Tyne Bridge
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The Tyne Bridge is a through arch bridge over the River Tyne in North East England, linking Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead. The bridge was designed by the engineering firm Mott, Hay and Anderson,<ref name=TyneBridge201407>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> who later designed the Forth Road Bridge, and was built by Dorman Long and Co. of Middlesbrough.<ref name=DLong201407>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The bridge was officially opened on 10 October 1928 by King George V and has since become a defining symbol of Tyneside. It is ranked as the tenth tallest structure in Newcastle.
History of constructionEdit
The earliest bridge across the Tyne, Pons Aelius, was built by the Romans on the site of the present Swing Bridge around 122.<ref name=PonsAelius>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A series of wooden bridges were lost to fire or flood, and plans for a stone bridge were begun in about 1250 with support from local landowners, and the Bishops of Durham, York and Caithness. The stone bridge was constructed but then damaged by flood in 1339.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Repairs proved costly and took place in sections: it was not fully repaired, as a part stone and part wooden bridge, until the 16th century<ref name="mackenzie">Template:Cite book</ref> and was part destroyed by a great flood in November 1771.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Anchor Following this, a new stone bridge was begun after the city council petitioned Parliament. The foundation stone on the north side was laid by Sir Matthew White Ridley on 25 April 1775, with the south side foundation stone laid in 1776. Works were completed by 13 September 1779, at an estimated cost of between £30,000 and £60,000.<ref name="mackenzie"/>
Work on a modern bridge started in August 1925, with Dorman Long acting as the building contractors. Despite the dangers of the building work, only one worker, Nathaniel Collins, a father of four and a local scaffolder from South Shields, died in the building of this structure.<ref name=TyneBridge201407-2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Tyne Bridge was designed by Mott, Hay and Anderson, comparable to their Sydney Harbour Bridge version.<ref name=TyneBridge201407/><ref name=sHarbNewc/> These bridges derived their design from the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City.<ref name=sHarbNewc/> The Dorman Long team was also notable for including Dorothy Buchanan, the first female member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, joining in 1927; in addition to her contribution to the Tyne Bridge, she served as part of the team for the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Lambeth Bridge in London.<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The bridge was completed on 25 February 1928, and officially opened on 10 October that year by King George V and Queen Mary, who were the first to use the roadway, travelling in their Ascot Landau. The opening ceremony was attended by 20,000 schoolchildren who had been given the day off. Movietone News recorded the speech given by the King.<ref name=NewGats2014>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Tyne Bridge's towers were built of Cornish granite and were designed by local architect Robert Burns Dick as warehouses with five storeys.<ref name=TyneBridge201407/> But, the inner floors of the warehouses in the bridge's towers were not completed and, as a result, the storage areas were never used. A lift for passengers and goods was built in the North tower to provide access to the Quayside; it is no longer in use.<ref name=BOTT:TTB>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although a lift shaft was also included in the South tower no lift was ever installed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The bridge's design uses a parabolic arch.<ref name=sHarbNewc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The bridge was originally painted green with special paint made by J. Dampney, Tonbridge, Tingate Co. of Gateshead. The same colours were used to paint the bridge in 2000.<ref name="CL:EFYotTB">Template:Cite news</ref>
Technical informationEdit
| Total length | Template:Convert | |
| Length of arch span | Template:Convert | |
| Rise of arch | Template:Convert | |
| Clearance | Template:Convert | |
| Height | Template:Convert | |
| Width | Template:Convert | |
| Structural Steel | Template:Convert<ref name=tyneBTech>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| Total number of rivets | 777,124<ref name=GOPH>Template:Cite book</ref> |
HistoryEdit
In 2012, the largest Olympic rings in the UK were erected on the bridge. The rings were manufactured by commercial signage specialists Signmaster ED Ltd of Kelso. The rings were over Template:Convert and weighed in excess of four tonnes. This was in preparation for Newcastle hosting the Olympic football tournament, and the Olympic torch relay, in which Bear Grylls zipwired from the top of the arch, to Gateshead quayside.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 28 June 2012, a large lightning bolt struck the Tyne Bridge. It lit up the roads as the sky was very dark. The bolt, part of a super-cell thunderstorm, came with heavy rain – a month's worth of rainfall in just two hours – causing flash flooding on Tyneside.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2015, Newcastle upon Tyne was a host city for the Rugby World Cup.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three matches were played at St James's Park, the home of Newcastle United Football Club.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In recognition, a large illuminated sign was erected on Tyne Bridge.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Similarly, the bridge was depicted in an official BBC trailer for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup (in reference to Newcastle being one of the host cities).<ref name=BBCtrailer>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 13 November 2017, the Tyne Bridge was the venue for the Freedom on the Tyne finale, the finale of the 2017 Freedom City festival. The festival commemorated Newcastle's civil rights history and the 50 years since Dr Martin Luther King's visit to Newcastle, where King received his honorary degree from Newcastle University.<ref name=freedomCity2017_1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=honDegreeKing>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=freedomCity>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Newcastle University and Freedom City 2017 wanted to use the Tyne Bridge to symbolically hark back in history to Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama where King was involved in one of the key moments for the struggle for civil rights in 1965.<ref name=freedomCity2017_1/> 24 roads around the Tyne Bridge were closed for the day long event. The Freedom of the Tyne event featured the many civil right stories from history.<ref name=freedomCity2017_1/> The final event, revolved around the Jarrow Crusade which was described as a memorable closing to the finale.<ref name=freedomCity2017_1/>
- Tyne Bridge - Newcastle Upon Tyne - England - 2004-08-14.jpg
The Tyne Bridge, in green, seen from the Gateshead Millennium Bridge
- Tyne Bridge Olympics.jpg
The Olympic rings on the bridge
- PZarobkiewiczTyneNewcastle 01.jpg
A night view of the Tyne Bridge taken from the northern embankment, looking west
MaintenanceEdit
The bridge had a major refurbishment in 2001.<ref name=maintenance2022/>
In June 2022, the Department for Transport and the local government funded the cycled refurbishment of the bridge. The costs increased from £12 million to £32 million during the negotiation period. On 11 September 2023, work began, and estimations calculated the work would take four years. The agreement involved a full repaint of the rusted steelwork. The local governments from Newcastle and Gateshead also contracted work for critical structural repairs, including steel and concrete fixes, bridge joint replacements, drainage improvements, waterproofing and resurfacing, and parapet protection.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=maintenance2022>Template:Cite news (Print and online versions differ slightly).</ref> Work on the main bridge deck started in April 2024, with completion expected in time for the bridge's centenary in 2028.<ref name="TCI-27Feb2024">Template:Cite news</ref>
Grade II* listed by Historic EnglandEdit
On 23 August 2018, the bridge was Grade II* listed by Historic England. The rating means the bridge is a particular important structure of more than special interest.<ref name=gradeII*>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The bridge was upgraded by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport on the advice of Historic England.<ref name=chronGradeII>Template:Cite news</ref>
The bridge was upgraded to Grade II* for architectural and historical interest,<ref name=nhle>Template:NHLE</ref> as outlined here:
Kittiwake colonyEdit
The bridge and nearby structures are used as a nesting site by a colony of around 700 pairs of black-legged kittiwakes, the furthest inland in the world.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The colony featured in the BBC's Springwatch programme in 2010.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Several groups, including the Natural History Society of Northumbria and local Wildlife Trusts, formed a "Tyne Kittiwake Partnership" to safeguard the colony.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A proposal for a tower to be built as an alternative nesting site was made in 2011,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and in November 2015 a neighbouring hotel submitted a planning application for measures to discourage the birds.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Addyman, J. and Fawcett, B. The High Level Bridge and Newcastle Central Station: 150 Years Across the Tyne. By the North Eastern Railway Association for the High Level Bridge. 1999. Template:ISBN.
- Anderson, D. Tyne Bridge, Newcastle in "Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers", March 1930 v. 230
- Brown, Paul. The Tyne Bridge: Icon of North-East England (Hurst, 2022) online book review
- Linsley, S. Spanning the Tyne: Building of the Tyne Bridge, 1925-28. Newcastle Libraries and Information Service, Newcastle City Council. 1998. Template:ISBN.
- Manders, F. & Potts, R. Crossing the Tyne. Tyne Bridge Publishing. 2001. Template:ISBN.
- Prade, Marcel Les grands ponts du monde: Ponts remarquables d'Europe, Brissaud, Poitiers (France), Template:ISBN, 1990; pp. 274
External linksEdit
- Databases: Bridges On The Tyne, Engineering Timelines, and Template:Structurae
- Articles: BBC Inside Out - Tyne Bridge
- Template:Oscoor gbx.
- Images
- Historic photographs: Dorman Long collection, Pictures of Gateshead
- Aerial photographs: Britain from Above - aerial views of the bridge under construction and later in the 1930s, from the Aerofilms archive of English Heritage
- Photographs of Tyne Bridges: Peter Loud
- Video: BBC - Nation on Film