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Vorarlberg

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Vorarlberg (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is the westernmost state ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) of Austria. It has the second-smallest geographical area after Vienna and, although it also has the second-smallest population, it is the state with the second-highest population density (also after Vienna). It borders three countries: Germany (Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg via Lake Constance), Switzerland (Grisons and St. Gallen), and Liechtenstein. The only Austrian state that shares a border with Vorarlberg is Tyrol, to the east.

The capital of Vorarlberg is Bregenz (29,698 inhabitants), although Dornbirn (49,845 inhabitants) and Feldkirch (34,192 inhabitants) have larger populations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Vorarlberg is also the only state in Austria where the local dialect is not Austro-Bavarian, but rather an Alemannic dialect; it therefore has much more in common culturally with (historically) Alemannic-speaking German-speaking Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Baden-Württemberg, Bavarian Swabia, and Alsace than with the rest of Austria, southeastern Bavaria, and South Tyrol.

Vorarlberg is to a large extent mountainous, and two-thirds of the state is situated above 1,000m elevation. About 37% (Template:Convert) of its surface is forest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

EtymologyEdit

Vorarlberg literally means 'in front of the Arl mountain'. The name Arl or Arlberg can be traced back to 1218 in various spellings (Arle, Arlen, Mons Arula, Arlenperge) and is derived from the numerous Arlen bushes there, the so-called mountain pines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Its nickname is Ländle ('small land'). The frame of reference for this was the much larger and more populous County of Tyrol, from which the small district west of the Arlberg tried to detach itself. In 1861, Vorarlberg was finally raised to a crown land with its own state parliament. On the way to the detachment from Tyrol, the identification with the 'Ländle' remained of great importance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GeographyEdit

File:Vorarlberg Bezirke.png
Districts of Vorarlberg. Clockwise from north: Bregenz, Bludenz, Feldkirch, and Dornbirn

The main rivers in Vorarlberg are the Ill (running through the Montafon and Walgau valleys into the Rhine), the Rhine (forming the border with Switzerland), the Bregenzer Ache and the Dornbirner Ach. One of the shortest rivers is the Galina. Important lakes, apart from Lake Constance are Lüner Lake, Silvretta Reservoir, Vermunt Lake, Spuller Lake, the Kops Basin and Formarin Lake; the first four were created for the production of hydroelectric energy. However, even before the dam for the power plant was built, Lüner Lake was the largest mountain lake in the Alps. Most of this hydroelectric energy is exported to Germany at peak times. At night, energy from power plants in Germany is used to pump water back into some of the lakes.

There are several notable mountain ranges in Vorarlberg, such as the Silvretta, the Rätikon, the Verwall and the Arlberg with many well-known skiing regions and ski resorts.

The tallest mountain is Piz Buin, whose rocky peak of Template:Convert is surrounded by glaciers. The distance from Lake Constance and the plains of the Alpine Rhine valley across the medium altitude and high Alpine zones to the glaciers of the Silvretta range is a mere Template:Convert.

Lake Constance is bordered by Germany, Switzerland and Austria and is Austria's and Germany's largest lake. It is also the venue for the annual Bregenzer Festspiele.

Administrative divisionsEdit

Vorarlberg is divided into four large districts, from north to south: Bregenz, Dornbirn, Feldkirch and Bludenz. These districts appear on the automobile license plates in form of abbreviations: B, DO, FK and BZ.

Biosphere reserve Großes WalsertalEdit

File:Großes Walsertal.jpg
View upon the Biosphere Park Großes Walsertal from the Alpe Steris

The Biosphere Reserve Großes Walsertal covers about 19,200 ha and hosts 3,420 inhabitants and around 180 farms (42% of which are organic as of 2022<ref name="fah">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>). The reserve strives for a sustainable economy and tourism in the region and provides a platform for discussion about society, politics and science. The Biosphere Reserve Großes Walsertal has been a UNESCO biosphere reserve since 2000. Biosphere reserves are the ecological counterpart of the cultural world heritage sites. The biosphere reserve's aim is sustainable development, education and research as well as the protection of natural diversity.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Nagelfluhkette Nature Park is a cross-border nature park between the German Allgäu and the Austrian Bregenzerwald. The nature park is 24,700 hectares in size. It comprises a high level of biodiversity which is the result of Alpine transhumance (the cultivation of the land by humans) and the geological diversity. The Nagelfluhkette Nature Park offers guided hiking tours.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

File:ProVorarlberg.jpg
"Confederates, help your brothers in peril!" Swiss poster of the Pro Vorarlberg (de) movement advocating for an accession of Vorarlberg, 1919

Before the Romans conquered Vorarlberg, there were two Celtic tribes settled in this area: the Raeti in the highlands, and the Vindelici in the lowlands, i.e. the Lake Constance region and the Rhine Valley. One of the important settlements of the Vindelici was Brigantion (modern Bregenz), founded around 500 BC. The first settlements in and around Bregenz date from 1500 BC. A Celtic tribe named "Brigantii" is mentioned by Strabo as a sub-tribe in these region of the Alps.<ref>Strabo, Geographia Book IV Chap. 6</ref> The area of Vorarlberg was conquered by the Romans in 15 BC and it became part of the Roman province of Raetia. It was later conquered by Allemanic tribes in c. 450 AD.

It then fell under the rule of the Bavarians and was subsequently settled by the Bavarians and the Lombards. It later fell under the rule of the Counts of Bregenz until 1160 and then to the Counts of Montfort until 1525, when the Habsburgs took control.<ref name="farlex">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The historically-Germanic province, which was a gathering-together of former bishoprics, was still ruled in part by a few semi-autonomous counts and surviving prince-bishops until the start of World War I. Vorarlberg was a part of Further Austria, and parts of the area were ruled by the Counts Montfort of Vorarlberg.

Template:Anchor Following World War I there was a desire by many in Vorarlberg to join Switzerland.<ref>1982 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, "History of Austria"</ref> In the Vorarlberg annexation referendum held on 11 May 1919, 80.75% of those voting supported a proposal for the state to join the Swiss Confederation. However, the proposed union never took place. Within Switzerland, the Swiss French and Swiss Italians were reluctant to take in another German-speaking area, and Template:Citation needed span Opposition came from outside Switzerland as well; for example, Italy wanted Switzerland to give up Ticino if there were any changes on Switzerland's eastern frontier. Vienna and the Allies also objected, out of concern for the balance of power in central Europe. The government of Vorarlberg opposed union with Switzerland, but began half-hearted negotiations with Bern after the overwhelming result of the referendum. When it became apparent that the Swiss were lukewarm at best to absorbing Vorarlberg as well, Vorarlberg remained with Austria.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> If Vorarlberg had joined Switzerland, then Liechtenstein would have been enclaved by Switzerland, like the situation of Lesotho, San Marino and Vatican City.

Following the Second World War Vorarlberg found itself occupied by French troops from 1945 to 1955, along with most of the state of Tyrol.

DemographicsEdit

Template:Historical populationsThe population of Vorarlberg is 397,094 (as of 1 January 2020).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The majority (86%) of residents are of Austrian-Germanic stock with a cultural connection with Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west and Germany to the north. A sizable proportion of the population's ancestors came from the Swiss canton of Valais in migrations of "Walsers", including the Swiss French in the 19th century by invitation during the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.Template:Citation needed There has been a sizable minority of Turkish descent since the 1960s.

With around 150 inhabitants per square kilometer, Vorarlberg is the second most densely populated province in Austria after Vienna. With the conurbation between Feldkirch and Hörbranz, it has one of the most densely populated areas in Europe. Due to the early industrialization in comparison to other Austrian states, Vorarlberg developed into a classic immigration state as early as the 19th century. The state, which is small in terms of area, has the highest proportion of immigrants next to Vienna. In 2015, this was around 16% of the total population. Residents of German origin make up the largest migrant group, closely followed by immigrants from Turkey. People from countries of the former Yugoslavia are by far the third-largest immigrant group in Vorarlberg.

According to 2021 figures of Statistics Austria, 60.7% of the population are Catholic, and 7.6% are followers of other Christian denominations (3.8% Orthodox Christians, 2.5% Protestants, 1.3% other Christians). The second-largest religion, with a share of 13% is Islam.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 0.6% of Vorarlberg's inhabitants profess another religion, while 18.9% profess no affiliation with any religion or denomination.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Population developmentEdit

The historical population is given in the following chart: <timeline> Colors= 

id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
id:darkgrey  value:gray(0.7)
id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1)

ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:28 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:400 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal AlignBars = late ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:25 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo

PlotData= 

 color:skyblue width:22 shift:(-60,-5) fontsize:M anchor:till
bar:1869 from:0 till:103 text:102,702
bar:1880 from:0 till:107 text:107,373
bar:1890 from:0 till:116 text:116,073
bar:1900 from:0 till:129 text:129,237
bar:1910 from:0 till:145 text:145,408
bar:1923 from:0 till:140 text:139,979
bar:1934 from:0 till:155 text:155,402
bar:1939 from:0 till:158 text:158,300
bar:1951 from:0 till:194 text:193,657
bar:1961 from:0 till:226 text:226,323
bar:1971 from:0 till:277 text:277,154
bar:1981 from:0 till:305 text:305,164
bar:1991 from:0 till:331 text:331,472
bar:2001 from:0 till:351 text:351,095
bar:2011 from:0 till:370 text:369,938
bar:2021 from:0 till:399 text:399,237

TextData= 

 fontsize:M pos:(35,20)
 text:"Source: Statistik Austria"

</timeline>

Economy and infrastructureEdit

LocationEdit

File:Mohrenbrauerei Dornbirn.JPG
Mohren brewery in Dornbirn

For several years, the Vorarlberg economy has been performing well above the Austrian average. At roughly 66%, its export ratio is the highest among all of Austria's states. While the overall Austrian GDP in 2004 rose by 2.0% in real terms, Vorarlberg recorded an increase of 2.9%. This came as a surprise, particularly as the major trading partners in Germany and Italy did not fare well. Owing to this robust economic performance, Vorarlberg was able to boost its gross regional product in 2014 to 15.2 billion euros according to the Economic Policy Department of the Vorarlberg Chamber of Trade. This translates into a nominal increase of 3.4% (cf Austria as a whole +5.2%).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 19.1 billion € in 2018, accounting for 4.9% of the Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €43,000 or 143% of the EU27 average in the same year. Vorarlberg is the state with the third highest GDP per capita in Austria.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Vorarlberg and especially the Rhine Valley is one of the wealthiest areas in the world, with a very high standard of living. By far the biggest company in Vorarlberg is Alpla (plastic packaging), followed by Blum, Grass, Gebrüder Weiss (transport and logistics), Zumtobel Group (lighting systems), Doppelmayr (cablecars), Rauch (beverages) and Wolford (textiles).

Currently, five breweries are located in Vorarlberg: Mohrenbrauerei August Huber (in Dornbirn, since 1834),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Brauerei Fohrenburg (in Bludenz, since 1881),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brauerei Egg (in Egg, since 1894), Vorarlberger Brauereigenosschenschaft – Brauerei Frastanz (in Frastanz, since 1902), Grabhers Sudwerk (in Bregenz, since 2016).

Overall, the economic expansion of Vorarlberg is "very positive and for the future rated more dynamic than for the other states".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Vorarlberg plans to be self-sufficient in energy by 2050.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

AgricultureEdit

In addition to the flourishing textile, clothing, electronics, machinery and packing materials industries of the Alpine Rhine Valley, there is also a broad agricultural base, especially in the Bregenzerwald (Bregenzerwald), which is known for its dairy products and tourism.

Alpine transhumance and cheese productionEdit

File:Kufstein Almabtrieb 2005.jpg
Almabtrieb, the movement of cattle from the high pastures to the villages. This tradition is popular with tourists.

The three-level movement farming ("Dreistufenwirtschaft") is essential to the economy of the mountainous regions in Vorarlberg. It is also known as Alpine transhumance and describes a seasonal droving of grazing livestock between the valleys in winter and the high mountain pastures in summer.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Vorderhopfreben Üntschenspitze 1.jpg
Vorderhopfreben/Üntschenspitze in Au-Schoppernau as an example for the agricultural use of the mountainous region

Alpine transhumance has a strong impact on the production of cheese in the Alps. It ensures that the cattle produces high-quality aromatic milk, the so-called Heumilch ("hay milk"), based on its special diet of natural meadow grass in comparison to silage. The use of hay milk in cheese production contributes to the distinctive flavour that determines more than 30 Alpine cheeses, including Vorarlberger Alpkäse, Vorarlberger Bergkäse, Großwalsertaler Bergkäse, and Sura Kees.<ref name="KäseStrasse Bregenzerwald">Template:Cite news</ref>

With the aim to support and preserve the local dairy production and the traditional agricultural heritage, the Bregenzerwald Cheese Route was founded in 1998. It is an organisation which connects farmers, traders and craftsmen. Along the cheese route, visitors are invited to watch the cheese production process and participate in culinary tastings.<ref name="KäseStrasse Bregenzerwald"/>

Many cultural habits like Yodel, Alphorn or Schwingen were developed during this time. This seasonal nomadism led to the rich culture, architecture and love for nature found in Vorarlberg. A significant cultural icon unique to this area is the festive movement of cattle from the pastures to the villages in autumn. This tradition is especially popular with tourists.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Energy sectorEdit

The energy sector is one of the founders of Vorarlberg's economy, in which hydropower is the most important source of energy. This is mainly used for the production of peak current. Vorarlberg was the first region in Europe where more sustainable energy was produced than consumed. Green electricity from Vorarlberg is therefore also sold to the German Westallgäu, to Switzerland and to other Austrian provinces. The largest electricity producer in Vorarlberg is illwerke VKW. They produce 75% of the electricity in Vorarlberg, mainly by hydropower.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

File:Fachhochschule Vorarlberg 1.jpg
University of Applied Sciences in Dornbirn

EducationEdit

Two higher education institutions in Vorarlberg are the Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences (Template:Langx) in Dornbirn and the Template:Ill (German: Pädagogische Hochschule Vorarlberg) in Feldkirch.

Originally founded as a technical school in 1989, the Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences achieved the status of an officially recognized university in 1999. It offers bachelor's and master's degrees in business, engineering and technology, design and social work. About 1350 students have enrolled for the term 2018/19.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Fachhochschule Vorarlberg is considered one of Austria's best applied universities in the field of technology.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:PH Vorarlberg.jpg
The University College of Teacher Education Vorarlberg in Feldkirch

The University College of Teacher Education Vorarlberg was founded in 2007<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and offers bachelor's and master's degrees in primary and secondary education.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It administers its own elementary and middle school, in which students from the university can complete their student teaching.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Advert The vai Vorarlberger Architektur Institut is an interface in the field of Baukultur. It brings together architects and other design professionals and clients with craftspeople and actors from business, academia, the arts, culture and politics and address the issue of architectural quality through exhibitions, events and publications.

For professionals it is a platform for networking and training. For clients and all those interested in cultural issues it offers a source of ideas and inspiration, as well as an initial contact with architecture for children.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

There are currently no exhibitions.

TransportationEdit

RoadEdit

Vorarlberg is crossed in a north–south direction by a motorway, the Rheintal/Walgau Autobahn (A14). It connects with the Bundesautobahn 96 at the Austria–Germany border near Hörbranz and follows the Alpine Rhine Valley southwards to Feldkirch. It then continues south-eastwards along the river Ill to Bludenz, where it connects with the Arlberg Schnellstraße (S16) to Tyrol over the Arlberg. The A14 is linked with the A13 motorway in Switzerland via a road that crosses the Austria-Switzerland border at Lustenau/Au.

RailEdit

File:ÖBB 4748 005 Sulz-Röthis 2311.jpg
S1 regional train of Vorarlberg S-Bahn

The main line is the Vorarlberg railway line, which traverses the state in north–south direction and which extends northwards into Germany. South of Bregenz, it connects with the St. Margrethen–Lauterach line, which leads towards Switzerland. In Feldkirch, the main line meets the Feldkirch–Buchs railway line to Liechtenstein and Switzerland. The Vorarlberg railway line's southern terminus is Bludenz, where it meets the Arlberg Railway to Tyrol and the Bludenz–Schruns railway (Montafonerbahn) line to Schruns in the Montafon Valley. Most of these lines are owned and operated by Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). Since December 2023, WESTbahn also operates between Wien Westbahnhof and Bregenz. Regional train services are provided by Vorarlberg S-Bahn, with some lines being also part of Bodensee S-Bahn.

There are also two heritage railway lines: Bregenz Forest Railway and International Rhine Regulation Railway.

The following is an alphabetical list of Vorarlberg's active railway stations: Template:Div col

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In addition, there are five defunct railway stations on the Arlberg Railway line: Template:Rws, Template:Rws, Template:Rws, Template:Rws and Template:Rws.

TourismEdit

The tourist industry employs a considerable number of Vorarlbergers. There are around 12,000 employees working in this industry which represent approximately 11% of the total workforce (107,575 in 2015). Arrivals are slightly higher in winter (1.23 million in 2015) than in summer (1.14 million in 2015). The real difference lies in overnight-stays indicating that Vorarlberg is a strong winter destination. Overnight-stays in winter reach as high as 5.11 million which is quite large when compared to the summer season with 3.7 million overnight stays.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The largest (and best-known) touristic regions are:

Architecture hotelsEdit

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This is an incomplete list of hotels with a focus on architecture. For the complete list, go to:<ref>Vacation + Architecture</ref>

  • TINN Naturchalet (Walsertal)
  • Hotel Gasthof Adler (Schoppernau)
  • Hotel Flint (Dornbirn)
  • Peterhof Furx (Furx)
  • Erlebnisbaumhaus Sulzberg (Adventure Tree House) (Sulzberg)
  • Fuchsegg Eco Lodge (Bregenzerwald)
  • Hotel Bären (Mellau)
  • Hotel Am Holand (Au im Bregenzerwald)
  • Haus Benedikta (Rheintal)
  • Hotel Schwärzler (Bregenz)
  • Tempel 74 (Mellau)
  • Alpencamping Nenzing (Nenzing)
  • Gasthof Rössle (Braz)
  • Naturhotel Chesa Valisa (Kleinwalsertal)
  • Das Tschofen (Bludenz)

Architecture HighlightsEdit

In Vorarlberg, several public buildings for culture, tourism and leisure have been awarded with national and international prizes for architecture.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Some of them are:

  • Angelika Kaufmann Museum (Schwarzenberg)
  • Bus:Stop Krumbach
  • Festspiel - und Kongresshaus am See (Bregenz)
  • Frauenmuseum, Feuerwehr - und Kulturhaus (Hittisau)
  • Georunde Rindberg (Sibratsgfäll)
  • inatura Erlebnis (Dornbirn)
  • Islamic graveyard (Altach)
  • Kapelle Salgenreute (Krumbach)
  • Kulturpavillon (Blumenegg)
  • Kunsthaus (Bregenz)
  • Messehallen 9-12 (Dornbirn)
  • Montforthaus (Feldkirch)
  • Propstei (St. Gerold)
  • Public library (Dornbirn)
  • Stadtbad - Indoor Swimming Pool (Dornbirn)
  • Vorarlberg museum (Bregenz)
  • Werkraumhaus (Andelsbuch)

WinterEdit

File:Stuben am Arlberg Panorama.jpg
Panorama view of Stuben am Arlberg

The greatest tourist attractions are the mountains and the numerous ski resorts. In the cold season, winter sports enthusiasts will find ideal conditions for their favourite sport: skiing, cross country skiing, freeriding, snowboarding, ice skating, sled dog rides, carriage rides, tobogganing, snow and fun parks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Vorarlberg's largest ski resorts include:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The ski resorts Silvretta Montafon and Ski Arlberg (which is partly located in Tyrol) are the two largest ski areas in Vorarlberg. Ski Arlberg is the largest connected ski area in Austria since the season of 2016/17. It offers 305 km of slopes and 111 lifts. It includes Lech, Zürs, Oberlech, Warth, Schröcken, Stuben and the Tyrolean municipalities of St. Anton and St. Christoph.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Der Weiße Ring.JPG
The ski circuit Der Weiße Ring in Lech am Arlberg

The places Lech and Zürs are known for their exclusivity and luxury, for which reason many prominent people go to these ski resorts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An example of this is the Dutch royal family which goes there on skiing holidays every year and has been staying in the prestigious Gasthof Post for four generations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A famous ski race is Der Weiße Ring ('The White Ring') where skiers race from Lech to Zürs. The 22 km long route is named after its ring-shaped track and the snowy conditions in this region. It is considered to be particularly difficult.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Ski Ride Vorarlberg is a combination of skiing, touring and freeriding while crossing Vorarlberg. The route starts in the Kleinwalsertal in the north, continues through the Bregenz Forest, over the Arlberg and the Klostertal to the Montafon valley in the south. The guided tour usually takes up to 7 days and is intended for experienced skiers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Damüls-Mellau is a notable ski area in terms of reliable snow conditions. In 2007, Damüls was named 'snowiest village in the world'.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the measuring period, the average snow height per winter season was approximately 9.30 m.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Skiers from these regions include Anita Wachter, Egon Zimmermann, Gerhard Nenning, Mario Reiter, Hubert Strolz, and Hannes Schneider, as well as the ski-jumper Toni Innauer.<ref name="farlex" />

SummerEdit

File:Montafon 2012 62.jpg
Hiking in the Montafon valley

In the summer, mountain sports like hiking, mountain biking, climbing and trail-running play a big role in Vorarlberg's tourism. In total, Vorarlberg has more than 5,500 kilometers of hiking trails in different heights for both experienced and inexperienced walkers. Many ski areas operate cable cars throughout summer which makes them ideal for mountaineers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

All over Vorarlberg, themed hikes are being offered, e.g., culinary hikes, herbal walks, educational hikes for children, and night walks. The theme route "Gauertaler AlpkulTour", which extends through the cultural landscape of the Montafon in the Rätikon mountains, is a popular walking route among tourists. Lake Constance is a pivot for hikers, pilgrims, fishers and bird watchers. For a long time, it has served as a reference point for important pilgrims' paths, including the Lake Constance walking path, parts of the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela and the European hiking routes E1, E4 and E5.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Offering some 1,500 kilometers of marked mountain bike trails, Vorarlberg attracts cyclists of all skill levels. Guided mountain bike tours are held in the Brandnertal and Klostertal. The Bregenzerwald bike school offers various bike-related activities including bike camps, technique courses and racing bike tours.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Vorarlberg Circular Hiking Trail ("Min Weag" - My trail/path) offers a variety of cultural and natural spaces in six regions. The elevation profiles range from the rolling hills of the Bregenzerwald to above the tree line in the Silvretta and Rätikon. The trail was developed by Vorarlberg Tourism in collaboration with local mountain guides Markus Moosbrugger, Hanno Dönz and Helmut Düringer, based on an idea by Joe Metzler.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CultureEdit

File:Alemannic German location.svg
Alemannic German language map

LanguageEdit

Owing to their location isolated from the rest of Austria, most Vorarlbergers speak a very distinct German dialect, the High Alemannic German, that other Austrians might have difficulty understanding, since the dialects in the rest of Austria form part of the Bavarian-Austrian language group, whereas the Vorarlberg dialect is part of the Alemannic dialect continuum. Alemannic dialects are also spoken in Liechtenstein, Switzerland (as Swiss German), Baden-Württemberg, the south west of Bavaria and the Alsace region of France. The Vorarlberg dialect is further divided into a number of regional sub-dialects (e.g. that of the Montafon, the Bregenzerwald and Lustenau are some of the most distinct) which tend to differ considerably from each other. In fact even within these regions the dialects may vary from one town or village to the next.

Traditional clothingEdit

Traditional costumes ("tracht") have a long history in Vorarlberg. Many valleys and villages have their own kind of garb, each with special characteristics from certain style periods. The Bregenzerwälder garb is the oldest, it originated in the 15/16th century and is also called "d'Juppô" (Bavarian: "Juppe"). The Montafon garb is inspired by the baroque era. A whole set of Tracht consists of several elements: the "Juppe" (the apron), a headgear (caps, hats), a blouse, a "Tschopa" (jacket), and stockings. The hairstyle (for example braided hair) can also be part of the Tracht.

In the 1970s, very few Vorarlbergers wore tracht. The reason for this was strict regulations with regard to the people wearing Tracht. For example, Bregenzerwälder ladies with short hair ought not to wear tracht, because their hair was too short for the suitable hair style ("Wälderzöpfe").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was only when the regulations were loosened and the clothes were individualised in the 1990s that wearing tracht became more popular. Today, traditional garb is mainly worn on festive occasions. In the Juppenwerkstatt Riefensberg, tracht is still traditionally manufactured.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is a "national association for people wearing traditional costume" (Landestrachtenverband) that supports Vorarlberg's Tracht wearing inhabitants and music chapels.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Weiße Juppe 7.JPG

    Bregenz Forest tracht: girl in a white "juppe"

  • JuppeManufaktur.JPG

    Woman fabricating a traditional juppe costume in Bezau (2007)

  • Schäohüte.JPG

    Women wearing Bregenz Forest costumes and "Schäohüte" (summer straw hats)

CuisineEdit

File:2015 0718 Käsespätzle Sölden.jpg
Traditional Käsespätzle served in a pan

The influence of the Alemannic cuisine of neighbouring countries works more on Vorarlberg cuisine than Austrian cuisine. Cheese and other dairy products play a major role in traditional Vorarlberg meals. Typical dishes from the Vorarlberg region are: Käsespätzle or Käsknöpfle (noodles of flour and eggs with cheese and onion), Riebel (dish of corn and wheat semolina, served spicy or sweet), Flädlesuppe (broth with savoury pancake strips), Grumpara mit Käs (peel pastry with cheese), Öpfelküachle (apples baked in pancake dough, topped with sugar and cinnamon). Mostbröckle (pickled and smoked sausage), originally from Switzerland, is also a very popular product.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Regional dairy productsEdit

  • Bergkäse ("mountain cheese"). The texture of the Bergkäse is rather hard, sometimes with small holes or cracks, with a strong taste, which is sometimes nutty. In the strict sense, Bergkäse is a cheese produced in the low mountain range (between 600 and 1500 m). Examples of Vorarlberg's Bergkäse are the Vorarlberger Bergkäse or Großwalsertaler Bergkäse named "Walserstolz".
  • Alpkäse ("mountain pasture cheese" or "alp cheese"). Alpkäse is a hard cheese that resembles Bergkäse in taste and texture. The difference between these cheeses lies in the period and place of production. Bergkäse is produced year-round, so even in winter, when the animals are in the stables and fed with hay. Alpkäse is a seasonal product, only produced in the summer between May and September on high mountain meadows above 1500 m (Alpine pastures or alps), where the animals graze Alpine herbs. An example is the Vorarlberger Alpkäse.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Sura Kees ("sour cheese"). Originally from the Montafon valley, Sura Kees has been known there since the 12th century and resembles the Tyrolean grey cheese. It is a low-fat cheese with a mild aroma reminiscent of cream cheese, its taste varies from mildly spicy to sour, always with a salty undertone. The Sura Kees is usually served with vinegar, oil and onions, or alone on black bread or eaten with potatoes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Festivals and annual eventsEdit

File:Bregenzer Festspiele Luftaufnahme.JPG
Aerial view of the Lake Stage (Bregenzer Festspiele)

Vorarlberg provides cultural attractions of all kinds. The Bregenzer Festspiele is the best known festival of the region and poses one of Austria's cultural highlights since 1946. It annually takes place in the months of July and August. With operas and musicals such as Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute), West Side Story and Carmen, the Bregenzer Festspiele draws hundreds of thousands of spectators every year. Noteworthy is the Seebühne, an impressive stage in Lake Constance where scenes are played.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Bregenzer Frühling is a dance festival in Bregenz that has been held since 1987 during spring time.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dance ensembles from all over the world perform their new productions, along with Austrian premieres.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Each year, five different dance ensembles perform at the Bregenzer Frühling.<ref name="auto"/>

Montafoner Resonanzen is a music festival in the Montafon region. It is a series of events held annually on weekends in August and September. Each weekend is dedicated to another genre (classical, jazz, Austrian folk music, organ, cross-over). The locations vary each year. Guests may combine hiking and eating out with the concerts, considering the musical performances are held at extraordinary locations like the Tübinger Hütte at 2,191 m (Gaschurn) or the Panoramagasthof Kristberg.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Poolbar Festival is a modern music and culture festival in Feldkirch. Being held annually between July and August, it attracts around 20,000 visitors featuring music, exhibitions, poetry slams, fashion and an architectural prize.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:ALPINALE opening night 2020.jpg
Open-air screening at the Alpinale short film festival (2020)

The annual Schubertiade in Schwarzenberg is the most important Franz Schubert festival worldwide. A Schubertiade is usually dominated by Franz Schubert or his compositions. It is an informal meeting where casual music is played or recited by friends clubs or musicians, both on a professional and amateur level. The first Schubertiade took place in Hohenems in Vorarlberg in 1976.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Every year in August, about 30 international short films are screened at the Alpinale Short Film Festival in Bludenz.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Literaturfest Kleinwalsertal is a literary festival consisting of lectures, workshops, poetry slams and exhibitions and takes place in autumn.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The light art festival Lichtstadt Feldkirch lets international artists fill the city of Feldkirch with light objects, projections and sculptures. Its first edition was held in 2018 and attracted 30.000 visitors. The festival takes place every other year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The FAQ Bregenzerwald is a social forum in the form of a festival. Hosting lectures, panel discussions, concerts, guided walks as well as culinary tastings, it aims at highlighting social issues in the society in a very broad context.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Montforter Zwischentöne is an interdisciplinary festival in Feldkirch that takes place three times a year. Each series is based on a specific topic which is artistically and dramaturgically interpreted without genre-orientated boundaries. There are contributions from the fields of music, poetry, architecture, science, dance etc. The festival addresses issues of social and personal development on site and provides impetus for urban and regional development.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Tanzcafé Arlberg is a series of concerts taking place at ski huts in Lech/Zürs for two weeks in the springtime. It is intended to entertain skiers aside the ski piste by providing live music to dance to. The concerts range from pop to swing to rock'n'roll and to ska. The series of events includes a workshop on Lindy Hop.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Bezau Beatz is a music festival that has been taking place in Bezau in August since 2008.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Bludenzer Tage zeitgemäßer Musik is a festival of contemporary music in Bludenz that was founded in 1988.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The aim of the festival is to make contemporary music audible in Bludenz.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Furthermure, Vorarlberg is host to a variety of fairs, conventions and expositions including the public health event Medicinicum Lech, the literary festival Literaricum Lech, the annual interdisciplinary symposium Philosophicum Lech as well as the design fair and festival POTENTIALe in Feldkirch.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

MuseumsEdit

The most visited museums in Vorarlberg are the Kunsthaus Bregenz, the vorarlberg museum, inatura (interactive nature adventure show and natural history museum) in Dornbirn and the Jewish Museum of Hohenems. Smaller museums include the Angelika Kauffmann Museum in Schwarzenberg, the Hittisau Women's Museum, the Rolls-Royce Museum and Mohren Biererlebniswelt in Dornbirn, the Egg Museum in Egg and the Juppenwerkstatt Riefensberg (manufacturer of traditional women's garb), the Felder museum in Schoppernau, the Schattenburg museum and the Heimatmuseum Bezau.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Wälderbähnle or Bregenzerwald Museumsbahn (Bregenzerwald Railway) is a narrow-gauge heritage railway that today links Schwarzenberg to Bezau amidst picturesque alpine scenery.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The International Rhine Regulation Railway, once an industrial railway used for the straightening of the Alpine Rhine, is also a heritage railway today.

For an overview, see List of museums in Vorarlberg.

ArchitectureEdit

File:Stuebing 065.jpg
Bregenzerwälderhaus in Stübing

The baroque masters of the Guild of Au in the 17th/18th centuryEdit

In 1651, Michael Beer founded the Auer Zunft (Guild of Au) which is an important community of Vorarlberg builders, sculptors and carpenters who specialized in baroque building. In Au-Schoppernau from 1670 to 1700, more than 90 percent of all male workers were builders.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Master builders and craftsmen from the Bregenz Forest in particular, but also from other parts of today's Vorarlberg, played a leading role in the 600 churches and monasteries that were built in the Baroque style in the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The master craftsmen of Au trained over 1,800 apprentices during a long construction boom which followed the Thirty Years' War.<ref name=":1" /> These new master builders were active throughout the Lake Constance area, but also in Alsace, Bohemia and the South German region. Well-known works by baroque master builders include the monasteries and churches in Birnau, Weingarten and Einsiedeln.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Many important members of the Auer Zunft came from the architect families Beer, Moosbrugger and Thumb.<ref name=":1" />

Traditional architectureEdit

The independent architecture of the Bregenzerwälderhaus, the Montafonerhaus, the Rheintalhaus from the Dornbirn region and the "Walserhaus" are particularly relevant to historical architecture.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Their designs trace back to the 15th century. The traditional materials used for building these houses are stone and wood. They are important features of the mountainous Alpine landscape.<ref name=":0" />

Art NouveauEdit

File:Rathausstrasse 15, Bregenz 1.JPG
The Art Nouveau Löwenapotheke in Bregenz

The style that dominated in Vorarlberg at the turn of the century is characterised by the "Heimatstil", the Southern German variant of Art Nouveau. An example for this style is the Löwenapotheke in the Rathausstraße in Bregenz by Otto Mallaun. Other notable representatives of Art Nouveau architecture in Vorarlberg are: Ernst Dittrich in Feldkirch (e.g., Feldkirch's Regional Court, State Directorate of Finances) and Hanns Kornberger in Dornbirn (e.g., the mansions "Grabenweg Nr. 8" and "Schulgasse Nr. 17)" and in Hohenems (e.g., the former hospital).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Neue Vorarlberger Bauschule and contemporary architectureEdit

The Neue Vorarlberger Bauschule evolved organically the second half of the 20th century, always involving craftsmen and locals in the building process. Today, it is regarded as one of the most important pioneers of the New Alpine architecture. With the typical architecture of Vorarlberg still recognizable, it combines tradition and modernity: clean lines, glass and local wood. Its harmonious mix creates interesting contrasts as in half-timbered houses. Comfort and quality of life are important criteria. Currently, many private houses and public buildings are renovated by architects, favoring local timber and limiting energy expenditure.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Well-known award-winning architectural projects include the Kunsthaus Bregenz, vorarlberg museum in Bregenz, Michelehof Hard and Hotel Krone Hittisau.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

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File:Vorarlberg museum in Bregenz 2.JPG
vorarlberg museum in Bregenz

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Over the last thirty years [...] Vorarlberg has made a name for itself with its contemporary building culture. Widely considered a unique phenomenon throughout Europe, Vorarlberg has not only established its own regional identity, but also serves as a role model far beyond its own borders. […] The employment of innovative materials and construction principles, the integration of the latest technologies, and the development of new building products play a particularly important role. […] The harmonious collaboration between architects, craftsmen, clients, and the local authorities continues to produce new architecture which is progressive, energy-efficient, and sustainable, and has earned Vorarlberg a widely admired reputation in the international design community.{{#if:Ulrich Dangel (2010)Sustainable Architecture in Vorarlberg: Energy Concepts and Construction Systems|{{#if:|}}

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Contemporary architecture in Vorarlberg has made a label for a demanding architecture of a fruitful confrontation between traditional construction and modern interpretation. Some examples of more recent architecture are:

File:North-east sight-1.JPG
The sustainable and modular LCT ONE (LifeCycle One Tower) in Dornbirn
  • vorarlberg museum in Bregenz: The museum by Cukrowicz Nachbaur Architekten was awarded the International Architecture Award 2014, Best Architect's Award 2014 in gold, Vorarlberg Client Award 2015, Austrian Museum Award 2016, among others.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • LifeCycle-Tower ONE (LCT ONE) in Dornbirn: From 2010 onwards, Vorarlberg had been investing in research on renewable energy sources and energy-efficient houses in order to achieve self-set climate targets. In 2012, the first modular wooden hybrid complex of eight floors was built: the LifeCycle-Tower I. It is 27 m high and made of wood and concrete. In this architectural design, load-bearing elements are not covered. The benefits of this innovative project are environmental and energy efficiency, 90% less CO2 emissions, a much shorter construction and industrial production time of the components.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Architectural initiativesEdit

The Werkraum Bregenzerwald is an association of craftsmen in the Bregenzerwald founded in 1999. It aims at networking and supporting craft, design and technology businesses in the area. The publicly accessible place is used to present the craftsmanship, to promote building culture in cooperation with architects and to increase design competence and quality of craftsmanship with the preferred involvement of young people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Occupying the Werkraum Bregenzerwald since 2014, the travelling exhibition Getting Things Done demonstrates the quality of Vorarlberg's architecture by means of 230 selected projects. It offers a distinct view of how building culture has evolved from the late 1950s until the present. Organized by the Austrian Cultural Forum network, the exhibition will be shown in over 20 locations around the world.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Architecture trailsEdit

The Vorarlberg Institute for Architecture (VAI) and the Vorarlberg Tourist Board collaborated for the development of the so-called architecture trails. Each trail has a different theme: "New impressions", "Art and culture", "Timber and loam", "Old and new", "Revitalised villages" and "Architecture and landscape". These tours take visitors to both urban and rural regions in order to illustrate architectural variety in Vorarlberg by select examples. These examples are characterized by a functional mix, spatial versatility, formal radicalism, ecological far-sightedness and social integration.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sporting eventsEdit

WinterEdit

The White Ring is a ski race in the Ski Arlberg ski area. In 2009, the Guinness World Records confirmed that the White Ring is the longest ski area in the world at 22 km.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It consists of 5 runs, 6 lifts and a cross-country trail.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the season 2012/13, the first SBX World Cup Montafon was held as part of the FIS Snowboard World Cup. The World Cup takes place annually in December in the Montafon valley. The races are held in the Silvretta Montafon ski area, starting a little below the Hochjoch summit and finishing near the cable car's mountain station. The difference in altitude between start and finish is around 200 m.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The first Open Faces Freeride Contest took place in 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The most previous contest was held from 24 to 27 February 2022 in the Silvretta Montafon ski area. The contest was the first 4-star qualifier of the season 2022. The length of the freeride slope is 450 m, its vertical drop is 350 m and it has a steepness of up to 60°.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SummerEdit

The Hypo-Meeting is an athletics competition which is held annually in May/June in the Mösle stadium in Götzis. It is organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and sponsored by the Hypo Vorarlberg Bank, thus its name. The first Hypo-Meetings have been organised as contests for men starting in 1975. The women's contests have been added in 1981.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Montafon-Arlberg Marathon is a mountain marathon with 1,500 meters in altitude in the middle of the European protected area Verwall.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2007, Dornbirn hosted the 13th World Gymnaestrada event, in which about 21,000 gymnasts from 56 federations participated. In 2019, Dornbirn hosted the event again, see 16th World Gymnaestrada.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notable peopleEdit

File:Hugo Von Montfort.png
A fresco of Hugo von Montfort from Pfannberg Castle

The following notable people are born in Vorarlberg:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SportEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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