Victor Papanek
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Victor Josef Papanek ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 22 November 1923Template:Spnd10 January 1998) was an Austrian-born American designer and educator, who became a strong advocate of the socially and ecologically responsible design of products, tools, and community infrastructures.<ref name="world-architects">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His book Design for the Real World, originally published in 1971 and translated into more than 24 languages, had lasting international impact.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Early lifeEdit
Victor Josef Papanek was born in Vienna, Austria, on 22 November 1923.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="dunham">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There have been conflicting published information on Papanek's birth date, and the dates range between 1923 and 1927. His mother was Helene (née Spitz) and his father was Richard Papanek, a Jewish deli owner. Victor was born during a time in Austria when it was a Social Democratic led state.<ref name="smow">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="rawsthorn">Template:Cite news</ref> He attended school in England.<ref name="rawsthorn" /> His father died in 1935, while serving in the French Army.<ref name="montclair">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1939, following Nazi Germany's annexation of Austria, 15-year-old Papanek emigrated to the United States via Ellis Island as a refugee.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="dunham" /><ref name="rawsthorn" /><ref name="clarke-2021" /> In 1940, he taught German lessons at the New York YMCA.<ref name="montclair" />
Upon arrival to New York City, the 1939 New York World's Fair was happening which included work by Raymond Loewy, this shaped some of Papanek's early ideas on design as a form of Democracy.<ref name="clarke-2021" /> In the late 1940s, Papanek created his first New York City-based design consultancy called, Design Clinic.<ref name="disegnodaily" />
EducationEdit
Papanek studied architecture with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin West in Arizona in 1949.<ref name="laufer">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="rawsthorn" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Papanek earned his bachelor's degree at Cooper Union in New York (1950) and completed graduate studies in design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.A. 1955).<ref name="disegnodaily">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Berlin emigre Paul Zucker had a significant influence on Papanek during his studies at Cooper Union.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
CareerEdit
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Papanek created product designs for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Volvo of Sweden contracted design work with him,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in order to create a taxi for the disabled.
He worked with a design team that prototyped an educational television set that could be utilized in the developing countries of Africa and produced in Japan for $9.00 per set (cost in 1970 dollars).Template:When
His designed products also included a remarkable transistor radio, made from ordinary metal food cans and powered by a burning candle, that was designed to actually be produced cheaply in developing countries. His design skills also took him into projects like an innovative method for dispersing seeds and fertilizer for reforestation in difficult-to-access land, as well as working with a design team on a human-powered vehicle capable of conveying a half-ton load, and another team to design a very early three-wheeled, wide-tired all-terrain vehicle.
Papanek received numerous awards, including a Distinguished Designer fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1988.<ref name="laufer" /> The following year in 1989, he received the IKEA Foundation International Award.<ref name="laufer" />
Ideology and pedagogyEdit
Papanek's ideas on iconoclastic design, journalism, and his unique global approach to pedagogic initiatives was a radical shift away from the existing design movements of the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="clarke-2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His perception of design was of an object or system, specifically working as a political tool.<ref name="clarke-2018" /> With his interest in all aspects of design and how design affected people and the environment, Papanek felt that much of what was manufactured was inconvenient, often frivolous and even unsafe.<ref name="clarke-2021" /> His book "Design for the Real World" (1971), outlined many of these ideas.<ref name="clarke-2021" />
TeachingEdit
Throughout most of his career, Papanek taught design courses.<ref name="laufer" /> He was an associate professor and the Head of the Department of Product Design in the School of Design at North Carolina State College (1962).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Additionally, Papanek taught at the Ontario College of Art, the Rhode Island School of Design, Purdue University, the California Institute of the Arts (where he was dean), Kansas City Art Institute (from 1976 to 1981), University of Kansas (J.L. Constant Professor of Architecture and Design, 1982–1998),<ref name="laufer" /> and other places in North America, Europe and elsewhere.
Death and legacyEdit
Papanek died on January 10, 1998, in Lawrence, Kansas, aged 74.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Victor J Papanek Social Design Award was created as a joint venture between the Papanek Foundation, the University of Applied Arts Vienna, the Museum of Arts and Design and the Austrian Cultural Forum, to give an award to designed “projects that upheld Papanek’s vision of environmental and/or social responsibility”.<ref name="disegnodaily" />
In 2015, the Parsons School of Design and the Victor Papanek Foundation of the University of Applied Arts Vienna held a symposium and exhibition, How Things Don’t Work: The Dreamspace of Victor Papanek.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2018–2021, the Vitra Design Museum and the Victor Papanek Foundation of the University of Applied Arts Vienna held a posthumous solo exhibition, Victor Papanek: The Politics of Design.<ref name="world-architects" /><ref name="smow" />
Personal lifeEdit
Papanek was married four times and had two daughters.<ref name="disegnodaily" /> His last spouse was Harlanne Herdman (married from 1966 to 1989, divorced), together they had one daughter.<ref name="disegnodaily" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Winifred N. Nelson Higginbotham (married from 1951 to 1957, divorced), together they had one daughter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="clarke-2021">Template:Cite book</ref> He often referred to Winifred as his first wife, even though she was not, and the last name "Higginbotham" was from Winifred's first marriage.<ref name="clarke-2021" /> His first two wives were of Russian-Jewish ethnicity from Brooklyn,<ref name="clarke-2021" /> Ada M. Epstein (married from 1949 to Template:C, divorced) and Anna Lipschitz (married from 1944, divorced).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In June 1945, Papanek became a naturalized citizen of the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
BibliographyEdit
Books authored by PapanekEdit
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Books about PapanekEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- The Victor J. Papanek Foundation at the University of Applied Arts Vienna
- A 2004 "semi-functional" prototype of Papanek's Paper Computer from Design For The Real World