Variational principle

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In science and especially in mathematical studies, a variational principle is one that enables a problem to be solved using calculus of variations, which concerns finding functions that optimize the values of quantities that depend on those functions. For example, the problem of determining the shape of a hanging chain suspended at both ends—a catenary—can be solved using variational calculus, and in this case, the variational principle is the following: The solution is a function that minimizes the gravitational potential energy of the chain.

HistoryEdit

PhysicsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The history of the variational principle in classical mechanics started with Maupertuis's principle in the 18th century.

MathEdit

Felix Klein's 1872 Erlangen program attempted to identify invariants under a group of transformations.

ExamplesEdit

In mathematicsEdit

Ekeland's variational principle in mathematical optimization
The finite element method
The variation principle relating topological entropy and Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy.

In physicsEdit

The Rayleigh–Ritz method for solving boundary-value problems in elasticity and wave propagation
Fermat's principle in geometrical optics
Hamilton's principle in classical mechanics
Maupertuis' principle in classical mechanics
The principle of least action in mechanics, electromagnetic theory, and quantum mechanics
The variational method in quantum mechanics
Hellmann–Feynman theorem
Gauss's principle of least constraint and Hertz's principle of least curvature
Hilbert's action principle in general relativity, leading to the Einstein field equations.
Palatini variation
Hartree–Fock method
Density functional theory
Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term
Variational quantum eigensolver

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 19: The Principle of Least Action
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S T Epstein 1974 "The Variation Method in Quantum Chemistry". (New York: Academic)
C Lanczos, The Variational Principles of Mechanics (Dover Publications)
R K Nesbet 2003 "Variational Principles and Methods In Theoretical Physics and Chemistry". (New York: Cambridge U.P.)
S K Adhikari 1998 "Variational Principles for the Numerical Solution of Scattering Problems". (New York: Wiley)
C G Gray, G Karl G and V A Novikov 1996, Ann. Phys. 251 1.
C.G. Gray, G. Karl, and V. A. Novikov, "Progress in Classical and Quantum Variational Principles". 11 December 2003. physics/0312071 Classical Physics.
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John Venables, "The Variational Principle and some applications". Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (Graduate Course: Quantum Physics)
Andrew James Williamson, "The Variational Principle -- Quantum monte carlo calculations of electronic excitations". Robinson College, Cambridge, Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory. September 1996. (dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy)
Kiyohisa Tokunaga, "Variational Principle for Electromagnetic Field". Total Integral for Electromagnetic Canonical Action, Part Two, Relativistic Canonical Theory of Electromagnetics, Chapter VI
Komkov, Vadim (1986) Variational principles of continuum mechanics with engineering applications. Vol. 1. Critical points theory. Mathematics and its Applications, 24. D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht.
Cassel, Kevin W.: Variational Methods with Applications in Science and Engineering, Cambridge University Press, 2013.