United Nations Security Council Resolution 678
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 was adopted on 29 November 1990. After reaffirming resolutions 660, 661, 662, 664, 665, 666, 667, 669, 670, 674 and 677 (all 1990), the council noted that despite all the United Nations efforts, Iraq continued to defy the Security Council.
DetailsEdit
The Security Council, invoking Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, offered Iraq one final chance to implement Resolution 660 (1990) which demanded that Iraq withdraw its forces unconditionally from Kuwait and return them to the positions in which they were located on 1 August 1990, the day before the invasion of Kuwait began.Template:Cn
Before the vote, United States lobbied states which had membership of the Council at the time, including the Soviet Union, China, Malaysia and Yemen, to support a resolution authorizing UN members states to use "all necessary means" for removing Iraqi forces from Kuwait.<ref>Global Policy Forum, "Baker Twists Arms of Yemen, Colombia and Malaysia," https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/167/35359.html citing James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992 (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1995), pp. 317–320</ref> China, which had usually vetoed such resolutions authorizing action against a state, abstained in exchange for a promise from the US government that sanctions would be eased,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and that the Chinese foreign minister would be received in the White House.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> States were offered economic incentives for 'yes' votes, and those who initially opposed the resolution were discouraged from voting 'no' by the threat of economic sanctions, particularly from the United States.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The US successfully obtained a commitment from the Saudi government to provide $1 billion to the Soviets in aid through the winter.<ref>New York Times, 2 December 1990 "Mideast Tensions: How U.S. Won Support to Use Mideast Forces The Iraq Resolution: A U.S.-Soviet Collaboration"</ref>
On 29 November 1990, the Security Council passed Resolution 678 under the guidance of Canada, the USSR, United Kingdom and the United States,<ref name="undldr">Template:Cite news</ref> which gave Iraq until 15 January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait and empowered states to use "all necessary means" to force Iraq out of Kuwait after the deadline. The Resolution requested Member States to keep the council informed on their decisions. This later became the legal authorization for the Gulf War, as Iraq did not withdraw by the deadline.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Resolution 678 was adopted by 12 votes with two opposing (Cuba and Yemen) and one abstention (China).
Cuba had voted for or abstained on previous resolutions relating to the Iraqi invasion, but did not support Resolution 678 because of its authorization of "all necessary means."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
After Yemen voted against the resolution, the US, World Bank and International Monetary Fund halted aid programs to Yemen, and Saudi Arabia expelled Yemeni workers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> US diplomats told Yemeni officials it "was the most expensive no vote you ever cast"—referring to ceasing more than $70 million of US government foreign aid to Yemen.<ref>New York Times, 2 December 1990 "Mideast Tensions: How U.S. Won Support to Use Mideast Forces The Iraq Resolution: A U.S.-Soviet Collaboration"</ref>
CriticismEdit
Burns Weston, a professor of international law at Iowa University, argued that Resolution 678 set a "dubious precedent" by backing away from the "peaceful and humanitarian purposes and principles" enshrined in the United Nations Charter. Weston said it did this by failing to vest in the UN the responsibility and accountability for the military force that was deployed to the region, but instead allowing the United States to manage it.<ref>Weston, B. (1991), "Security Council Resolution 678 and Persian Gulf Decision Making: Precarious Legitimacy," American Journal of International Law, 85(3), 516–535. doi:10.2307/2203110</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Gulf War
- Iraq–Kuwait relations
- List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 601 to 700 (1987–1991)