Voiceless labial–velar fricative

Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA The voiceless labial–velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA or occasionally Template:Angbr IPA. The letter Template:Angbr IPA was defined as a "voiceless {{#invoke:IPA|main}}" until 1979,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> when it was defined as a fricative with the place of articulation of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} the same way that {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is an approximant with the place of articulation of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The IPA Handbook describes Template:Angbr IPA as a "fricative" in the introduction (IPA 1999: ix) while a chapter within characterizes it as an "approximate" (IPA 1999: 136).

Some linguists posit voiceless approximants distinct from voiceless fricatives. To them, English {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is an approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}},<ref>For instance, Lyle Campbell (2020) Historical Linguistics, 4th edition, page xxii.</ref> a labialized glottal fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, or an {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sequence, not a velar fricative.Template:Sfnp Scots {{#invoke:IPA|main}} has been described as a velar fricative,Template:Sfnp especially in older Scots, where it was {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp Other linguists believe that a "voiceless approximant" is a contradiction in terms, and so {{#invoke:IPA|main}} must be the same as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation, like labial and velar.Template:Sfnp They conclude that "if it is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative".Template:Sfnp

FeaturesEdit

Features of the voiceless labial–velar fricative:

Template:Fricative Template:Labiovelar Template:Voiceless short Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

OccurrenceEdit

Family	Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Eskimo-Aleut	Aleut<ref name="Golovko1994">Template:Cite book</ref>	Atkan	hwax̂	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'smoke'
Eskimo-Aleut	Aleut<ref name="Golovko1994">Template:Cite book</ref>	Bering	ʼЎaӽ	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'smoke'
Celtic	Cornish	SWF	lang}}	main}}	'you all'
Germanic	English	Conservative Received Pronunciation<ref name="britishlibrary"/>	whine	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'whine'	English {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} is generally a labio-velar fricative or approximant.Template:Sfnp It is usually represented phonemically as /hw/, but phonetically there is not a sequence of [h] plus [w] (see English phonology). In General AmericanTemplate:Sfnp and New Zealand EnglishTemplate:Sfnp only some speakers maintain a distinction with {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}; in Europe, mostly heard in Irish and Scottish accents.<ref name="britishlibrary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> See English phonology and phonological history of wh.
		Cultivated South African Template:Sfnp
		Conservative General American Template:Sfnp
		Irish Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}
		Scottish Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}
		Southern American Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}
		New Zealand Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}
Athabaskan	Hupa<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation		CitationClass=web }}</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'his property'	A voiceless labialized velar fricative.
Sino-Tibetan	Kham	Gamale Kham	lang}}	main}}	'tooth'	Described as an approximant.Template:Sfnp
Iranian	Kurdish	Kurmanji (Northern)	lang}} / xwîşk	main}}	'sister'
Iranian	Kurdish	Kalhori (Southern)	lang}} / xweş	main}}	'nice'
Salishan	Lushootseed		lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'Newhalem, Washington'
Iranian	Persian	Classical Persian	lang}} / xwâstän	main}}	'to want'	In modern standard dialects of Persian, the pronunciation has evolved to a simple Voiceless velar fricative ([x]) sound
Salishan	Shuswap		lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'Shuswap language'
Slavic	Slovene Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp		vse	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'everything'	main}} in the syllable onset before voiceless consonants, in free variation with a vowel Template:IPAblink. Voiced Template:IPAblink before voiced consonants.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp See Slovene phonology.
Washo (isolate)			lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'he's the one who's doing it'	Variously described as a labialized velar fricative or a voiceless approximant.

NotesEdit

Template:Reflist

ReferencesEdit

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

External linksEdit

Template:IPA navigation