Voiced palatal fricative

Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA

The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA (crossed-tail j), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant.

In broad transcription, the symbol for the palatal approximant, Template:Angbr IPA, may be used for the sake of simplicity.

The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only 7 of the 317 languages surveyed by the original UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database Template:Cn. In Dutch, Kabyle, Margi, Modern Greek, and Scottish Gaelic, the sound occurs phonemically, along with its voiceless counterpart, and in several more, the sound occurs as a result of phonological processes.

To produce this sound, the tip of the tongue is placed against the roof of the mouth behind the upper front teeth; then, while exhaling, the space between the tongue and the palate is narrowed, creating a friction-like sound similar to the Template:Angbr sound (IPA: {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) in the English word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

There is also the voiced post-palatal fricative<ref>Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".</ref> in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced palatal fricative but not as back as the prototypical voiced velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as Template:Angbr IPA, Template:Angbr IPA (both symbols denote a retracted Template:Angbr IPA), Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA (both symbols denote an advanced Template:Angbr IPA). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_- and G_+, respectively.

Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar fricative (Template:Angbr IPA in the IPA, G' or G_j in X-SAMPA).

FeaturesEdit

Features of the voiced palatal fricative:

Template:Fricative Template:Palatal The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar Template:IPAblink. Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

OccurrenceEdit

PalatalEdit

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Asturian		lang}}	main}}	'to destroy'
Burmese		Template:Example needed			main}}, particularly word initially.
Catalan	Majorcan<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'fig tree'	Occurs in complementary distribution with Template:IPAblink. Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other varieties. See Catalan phonology
Danish	Standard<ref name="basb212">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'tallow'	main}} when it occurs after {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.<ref name="basb212"/> See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard<ref name="cm1">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'yes'	main}}, especially in emphatic speech.<ref name="cm1"/> See Dutch phonology
German	Standard<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'jacket'	Most often transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA; also described as an approximant Template:IPAblink<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Standard German phonology
Greek	Standard	lang}}	main}}	'hi'
Greek	Cypriot<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'olive'	main}}
Hungarian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'throw in'	main}}. See Hungarian phonology
Irish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'the sun'	See Irish phonology
Italian	Southern dialects	lang}}	main}}	'son'	main}} in standard Italian. See Italian phonology
Kabyle		lang}}	main}}	'to slip'
Korean		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'Siberian musk deer'	The sound is sometimes heard by people when /h/ is between voiced and combined with /i/, /t/ and /j/, See Korean phonology
Lithuanian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'she'	Most often transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA; also described as an approximant Template:IPAblink.<ref name="mat223">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Lithuanian phonology
Margi<ref>Template:SOWL</ref>		Template:Example needed			Contrasts /ɟ, ᶮɟ, ç, ʝ, j, j̰, ɣ/.
Mapudungun<ref name="sad1">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'six'	This phoneme corresponds to the letter Y in Mapudungün. See Mapuche language
Norwegian	Urban East<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="van41">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'to give'	main}}, especially before and after close vowels and in energetic speech.<ref name="van41"/> See Norwegian phonology
Pashto	Ghilji dialect<ref name="hend">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	موږ	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'we'
Pashto	Wardak dialect<ref name="hend"/>	موږ	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'we'
Ripuarian		lang}}	main}}	'to show'
Russian<ref name="yanbu">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'pit'	main}} in emphatic speech.<ref name="yanbu"/> See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'of them'	Weak fricative; merges with Template:IPAblink in some dialects. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Spanish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'smock'	May also be represented by Template:Angbr in many dialects. See Spanish phonology and Yeísmo
Swedish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'soil'	main}}. See Swedish phonology
Vietnamese	Middle Vietnamese<ref>See Vietnamese alphabet#Consonants ⟨gi⟩</ref>	Gió [𩙋]	main}} (Tonkinese dialect)	'wind'	See Middle Vietnamese phonology

Post-palatalEdit

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Belarusian		lang}}	main}}	'geography'	Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Belarusian phonology
Dutch	Standard Belgian<ref name="cm2">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'to go'	May be velar Template:IPAblink instead.<ref name="cm2"/> See Dutch phonology
Dutch	Southern accents<ref name="cm2"/>	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'to go'
German	Standard<ref name="krech2">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'giant'	main}} before and after front vowels.<ref name="krech2"/> See Standard German phonology
Greek	Standard Modern<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'grammatical gender'	See Modern Greek phonology
Limburgish	Weert dialect<ref name="hegu">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'gladly'	main}} before and after front vowels.<ref name="hegu"/> See Weert dialect phonology
Lithuanian<ref name="mat223"/><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'Houston'	Very rare;<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Lithuanian phonology
Russian	Standard<ref name="yanbu"/>	lang}}	main}}	'of other anthems'	main}} before voiced soft consonants;<ref name="yanbu"/> typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. The example also illustrates Template:IPAblink. See Russian phonology
Russian	Southern	lang}}	main}}	'anthem'	Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA; corresponds to Template:IPAblink in standard Russian. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'yes, indeed'	main}} after {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}