Type 212A submarine

The Type 212A is a class of diesel-electric attack submarine developed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft AG (HDW) for the German Navy (German: U-Boot-Klasse 212 A), and the Italian Navy where it is known as the Todaro class.<ref name="Todaro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It features diesel propulsion and an additional air-independent propulsion (AIP) system using Siemens proton-exchange membrane (PEM) compressed hydrogen fuel cells. The submarines can operate at high speed on diesel power or switch to the AIP system for silent slow cruising, staying submerged for up to three weeks with little exhaust heat. The system is also said to be vibration-free and virtually undetectable.

The Type 212 is the first fuel cell propulsion system equipped submarine series.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DevelopmentEdit

At the beginning of the 1990s the German Navy was seeking a replacement for the Type 206 submarines. Initial study started on a Type 209 improved design, with AIP capability, called Type 212.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The final programme started in 1994 as the navies of Germany and Italy began working together to design a new conventional submarine, respectively to operate in the shallow and confined waters of the Baltic Sea and in the deeper waters of the Mediterranean Sea. The two different requirements were mixed into a common one and, because of significant updates to the design, the designation has been changed to Type 212A since then.Template:Citation needed

On 22 April 1996 a Memorandum of Understanding gave the start to the cooperation for building four vessels for the German Navy and four vessels for the Italian Navy. Its main aim was the construction of identical boats and the start of a collaboration in logistic and life-cycle support for the two navies.Template:Citation needed

The German government placed an initial order of four Type 212A submarines in 1998. The German Submarine Consortium built them at the shipyards of HDW and Thyssen Nordseewerke GmbH (TNSW) of Emden. Different sections of the submarines were constructed at both sites at the same time and then half of them were shipped to the respective other yard so that both HDW and Thyssen Nordseewerke assembled two complete submarines each.Template:Citation needed

In the same year the Italian government placed an order of two U212A submarines built by Fincantieri for the Italian Navy (Marina Militare) at Muggiano shipyard, designated as the Todaro class.<ref name="Todaro" />

The German Navy ordered two additional, improved submarines in 2006, to be delivered from 2012 on, 1.2 meters longer to give additional space for a new reconnaissance mast.Template:Citation needed

On 21 April 2008 the Italian Navy ordered the optional second batch of submarine, in the same configuration of the original ones. Some upgrading should involve materials and components of commercial derivation, as well as the software package of the CMS. The intention is to keep the same configuration of the first series and reduce maintenance costs.

The export-oriented Type 214 submarine succeeds the Type 209 submarine and shares certain features with the Type 212A, such as the AIP fuel cell propulsion.

Poland announced in December 2013 they would lease, rather than buy, two U212-A's, on account of not meeting "requirements of tactical and technical equipment developed by the military, including in particular the propulsion system, missile weapons and rescue system".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 22 December 2015 Admiral Giuseppe De Giorgi, Commander in Chief of the Italian Navy, announced plans to build another two U212A submarines. In December 2022, an amended contract was signed for production of a third NFS Submarine based on the design of the previous two submarines. The third submarine (NFS 3) is planned to be delivered at the end of 2030, while a contract for the fourth boat was anticipated in 2023.<ref name="auto2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In October 2016, during the celebration of the commissioning of U36, the German Navy announced the intent to procure another batch of two U212As within the next decade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Type 212CDEdit

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In February 2017, it was announced that the Royal Norwegian Navy would procure four submarines based on the Type 212. Initial plans envisaged service entry between 2025 and 2028,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but the Norwegian 2020 Defence Plan later envisaged service entry "around 2030".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This "CD" (Common Design) variant of the Type 212 will consist of six submarines, with the German Navy ordering two new boats alongside the four Norwegian vessels.<ref name="auto"/> In March 2021 an agreement was reached between Norway and Germany to initiate the acquisition program, pending approval by the Bundestag. The contract for construction of the six boats was signed in July 2021 with delivery of the first boat to the Royal Norwegian Navy anticipated in 2029.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DesignEdit

Partly owing to the "X" arrangement of the stern planes, the Type 212 is capable of operating in as little as 17 metres of water. This is a long-standing requirement for German submarine designs, enabling them to pass a strategic point in the Baltic Sea (the "Kadettrinne") submerged.<ref>Raimund Wallner In: MarineForum. Nr. 4, 2006, S. 10–18, {{#if:0172-8547|Template:Catalog lookup link{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Template:Error-small}}.</ref> This allows it to come closer to shore than most contemporary submarines. Commandos operating from the boat can surface close to the beach and execute their mission more quickly and with less effort.

The prismatic hull cross-section and smoothly faired transitions from the hull to the sail improve the boat's stealth characteristics.Template:Citation needed

Air-independent propulsionEdit

File:U-Boot U32.jpg

U32

Although hydrogen–oxygen propulsion had been considered for submarines as early as World War I, the concept was not very successful until recently due to fire and explosion concerns. In the Type 212 this has been countered by storing the fuel and oxidizer in tanks outside the crew space, between the pressure hull and outer light hull. The gases are piped through the pressure hull to the fuel cells as needed to generate electricity, but at any given time there is only a very small amount of gas present in the crew space.

In October 2024 it was reported that a new lithium-ion battery system was developed by Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems, which will be installed and tested on a existing Type 212A submarine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

WeaponsEdit

File:U-Boot U31.JPG

U31 of the German Navy in Kiel harbor

File:U-boat U33.jpg

U33 in Tallinn harbor, Estonia

The Type 212A is capable of launching the fiber optic-guided<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> DM2A4 Seehecht ("Seahake") heavyweight torpedo,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the WASS BlackShark torpedo and short-range missiles from its six torpedo tubes, which use a water ram expulsion system. Future capability may include tube-launched cruise missiles.

The short-range IDAS missile (based on the IRIS-T missile), primarily intended for use against air threats as well as small or medium-sized sea- or near land targets, is currently being developed by Diehl BGT Defence to be fired from Type 212's torpedo tubes. IDAS is fiber-optic guided and has a range of approx. 20 km. Four missiles fit in one torpedo tube, stored in a magazine.<ref name="IDAS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> First deliveries of IDAS for the German Navy were scheduled from 2014 on.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A 30mm auto-cannon called Muräne (moray) to support diver operations or to give warning shots is being considered, too. The cannon, probably a version of the Rheinmetall RMK30, will be stored in a retractable mast and can be fired without the boat surfacing. The mast will also be designed to contain three Aladin UAVs for reconnaissance missions. This mast is likely to be mounted on the second batch of Type 212 submarines for the German Navy.

OperationsEdit

In April 2006, the German Navy's U-32 sailed from the Baltic Sea to Naval Station Rota in Spain in two weeks, going Template:Convert without surfacing or snorkelling.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Italian Navy's S 526 Todaro was deployed, for over six months in 2008, to the United States for CONUS 2008 exercise with the United States Navy.

File:Submarine Scire (S-527).jpg

Scirè arrives on a port visit at New London, Connecticut, on 27 August 2009

The Italian Navy's S 527 Scirè was deployed, for over five months in 2009, to the U.S. for CONUS 2009 exercise with the US Navy.

The Italian Navy's S 526 Todaro, between 1 September 2012 and 13 February 2013, for the first time was deployed to the Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman and the Indian Ocean.

In 2013, while on the way to participate in naval exercises in U.S. waters, the German Navy's U-32 established a new record for non-nuclear submarines with 18 days in submerged transit without snorkelling.<ref>Naming ceremony of fuel cell submarine “U36” for the German Navy in Kiel Template:Webarchive, ThyssenKrupp press release, 15 May 2013.</ref>

On 15 October 2017, the German Navy's U-35 suffered damage to its rudder fins while conducting dives off the Norwegian coast.<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

List of boatsEdit

Template:See also Template:See also

Pennant number	Name	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned
Template:Navy
S181	Template:GS	1 July 1998	20 March 2002	19 October 2005
S182	Template:GS	11 July 2000	4 December 2003	19 October 2005
S183	Template:GS	30 April 2001	13 September 2004	13 June 2006
S184	Template:GS	17 December 2001	May 2006	3 May 2007
S185	Template:GS	21 August 2007	15 November 2011	23 March 2015
S186	Template:GS	19 August 2008	6 February 2013	10 October 2016
Template:Navy
S 526	Template:Ill	3 July 1999	6 November 2003	29 March 2006
S 527	Template:Ship	27 May 2000	18 December 2004	19 February 2007
S 528	Template:Ill	9 December 2009	9 October 2014	6 July 2016
S 529	Template:Ill	2012	4 July 2015	11 May 2017<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>

Italics indicate estimated date

Potential operatorsEdit

Colombia expressed its interest for the ship in 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

General characteristicsEdit

Template:Prose

File:U Boot 212 HDW 2.jpg

In dock at HDW/Kiel

File:Varotodaro.jpg

Todaro in dock at Fincantieri, Muggiano.

Displacement: 1,450 tonnes surfaced, 1,830 tonnes submerged 2,500 tonnes surfaced for 212CD
Length: 56 m (183.7 ft), 57.2 m (187.66 ft) (2nd batch) 73 m for 212CD
Beam: 7 m (22.96 ft) 10 m for 212CD
Draft: 6 m (19.68 ft) 7 m for 212CD
Propulsion:
- 1 MTU 16V 396 diesel-engine<ref name="MTU" />
- 9 HDW/Siemens PEM fuel cells, 30–40 kW each (U31)
- 2 HDW/Siemens PEM fuel cells 120 kW (U32, U33, U34)
- 1 Siemens Permasyn electric motor 1700 kW, driving a single seven-bladed skewback propeller
Speed: 20 knots (37 km/h) submerged, 12 knots surfaced<ref name="marine.de"/>
Depth: over Template:Cvt<ref name="bwplan2007"/>
Range:
- 8,000 nautical miles (14,800 km, or 9,196 miles) at 8 knots (15 km/h)
Endurance: 3 weeks without snorkeling, 12 weeks overall
Armament:
- 6 x 533 mm torpedo tubes (in 2 forward-pointing asymmetric groups of left 4 + right 2 ) with 13<ref name="dagbladet.no"/> torpedoes or 24 tube mines<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

- IDAS missiles
- 24 external naval mines (optional)
Countermeasures:
- Torpedo defence system Tau, 4 launchers, 40 jammers/decoys
Sensors:
- STN Atlas DBQS40 sonar suite:
  - TAS-3 passive low-frequency towed array sonar (deployed from sail)
  - FAS-3 passive low-, and medium-frequency hull-mounted flank array sonar
  - MOA 3070 mine detection sonar
- Periscopes:
  - Carl Zeiss SERO 14, with FLIR and optical rangefinder
  - Carl Zeiss SERO 15, with laser rangefinder
- Riva Calzoni periscope masts and snorkeling systems
- Kelvin Hughes Type 1007 I band navigation radar
- EADS FL 1800U ESM suite
- WASS hydrophones
- Avio GAUDI autopilot and hydraulic systems
- Kongsberg MSI-91 combat system
Crew complement: 23–27 (incl. 5 officers)