Vito Genovese

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox criminal Vito Genovese ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; November 21, 1897 – February 14, 1969) was an Italian-born American mafioso and the leader of the Genovese crime family in New York City. A childhood friend and criminal associate of Lucky Luciano, Genovese took part in the Castellammarese War and helped Luciano shape the Mafia's rise as a major force in organized crime in the United States. He would later lead Luciano's crime family, which was renamed by the FBI after Genovese in 1957.

Along with Luciano, Genovese facilitated the expansion of the heroin trade to an international level. He fled to Italy in 1937, and for a brief period during World War II he supported Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime for fear of being deported back to the U.S. to face murder charges. After returning to the U.S. in 1945, Genovese served as mentor to Vincent "the Chin" Gigante, the future boss of the Genovese family.<ref>DeVico, Peter J. "The Mafia Made Easy: The Anatomy and Culture of La Cosa Nostra". (p. 186) Template:Webarchive.</ref>

In 1957, Genovese vied for the title of capo di tutti capi (boss of bosses) by ordering the murder of Albert Anastasia and the botched hit of Frank Costello. Immediately following this, he called a mafia summit to consolidate his power, but the meeting was raided by police. In 1959, Genovese's reign was cut short as he was convicted on narcotics conspiracy charges and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. While he and his underling Joe Valachi were in prison together, Valachi killed an inmate he thought to be a hitman sent by Genovese. Valachi then became a government witness. Genovese died in prison on February 14, 1969.

Early lifeEdit

Vito Genovese was born on November 21, 1897, in Risigliano, a frazione in the comune of Tufino, in the Province of Naples, Italy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His father was Frances Felice Genovese and his mother Nunziata Aluotto. Vito had a sister, Giovanna Jennie (m. Ricciotto Prisco), along with two brothers, Michael and Carmine, who later joined Genovese's crime family. His cousin, Michael, became boss of the Pittsburgh crime family.<ref name="genovese dies" /><ref name ="Mafia, Secret File">Bureau of Narcotics, Sam Giancana, The United States Treasury Department. Mafia: The Governments Secret File on Organized Crime. p. 307) Template:Webarchive.</ref>

As a child in Italy, Genovese completed school only to the American equivalent of the fifth grade.<ref name=Maas/> In 1913, when Genovese was aged 15, his family immigrated to the United States onboard the SS Taormina<ref name=Taormina>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and took up residence in New York City's Little Italy.<ref>Philip Carlo The Ice Man: Confessions of a Mafia Contract Killer (pp. 68–69) Template:Webarchive.</ref>

Until 1934, Genovese lived in New York City. In 1935, looking for a place where his family could be "out in the country", Genovese purchased a mansion in rural Middletown Township, New Jersey.<ref name="DeStefano" /> The mansion's grounds were extensively landscaped into Italian gardens evoking Genovese's homeland, and included a small rock replica of Mount Vesuvius. Today, it is the site a public botanical gardens called Deep Cut Gardens.<ref name="deepcuthistory">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1937 while Genovese was in Italy due to the Boccia murder, the mansion burnt down and was never rebuilt.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After the mansions' destruction, he and his family lived a quiet life in a house in Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey.<ref>Blackwell, Jon. Notorious New Jersey: 100 True Tales of Murders and Mobsters, Scandals and Scoundrels Template:Webarchive, p. Rutgers University Press, 2007. Template:ISBN. Accessed January 29, 2020. "The mob leader resumed control of his rackets and settled himself again in New Jersey, this time from a plush homestead in the Shore town of Atlantic Highlands. There, Vito and Anna Genovese dined on gold and platinum plates and enjoyed what was hardly a conventional Mafia marriage."</ref><ref name="DeStefano">Template:Cite book</ref>

Criminal careerEdit

Genovese started his criminal career stealing merchandise from pushcart vendors and running errands for mobsters. He later collected money from people who played illegal lotteries. At 19, Genovese spent a year in prison for illegal possession of a firearm.<ref name="genovese dies" />

By the 1920s, Genovese started working for Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria, the boss of a powerful Manhattan gang that would evolve into the family he would eventually lead. Charlie Luciano and his close associates started working for gambler Arnold "The Brain" Rothstein, who immediately saw the potential windfall from Prohibition and educated Luciano on running bootleg alcohol as a business.<ref name=Stolberg119>Stolberg, p. 119</ref> Luciano, Frank Costello, and Genovese started their own bootlegging operation with financing from Rothstein.<ref name=Stolberg119 />

In 1930, Genovese was indicted on counterfeiting charges when police found $1 million of counterfeit US currency in a Bath Beach, Brooklyn, workshop.<ref name="prisoner story" /> Later in 1930, Genovese allegedly murdered Gaetano Reina, the leader of a Bronx-based gang. Reina had been a Masseria ally, but Masseria decided to kill him after he began to suspect him of secretly helping Masseria's archrival, Brooklyn gang leader Salvatore Maranzano. On February 26, 1930, Genovese allegedly ambushed Reina as he was leaving his mistress's house in the Bronx and shot him in the back of the head with a shotgun.<ref name="Milhorn p. 221">Milhorn p. 221</ref><ref>Sifakis p. 277 Template:Webarchive</ref> Masseria then took direct control of the Reina gang.<ref name=Sifakis>Template:Cite book</ref>

Castellammarese WarEdit

In early 1930, the Castellammarese War broke out between Masseria and Maranzano. In a secret deal with Maranzano, Luciano agreed to engineer the death of his boss, Masseria, in return for receiving Masseria's rackets and becoming Maranzano's second-in-command.<ref name="five families book"/> On April 15, 1931, Luciano had lured Masseria to a meeting where he was murdered at a restaurant called Nuova Villa Tammaro on Coney Island.<ref name="slain">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="five families book">Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires Template:Webarchive. New York: St. Martin Press, 2005. Template:ISBN</ref> While they played cards, Luciano allegedly excused himself to the bathroom, with the gunmen reportedly being Genovese, Albert Anastasia, Joe Adonis, and Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ciro "The Artichoke King" Terranova drove the getaway car, but legend has it that he was too shaken up to drive away and had to be shoved out of the driver's seat by Siegel.<ref>Sifakis, (2005). pp. 87–88</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Luciano took over Masseria's family, with Genovese as his underboss.

In September 1931, Luciano and Genovese planned the murder of Salvatore Maranzano. Luciano had received word that Maranzano was planning to kill him and Genovese, and prepared a hit team to kill Maranzano first. On September 10, 1931, when Maranzano summoned Luciano, Genovese, and Frank Costello to a meeting at his office, they knew Maranzano would kill them there. Instead, Luciano sent to Maranzano's office four Jewish gangsters whose faces were unknown to Maranzano's people. They had been secured with the aid of Meyer Lansky and Siegel.<ref name="Dec. 7, 1998">"Lucky Luciano: Criminal Mastermind," Time, Dec. 7, 1998 Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name=Cohen>Template:Cite book</ref> Luciano subsequently created The Commission to serve as the governing body for organized crime.<ref name=origins>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1931, Genovese's first wife, Donata Ragone, died of tuberculosis and he quickly announced his intention to marry Anna Petillo, who was already married to Gerard Vernotico.<ref name=Maas/><ref name=abadinsky>Template:Cite book</ref>

On March 16, 1932, Vernotico was found strangled to death on a Manhattan rooftop, and on March 28, 1932, Genovese married his widow, Anna, who was Genovese's cousin via her mother, Concetta y Cassini Genovese.<ref name=Maas>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Boccia murder and flight to ItalyEdit

File:GiulianoGenovese1.jpg

Genovese with Italian bandit Salvatore Giuliano, in 1940

In 1934, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of mobster Ferdinand Boccia. Genovese and Boccia had conspired to cheat a wealthy gambler out of $150,000 in a high-stakes card game. After the game, Boccia demanded a share of $35,000 because he had introduced the victim to Genovese. Rather than pay Boccia anything, Genovese decided to have him murdered. On September 19, 1934, Genovese and five associates allegedly shot and killed Boccia in a coffee shop in Brooklyn.<ref name="fugitive miranda">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="AMG aide">Template:Cite news</ref>

On June 18, 1936, Luciano was sentenced to 30 to 50 years in prison as a result of his conviction on pandering.<ref name="l_trial">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="luciano sentence">Template:Cite news</ref> With Luciano's imprisonment, Genovese became acting boss of the Luciano crime family.<ref name="lucania sentenced">Template:Cite news</ref>

On November 25, 1936, Genovese became a naturalized United States citizen in New York City.<ref name ="Mafia, Secret File" /> In 1937, fearing prosecution for the Boccia murder, Genovese fled to Italy with $750,000 cash and settled in the city of Nola, near Naples.<ref name=Sifakis/> With Genovese's departure, Costello became acting boss.

After bribing some fascist party members, Genovese became a friend of Galeazzo Ciano, Benito Mussolini's son-in-law; it is believed Genovese provided Ciano with cocaine.<ref name="genovese dies" /> Genovese donated nearly $4 million to Mussolini's fascist party by the end of World War II. He was also awarded the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus and made a commendatore, after he participated in helping create a new fascist party headquarters in Nola.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1943, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of Carlo Tresca, the publisher of an anarchist newspaper in New York and an enemy of Mussolini. Genovese allegedly facilitated the murder as a favor to the Italian government. On January 11, 1943, a gunman shot and killed Tresca outside his newspaper office in Manhattan.<ref name="slays tresca">Template:Cite news</ref> The shooter was later alleged to be Carmine Galante, a member of the Bonanno crime family. No one was ever charged in the Tresca murder.<ref name="obscure gangster">Template:Cite news</ref>

Return to New YorkEdit

When the Allies invaded Italy in September 1943, Genovese switched sides and quickly offered his services to the U.S. Army. Former New York governor Charles Poletti, then attached to the U.S. Army, accepted a 1938 Packard Sedan as a personal gift from Genovese. Genovese was appointed to a position of interpreter/liaison officer in the U.S. Army headquarters in Naples and quickly became one of Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories' (AMGOT) most trusted employees. Poletti and the entire AMGOT department were completely unaware of his history.<ref name=McCoy8>The Mafia Restored: Fighters for Democracy in World War II Template:Webarchive, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, Alfred W. McCoy.</ref>

Genovese established one of the largest black market operations in southern Italy, together with the Cosa Nostra's boss Calogero Vizzini. Vizzini sent truck caravans loaded with all the basic food commodities necessary for the Italian diet rolling northward to hungry Naples, where their cargoes were distributed by Genovese's organization. All of the trucks were issued passes and export papers by the AMGOT administration in Naples and Sicily, and some corrupt American army officers even made contributions of gasoline and trucks to the operation.<ref name="McCoy8"/> According to Luke Monzelli, a lieutenant in the Carabinieri assigned to follow Genovese during his time in Italy: "Truckloads of food supplies were shipped from Vizzini to Genovese — all accompanied by the proper documents which had been certified by men in authority, Mafia members in the service of Vizzini and Genovese."<ref name=newark>Fighting the Mafia in World War Two Template:Webarchive, by Tim Newark, AmericanMafia.com, May 2007 (Retrieved on January 16, 2009)</ref><ref name=newark215>Newark, The Mafia at War, p. 216 Template:Webarchive</ref>

In the summer of 1944 in New York, Genovese was implicated in the Boccia murder by mobster Ernest "The Hawk" Rupolo, a former Genovese associate. Facing a murder conviction, Rupolo had decided to become a government witness.<ref name="prisoner story">Template:Cite news</ref>

On August 27, 1944, U.S. military police arrested Genovese in Italy during an investigation into his running of a black market ring. It was revealed that Genovese had been stealing trucks, flour, and sugar from the Army. When Agent Orange C. Dickey of the Criminal Investigation Division examined Genovese's background, he discovered that Genovese was a fugitive wanted for the 1934 Boccia killing. However, there was seemingly little interest from the Army or the federal government in pursuing Genovese.<ref name=newark1>Hunting Down Vito Genovese Template:Webarchive by Tim Newark, June 2007.</ref>

After months of frustration, Dickey was finally able to make preparations to ship Genovese back to New York to face trial, but came under increasing pressure. Genovese personally offered Dickey a $250,000 bribe to release him, then threatened Dickey when the offer was refused.<ref name="150 times" /> Dickey was even instructed by his superiors in the military chain of command to refrain from pursuing Genovese, but refused to be dissuaded.<ref name=newark1/>

On June 2, 1945, after arriving in New York by ship the day before, Genovese was arraigned on murder charges for the 1934 Boccia killing. He pleaded not guilty.<ref name="denies guilt">Template:Cite news</ref> On June 10, 1946, another prosecution witness, Jerry Esposito, was found shot to death beside a road in Norwood, New Jersey.<ref name="gang ride">Template:Cite news</ref> Earlier, another witness, Peter LaTempa, was found dead in a cell where he had been held in protective custody.

Without anyone to corroborate Rupolo's testimony, the government's case collapsed, and the charges against Genovese were dismissed on June 10, 1946. In making his decision, Judge Samuel Leibowitz commented:

I cannot speak for the jury, but I believe that if there were even a shred of corroborating evidence, you would have been condemned to the (electric) chair.<ref name="genovese freed">Template:Cite news</ref>

Pursuit of powerEdit

With his release from custody in 1946, Genovese was able to rejoin the Luciano family in New York; however, neither Costello nor his underboss Willie Moretti was willing to return power to him. In 1946, Lansky called a meeting of the heads of the major crime families in Havana that December. The three topics which would come under discussion were the heroin trade, Cuban gambling, and what to do about Bugsy Siegel and the floundering Flamingo Hotel project in Las Vegas. The conference took place at the Hotel Nacional de Cuba and lasted a little more than a week.

On December 20, during the conference, Luciano had a private meeting with Genovese in Luciano's hotel suite. Unlike Costello, Luciano had never trusted Genovese. In the meeting, Genovese tried to convince Luciano to become a titular boss of bosses and let Genovese run everything. Luciano calmly rejected Genovese's suggestion:

There is no Boss of Bosses. I turned it down in front of everybody. If I ever change my mind, I will take the title. But it won't be up to you. Right now you work for me and I ain't in the mood to retire. Don't you ever let me hear this again, or I'll lose my temper.<ref>English, p. 28</ref>

Genovese was now a capo of his former Greenwich Village Crew. However, on October 4, 1951, Moretti was assassinated by order of the Mafia Commission; the mob bosses were unhappy with his testimony during the Kefauver Hearings, and were worried, with the syphilis now affecting his brain, he might start talking to the press. Costello appointed Genovese as the new underboss.<ref name="moretti buried">Template:Cite news</ref>

In December 1952, Anna Genovese sued her husband for financial support, and later divorce in 1953, as well as testifying to Vito's involvement in criminal rackets, an unheard-of action by the wife of a mob figure.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Two years earlier, she had moved out of the family home in New Jersey.<ref name="wife suing">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She asked the judge for $350 per week.<ref name="newspapers3">Template:Cite news</ref> Vito filed a counter-suit for divorce on the grounds of desertion.<ref name="newspapers3"/> According to Anna Genovese, Vito Genovese ruled the Italian lottery in New York and New Jersey, bringing in over $1 million per year, owned four Greenwich Village night clubs, a dog track in Virginia, and other legitimate businesses.<ref name="Cook">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both claims were ultimately dismissed in the New Jersey Superior Court appellate division, in 1954.<ref name="newspapers3"/> In 1953, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of mobster Steven Franse.<ref name="Sifakis pp. 172">Sifakis pp. 172 Template:Webarchive</ref> Genovese had tasked Franse with supervising Anna while he hid in Italy.<ref name="Sifakis pp. 172"/> Outraged over Anna's potential love affairs and her lawsuit against him, Genovese ordered Joseph Valachi to set up Franse's murder.<ref name="Valachi pp.8">The Dying of the Light: The Joseph Valachi Story by Thomas L. Jones (TruTv Crime Library)</ref> On June 18, 1953, Valachi lured Franse to his restaurant in the Bronx, where Franse was strangled to death by Pasquale Pagano and Fiore Siano (Valachi's nephew).<ref name="Valachi pp.8"/>

During the mid-1950s, Genovese decided to move against Costello. However, Genovese needed to also remove Costello's strong ally on the Commission, Albert Anastasia, the boss of the Anastasia crime family. Genovese was soon conspiring with Carlo Gambino, Anastasia's underboss, to remove Anastasia.<ref>Davis, pp. 78-79</ref><ref name=Fights>Template:Cite news</ref>

In early 1957, Genovese decided the time to move on Costello had come. Genovese ordered Vincent Gigante to murder Costello, and on May 2, 1957, Gigante shot and wounded Costello outside his apartment building.<ref name="costello shot">Template:Cite news</ref> Although the wound was superficial, it persuaded Costello to relinquish power to Genovese and retire. A doorman identified Gigante as the gunman, however, in 1958, Costello testified that he was unable to recognize his assailant; Gigante was acquitted on charges of attempted murder.<ref name=nyt191205>Vincent Gigante, Mob Boss Who Feigned Incompetence to Avoid Jail, Dies at 77 Template:Webarchive, by Selwyn Raab, The New York Times, December 19, 2005</ref> Genovese now became boss of what is known as the Genovese crime family and promoted his longtime lieutenant, Anthony Strollo, to underboss.

In late 1957, Genovese and Gambino allegedly ordered Anastasia's murder. Genovese had heard rumors that Costello was conspiring with Anastasia to regain power. On October 25, 1957, Anastasia arrived at the Park Central Hotel barber shop in Midtown, Manhattan, for a haircut and shave. As Anastasia relaxed in the barber chair, two men with their faces covered in scarves shot and killed him. Witnesses were unable to identify any of the gunmen, and competing theories exist today as to their identities.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Apalachin meeting and prisonEdit

File:Vito Genovese 1958.jpg

Genovese at the time of his arrest August 2, 1958, in New York City

File:Vito Genovese.jpg

Genovese mugshot taken at Springfield, Missouri in 1969

In November 1957, immediately after the Anastasia murder, after taking control of the Luciano crime family from Costello, Genovese wanted to legitimize his new power by holding a national Cosa Nostra meeting. Genovese selected Buffalo, New York boss and Commission member Stefano "The Undertaker" Magaddino to organize the meeting; he in turn chose northeastern Pennsylvania crime boss Joseph Barbara and his underboss Russell Bufalino to oversee all the arrangements for it.<ref name=Niagara>Template:Cite news</ref> Cuba was one of the topics of discussion, particularly the gambling and narcotics smuggling interests of La Cosa Nostra on the island. The international narcotics trade was also an important topic on the agenda.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The New York garment industry interests and rackets, such as loansharking to the business owners and control of garment center trucking, were other important topics on the agenda.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On November 14, 1957, powerful mafiosi from the United States and Italy convened at Barbara's estate in Apalachin, New York.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The meeting agenda included the resolution of open questions on illegal gambling and narcotics dealing, particularly in the New York City area. State trooper Edgar D. Croswell had become aware that Barbara's son was reserving rooms in local hotels along with the delivery of a large quantity of meat from a local butcher to the Barbara home.<ref name=Ralph>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Croswell>Template:Cite news</ref> That made Croswell suspicious, and he therefore decided to keep an eye on Barbara's house.<ref name=Host>Template:Cite news</ref> When the state police found many luxury cars parked at Barbara's home they began taking down license plate numbers. Having found that many of these cars were registered to known criminals, state police reinforcements came to the scene and began to set up a roadblock.<ref name=Croswell/> When the mobsters discovered the police presence, they started fleeing the gathering by car and by foot. Many Mafiosi escaped through the woods surrounding the Barbara estate.<ref name="mafia-news1">"Apalachin Raid on Mafia Reverberates 50 Years Later" Template:Webarchive Mafia News</ref> The police stopped a car driven by Bufalino, whose passengers included Genovese and three other men, at a roadblock as they left the estate; Bufalino said that he had come to visit his sick friend, Barbara.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Genovese said he was just there for a barbecue and to discuss business with Barbara. The police let him go.<ref name="apalachin visit">Template:Cite news</ref>

On June 2, 1958, Genovese testified under subpoena in the U.S. Senate McClellan Hearings on organized crime. Genovese refused to answer any questions, citing the Fifth Amendment rights under the U.S. Constitution 150 separate times.<ref name="150 times">Template:Cite news</ref>

Luciano allegedly helped pay part of $100,000 to a Puerto Rican drug dealer to falsely implicate Genovese in a drug deal.<ref>Sifakis, p. 186</ref> On July 7, 1958, Genovese was indicted on charges of conspiring to import and sell narcotics.<ref name="narcotics plot">Template:Cite news</ref> The government's star witness was Nelson Cantellops, a Puerto Rican drug dealer who claimed Genovese met with him.<ref name="five families book"/> On April 4, 1959, Genovese was convicted in New York of conspiracy to violate federal narcotics laws.<ref name="genovese guilty">Template:Cite news</ref> On April 17, 1959, Genovese was sentenced to 15 years in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, where he tried to run his crime family from prison.<ref name="15 years">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="jersey mafia">Template:Cite news</ref> In his book, Five Families, longtime New York Times organized-crime reporter Selwyn Raab wrote that a number of detectives, lawyers and organized crime experts have questioned the legitimacy of Genovese's conviction. For instance, longtime NYPD detective Ralph Salerno argued that "anyone who understands the protocol and insulation procedures" of the Mafia would find it "almost unbelievable" that a crime boss would be directly involved in a drug operation.<ref name="five families book"/>

In September 1959, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of mobster Anthony Carfano. Angered at the murder attempt on Costello, Carfano had skipped the Apalachin meeting in protest. In response, Genovese decided to murder him.<ref name="pisano witnesses">Template:Cite news</ref> On September 25, 1959, Carfano and a female companion were found shot to death in his Cadillac automobile on a residential street in Jackson Heights, Queens.<ref name="little augie">Template:Cite news</ref>

In April 1962, Genovese allegedly ordered the murder of Anthony Strollo after concluding that Strollo was part of the plot that put him in prison. On April 8, Strollo left his house to go for a walk and was never seen again. His body was never recovered.<ref name="sifakis 38">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1962, an alleged murder threat from Genovese propelled mobster Joseph Valachi into the public spotlight. In June, Genovese supposedly accused Valachi, also imprisoned in Atlanta, of being an informer and gave Valachi the kiss of death.<ref name=Kelly>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In July, Valachi supposedly mistook another inmate for a mob hitman and killed him. A $100,000 bounty for Valachi's death had been placed by Genovese.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After receiving a life sentence for that murder, Valachi decided to become a government witness.<ref name="held nation">Template:Cite news</ref>

On August 24, 1964, Ernest Rupolo's body was recovered from Jamaica Bay, Queens. His killers had attached two concrete blocks to his legs and tied his hands. It was widely assumed that Genovese had ordered Rupolo's murder for testifying against him in the 1944 Boccia murder trial.<ref name="body informer">Template:Cite news</ref>