speaking Vlachs live.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
PrimaryEdit
- Aristotle, Topica, LCL 391: 378-379
- Demosthenes, Orations 54. Ariston against Conon, an Action for Assault, LCL 351: 156-157
- Appian, Roman History 9.2. The Illyrian Book LCL 3: 304-305
ModernEdit
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- Bouzek, J. and Ondřejová, I., 1990. The Rogozen treasure and the art of the Triballoi. Eirene, 27, pp. 81–91.
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