Vorkuta

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox Russian inhabited locality

Vorkuta (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Nenets for "the abundance of bears", "bear corner")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a coal-mining town in the Komi Republic, Russia, situated just north of the Arctic Circle in the Pechora coal basin at the river Vorkuta. In 2010, its population was 70,548, down from 84,917 in 2002.

Vorkuta is the third largest city north of the Arctic Circle and the easternmost town in Europe. It has the coldest recorded temperature of any European city, having recorded a −52 °C (−61 °F) temperature.<ref>Numminen, Pekka: Vorkuta Pohjois-Venäjällä on Euroopan kylmin kaupunki – ja asukkaat eivät sitä enää kestä [Vorkuta in northern Russia is the coldest city in Europe – and its inhabitants can't stand it any more], Iltalehti 24 December 2021 (in Finnish). Accessed on 25 December 2021.</ref>

Vorkuta's population has dropped steadily since the fall of the Soviet Union, when mines were privatized and many people began moving farther south.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Many of the mines have been abandoned and by September 2020, the city's estimated population was only about 50,000.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A report in March 2021 described the villages in the area as "ghost towns" with many "abandoned structures".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History

In 1930, the geologist Georgy Chernov (1906–2009) discovered substantial coal fields by the river Vorkuta. Georgy Chernov's father, the geologist Alexander Chernov (1877–1963), promoted the development of the Pechora coal basin, which included the Vorkuta fields.<ref name=tour>"История Воркуты"Template:In lang(retrieved August 3, 2004)</ref><ref>"История Воркуты"Template:In lang(retrieved August 3, 2004)</ref> With this discovery the coal-mining industry started in the Komi ASSR. (At the time only the southern parts of the field were included in the Komi ASSR. The northern part, including Vorkuta, belonged to the Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast.) In 1931, a geologist settlement was established by the coal field, with most of the workers being inmates of the Ukhta-Pechora Camp of the GULAG (Ухтпечлаг, Ukhtpechlag).<ref name=tour/><ref>"Историческая справка. МО ГО "Воркута"" Template:WebarchiveTemplate:In lang (retrieved August 3, 2004)</ref>

Forced labour camp

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The origins of the town of Vorkuta are associated with Vorkutlag, one of the most notorious forced-labour camps of the Gulag. Vorkutlag was established in 1932 with the start of mining. It was the largest of the Gulag camps in European Russia and served as the administrative centre for a large number of smaller camps and subcamps, among them Kotlas, Pechora, and Izhma (modern Sosnogorsk). The Vorkuta uprising, a major rebellion by the camp inmates, occurred in 1953.

In 1941, Vorkuta and the labour camp system based around it were connected to the rest of the world by a prisoner-built rail line linking Konosha, Kotlas, and the camps of Inta. Town status was granted to Vorkuta on November 26, 1943.<ref name="tour" />

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with eight urban-type settlements (Komsomolsky, Mulda, Oktyabrsky, Promyshlenny, Severny, Vorgashor, Yeletsky, and Zapolyarny) and seven rural localities, incorporated as the town of republic significance of Vorkuta—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.<ref name="Law">Law #16-RZ</ref> As a municipal division, the town of republic significance of Vorkuta is incorporated as Vorkuta Urban Okrug.<ref name="Law-2">Law #11-RZ</ref>

Economy

By the early 21st century, many mines had closed as problems with the high costs of operation plagued the mine operators. Near the end of the 20th century there were labor actions in the area by miners; in the late '80s due to political changes,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and during the 1990s by those who had not been paid for a year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Transport

The town is served by Vorkuta Airport. During the Cold War, an Arctic Control Group forward staging base for strategic bombers was located at Vorkuta Sovetsky.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Climate

File:Vorkuta-kollege.jpg

Mining College in Vorkuta

Vorkuta has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with short cool summers and very cold, long, and snowy winters. The average February temperature is about Template:Convert, and in July it is about Template:Convert. Vorkuta's climate is influenced both by its distance from the North Atlantic and the proximity to the Arctic Ocean, bringing cold air in spring. This extends winters well into May and hinders the characteristic interior Russian summer warmth from reaching the city but for rare instances. In spite of this, Vorkuta has less severe winters than areas a lot further south in Siberia courtesy of the minor maritime moderation that reaches it. This also means that temperatures below Template:Convert have never been recorded in any winter month but December. During the winter, above-freezing temperatures are rare, but have occurred in all 12 months. With winters being humid, snowfall is a lot more common than in areas further east and a sizeable snow pack is built up each year. Due to the moderately warm summers, Vorkuta lies below the Arctic tree line.

The polar day in Vorkuta lasts from 30 May to 14 July, the polar night lasts from 17 December to 27 December.

Crumbling permafrost

Vorkuta lies on the edge of the continuous permafrost boundary in Russia, and scientists predict that continued warming could advance the border of continuous permafrost hundreds of miles northward, weakening the earth beneath the vast infrastructure built during the days of the Soviet Union's industrialization of the Arctic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:День оленевода 04.11.12 - panoramio (6).jpg

Vorkuta in 2012

Demographics

After peaking at 115,000 in 1989, Vorkuta experienced a steady population decline, with many parts of the town abandoned. By 2021, the population had declined by 50% to 57,000.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As of the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition of Vorkuta was:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Russians – 81.7%
• Ukrainians – 4.2%
• Kyrgyz – 2.4%
• Tatars – 1.7%
• Komi – 1.3%
• Azerbaijanis – 1.1%
• Others – 7.6%

According to the former head of the executive committee of the local branch of the United Russia party, Anton Glushkov, the city's population statistics are very different from the real state of affairs. According to him, "25,000 to 35,000 people" allegedly live in the municipality of the urban district of Vorkuta. The rest, in his opinion, are registered by registration but have already moved to the regions of Russia south of the Arctic Circle.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One way or another, Vorkuta is the leading city in the Komi Republic and Russia in terms of population reduction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Notable people

• Pavel Kulizhnikov, Multiple gold medalist in World and European championship speed skating, The youngest speed skater to win and world record holder for fastest 500m speed.
• Nikolay Punin, Husband of poet Anna Akhmatova. Art scholar, writer and editor of Russian magazine publications. Co-founder of Department of Iconography in the State Russian Museum.
• Andrei Nikolishin, National Hockey League player
• Bella Ratchinskaia, ballet choreographer

Miscellaneous

One of the largest coal mine disasters in Russia occurred at Vorkuta coal mine on 28 February 2016, when leaking methane gas ignited and killed 32 people, including 26 trapped miners who had been stranded by a similar explosion three days earlier that had killed four miners.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2021, Moscow-based photographer Maria Passer photographed abandoned scenes in Vorkuta as part of a photography project that also included the villages of Cementozavodsky and Severny.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

References

Sources

• Template:RussiaAdmMunRef
• Template:RussiaAdmMunRef
• Adapted from the article Vorkuta, from Wikinfo, licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.

External links

• The official website of Vorkuta Template:In lang
• Vorkutlag-Vorkuta. Double remembrance to the Soviet history of the city.
• Vorkuta. History Template:In lang
• First webcam Vorkuta overlooking the main street of the city Template:In lang
• Webcam Online
• Contemporary photographs of Vorkuta
  • Contemporary photographs of the city on the webpage of the local mine rescue association
  • 1996 photos of Vorkuta
  • Links to photos of Vorkuta and Usinsk, 1998 Template:Webarchive
  • Rusko 2005 – Galerie: Vorkuta Template:Webarchive Template:In lang
• Historical photographs
  • Gulag report - Vorkuta Template:Webarchive
  • Gulag settlement outside Vorkuta
• Other photographs
  • Wooden crosses of the German prisoners of the Gulag
  • Vorkuta coal mines
  • Places and mines - Vorkuta Template:In lang
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