Voiced velar fricative

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox IPATemplate:Infobox IPA The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, Template:Angbr, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar Template:Angbr IPA, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings<ref>Such as Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt.</ref> use for the voiced velar fricative.

The symbol Template:Angbr IPA is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.

A voiced velar tapped fricative has been reported in Dàgáárè, which is a previously unattested sound in human language.

Features

File:Voiced velar fricative articulation.svg

Features of the voiced velar fricative:

Occurrence

Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abaza		lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'leaf'
Adyghe		lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'tree'
Albanian	Arbëresh Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika	gliata	main}}	'tall'
Alekano		lang}}	main}}	'cucumber'
Aleut		lang}}	main}}	'with'
Angor		lang}}	main}}	'brother'
Angas		lang}}	main}}	'to pick up'
Arabic	Modern StandardTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'strange'	May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.Template:Sfnp See Arabic phonology
Aragonese		lang}}	main}}	'water'	main}}
Aromanian		lang}}	main}}	'well'	main}}
Aramaic	Eastern	{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'body'	Allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} before voiced consonants.
	Western		main}}
Asturian		gadañu	main}}	'scythe'	main}} in almost all positions
Azerbaijani	Northern	lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	'son'
	Southern	lang}}/oğul
BasqueTemplate:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'wing'	main}}
Belarusian		lang}}	main}}	'head'
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'liking'	main}}. See Catalan phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ik		lang}}	main}}	'his/her/its blood'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Chechen		гӀала / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'town'
Czech		bych byl	main}}	'I would be'	main}} before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Dàgáárè		[{{#invoke:IPA|main}}]		'woman'	May be a velar with strong tap-like features.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Dinka		ɣo	main}}	'us'
Dogrib		lang}}Template:Clarify	main}}	'for'
Dutch	Standard Belgian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="cm">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	'to go'	May be post-palatal Template:IPAblink instead.<ref name="cm" /> See Dutch phonology
	Southern accents<ref name="cm" />
English	Scouse	lang}}	[ɣrɑ:s]	'grass'	Allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See British English phonology<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
	Northumbrian	Template:Example needed			Burr<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp		lang}}/ğaribi	main}}	'poor'	May actually be post-velar or uvular
German<ref name="Krech">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="Moosmueller">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || Austrian || {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'former' || Intervocalic allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in casual speech.<ref name="Krech" /><ref name="Moosmueller" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> See Standard German phonology
Ghari		lang}}	main}}	'five'
Greek		γάλα/gála	main}}	'milk'	See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati		વાઘણ/vağaŕn	main}}	'tigress'	See Gujarati phonology
Gweno		ndeghe	main}}	'bird'
Gwich’in		lang}}	main}}	'his/her chest'
Haitian Creole		lang}}	main}}	'rice'
Hän		lang}}	main}}	'I am playing'
Hebrew	Classical	lang}}/miğdol	main}}	'[a] tower'
	Some Modern speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing {{#invoke:IPA|main}})	lang}}/shomer	main}}	'[a male] guard', '[he] guards'	main}} by other Modern speakers
Hindustani	HindiTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'poor'	Post-velar,Template:Sfnp conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See Hindustani phonology
	Urdu	lang}}
Icelandic		lang}}	main}}	'saga'	See Icelandic phonology
Irish		lang}}	main}}	'his fist'	See Irish phonology
Istro-RomanianTemplate:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'mouth'	Corresponds to Template:IPAblinkTemplate:Fix in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Iwaidja		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'hermit crab'
JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp		lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'baldness'	main}}, especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology
Judeo-Spanish		gato	[ˈɣ̞ato̪]<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	'cat'
	Haketia	gher	[ɣeɾ]	'only'	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Kabardian		гын/gyn	Template:Audio-IPA	'powder'
Komering		harong	main}}	'charcoal'
Lezgian		lang}}/ğel	main}}	'sleigh'
Lhaovo	Dago’	lang}}	main}}	'water'
	Yunnan		main}}
Limburgish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'quick'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lishan Didan	Urmi Dialect	עוטג/otogh	main}}	'room'	Generally post-velar
Lithuanian		humoras	main}}	'humor'	Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology
Low German<ref>R.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960</ref>		gaan	main}}	'to go'	Increasingly replaced with High German {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Macedonian	Berovo accent	lang}}/duvna	main}}	'it blew'	main}} of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology
	Bukovo accent	lang}}/glava	main}}	'head'	main}} instead of usual Template:IPAblink. See Prilep-Bitola dialect
Malay	Standard	lang}}	main}}	'unseen'	main}}.
	Johor-Riau	{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'crowded (with people)'	main}}] but now the alveolar tap [[[:Template:IPA link]]] is quite common amongst younger speakers possibly due to influence by Standard Malay. See Malay phonology
	Kelantan-Pattani		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		Template:IPAslink in Standard Malay is barely articulated in almost all of the Malay dialects in Malaysia. Usually it is uttered as guttural R at initial and medial position of a word. See Malay phonology
	Terengganu
	Negeri Sembilan		main}}
	Pahang		main}}
	Sarawak		main}}
Mandarin Chinese	Central Mandarin (Dongping dialect)	lang}}/ngǎn	main}}	'I'
Mi'kmaq		lang}}	main}}	'weir'	main}} between sonorants. See Template:Section link.
Navajo		lang}}	main}}	'best'
Neapolitan	Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect)	chiahäte	main}}<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:ISBN?</ref>	'wounded'	Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian.
Nepali		lang}}	main}}	'paper'	main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in intervocalic positions. See Nepali phonology
Ngwe	Mmockngie dialect		main}}	'sun'
Northern Qiang		hhnesh	main}}	'February'
Norwegian	Urban EastTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'to have'	main}} between two back vowels; can be voiceless Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Occitan	Gascon	lang}}	main}}	'said' (3rd pers. sg.)
Okanagan		lang}}	main}}	'Sparrow hawk'
Pashto		غاتر/ğatër	main}}	'mule'
Pela		{{#invoke:IPA|main}}		'to rain'
Persian		باغ/bāq	main}}	'garden'
Polish		lang}}	main}}	'let' (imperative particle)	main}} before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese	EuropeanTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'now'	main}}. See Portuguese phonology
	Some Brazilian dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	mármore	main}}	'marble', 'sill'	main}}, itself allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants.
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/carib	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}	'poor'	Less frequent in Gurmukhi varieties where it may be replaced by {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
	Shahmukhi	lang}}/ġarrīb
Romani		γoines	main}}	'good'
Russian	Southern	дорога/doroga	main}}	'road'	main}} in standard
	Standard	угу/ugu	main}}	'uh-huh'	main}} is used when spoken. See Russian phonology
		lang}} / goroh že	main}}	'the peas'	main}} before voiced consonants.<ref>Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.</ref>
Sakha		lang}}/ağa	main}}	'father'
Sardinian	Nuorese dialect	lang}}	main}}	'to suck'	main}}
Scottish Gaelic		lang}}	main}}	'lawful'	More advanced than other velars. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian<ref name="Landau67">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'of these would'	main}} before voiced consonants.<ref name="Landau67" /> See Serbo-Croatian phonology
S'gaw Karen		lang}}/ghei	main}}	'good'
Sindhi		lang}}/camu	main}}	'sadness'
Slovene	Standard	lang}}	main}}	'to the mountain'	main}} before voiced obstruents. See Slovene phonology
	Some dialects	lang}}	main}}	'crate'	main}} in Standard Slovene. See Slovene phonology
Spanish		amigo	main}}	'friend'	Ranges from close fricative to approximant.<ref>Phonetic studies such as Template:Harvcoltxt have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization</ref> Allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, see Spanish phonology
	Standard EuropeanTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'Predrag'	main}} before a pause.Template:Sfnp See Spanish phonology
Swahili		ghali	main}}	'expensive'
Swedish	Västerbotten Norrland dialects	lang}}	main}}	'me'	main}}. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Here also {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Kalix.
Tadaksahak		zog	main}}	'war'
Tajik		lang}}/cafs	main}}	'thick'
Tamazight		aɣilas (aghilas)	main}}	'leopard'
Tamil	Brahmin Tamil (non-standard)	முகம்	main}}	'face'	Not very common
Turkish	Non-standard	lang}}	main}}	'tree'	Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology
Tutchone	Northern	lang}}	main}}	'tooth'
	Southern	lang}}	main}}	'baby'
Tyap		lang}}	main}}	'to hurry'
Ukrainian		чахохбі́лі	[tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i]	‘chakhokhbili’	Occurs in specific rare cases only.
UzbekTemplate:Sfnp		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'rain'	Post-velar.Template:Sfnp
VietnameseTemplate:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'chair'	See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian		lang}}	main}}	'to carry'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Wu Chinese	Northern Wu (Template:Ill)	lang}}	main}}	'to join'
Xiang Chinese	Old Xiang (Template:Ill)	lang}}	main}}	'Hunan (province)'
Yi		lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	'win'
Zhuang		lang}}	main}}	'Wild duckling'

See also

• Index of phonetics articles
• Voiceless velar fricative
• Guttural

References

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External links

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