World Data Center

The World Data Centre (WDC) system was created to archive and distribute data collected from the observational programmes of the 1957–1958 International Geophysical Year by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU).<ref>Korsmo, F. L. (2010) The Origins and Principles of the World Data Center system CODATA Data Science Journal, Volume 8</ref><ref>Dieminger, Walter; Hartmann, Gerd K. & Leitinger, Reinhart (1996) The World Data Center System, International Data Exchange, and New ICSU Programs The Upper Atmosphere Springer-Verlag pp 921–941</ref> The WDCs were funded and maintained by their host countries on behalf of the international science community.

Originally established in the United States (WDC A),<ref>World Data Center A Report on the U.S. Program for the International Geophysical Year (1965) IGY General Report #21 section XVII National Academies Press https://doi.org/10.17226/26118 pp785–812</ref> Soviet Union (WDC B),<ref>Lyubovtseva, Y. S., Gvishiani, A. D., Soloviev, A. A., Samokhina, O. O., and Krasnoperov, R. I. (2020) Sixtieth anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (1957–2017) – contribution of the Soviet Union History of Geo- and Space Sciences, 11, p157–171</ref> Europe and Japan (WDC C), the WDC system expanded to other countries and to new scientific disciplines.<ref>Aronova, Elena (2017) Geophysical Datascapes of the Cold War: Politics and Practices of the World Data Centers in the 1950s and 1960s Osiris Volume 32, Number 1</ref> The WDC system included up to 52 Centres in 15 countries, with some data centres replicating another.<ref>Strategic Committee on Information and Data ICSU 2008 p27–30</ref><ref>WDC List NOAA</ref> All data held in WDCs were available for the cost of copying and sending the requested information. In 1968 the ICSU Panel on World Data Centers (Geophysical, Solar, and Environmental) was established to coordinate activities and to establish operating criteria for the WDCs.<ref>ICSU (1987) Guide to the World Data Center System, Part 1, The World Data Centers</ref>

At the end of 2008, following the ICSU General Assembly in Maputo (Mozambique), the World Data Centres were reformed and a new ISC World Data System (WDS) established in 2009. Expanding on the 50-year heritage of the ICSU World Data Centre system (WDC) and the ICSU Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical data-analysis Services,<ref>Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research National Academies Press Template:ISBN 2018 p103</ref> most of the legacy data centers and services continued under the WDS.

List of World Data Centres and Services

Centre or Service	Acronym	Parent	Host	Nation	Year	Notes
International Gravimetric Bureau	BGI	IAG, CNES	Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées	France	1951	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
International Space Environment Service	ISES	Natural Resources Canada	Geomagnetic Laboratory	Canada	1956	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
International Service of Geomagnetic Indices	ISGI	IUGG	Observatory for Earth Sciences (EOST)	France	1956
Solar-Terrestrial Physics	STP	Russian Academy of Sciences	Geophysical Center	Russia	1956
		NOAA	National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)	USA	1957	<ref>WDC A Report Upper Atmosphere Geophysics NOAA 1971 p iv</ref> NBS 1957–1964, NGDC 1965–2015, NCEI
		NERC	Rutherford Appleton Laboratory	UK
		Bureau of Meteorology	IPS Radio and Space Services	Australia	2000	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
Airglow		Ministry of Education	National Astronomical Observatory of Japan	Japan	1957	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
Cosmic Rays	CR	Nagoya University	Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory	Japan	1957	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
		NOAA	National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)	USA	1957	University of Minnesota 1957–1966, Aeronomy and Space Data Center 1966–1972
Geomagnetism		Kyoto University	Geophysical Institute	Japan	1957	<ref>What is 'World Data Center'? Kyoto University</ref> INTERMAGNET
		NOAA	National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)	USA	1957	<ref>World Data System NOAA</ref> C&GS 1957–1964, NGDC 1965–2015
		NERC	British Geological Survey	UK	1966	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
		DTU Space	Danish Meteorological Institute	Denmark	1957	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
			Indian Institute of Geomagnetism	India	1971
Glaciology		NOAA	National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)	USA	1957	<ref>Barry, Roger G. and Gan, Thian Yew (2022) The Global Cryosphere p5, 103</ref> AGS 1957–1969, USGS 1970–1976
		University of Cambridge	Scott Polar Research Institute	UK	1957	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
		Chinese Academy of Sciences	Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CARD)	China	1988
Ionosphere			National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)	Japan	1957	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
Meteorology	MET	NOAA	National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)	USA	1957	<ref>World Data Centres WMO</ref> National Weather Records Center (NWRC) 1957–1967, NCDC 1967–2015, NCEI
		Chinese Academy of Sciences	National Meteorological Information Center	China	1988
			All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information	Russia
Oceanography		NOAA	National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC)	USA	1957	<ref>Moffat, Ronald (1998) WDC A Oceanography Catalogue of Data WDCA-OC-98-1 p1, 7, 26</ref> Texas A&M 1957–1961, NODC 1961–2015, NCEI
		State Oceanic Administration	National Marine Data and Information Service	China	1988
Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level	PSMSL		National Oceanography Centre (NOC)	UK	1957	formerly Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Liverpool
Rockets and Satellites		NASA	NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA)	USA	1957	<ref>About the World Data Center for Satellite Information NASA</ref> US National Academy of Sciences 1957–1968
Nuclear Radiation		Japan Meteorological Agency	Meteorological Research Institute	Japan	1957
Aurora		NOAA	National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)	USA	1957	Cornell University 1957–1967
			National Institute of Polar Research	Japan	1981	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
International Center for Earth Tides	ICET	University of French Polynesia	Tahiti Geodetic Observatory	France	1966	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
Soils		IUSS	International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC)	The Netherlands	1966
Solar Radio Emissions		National Astronomical Observatory of Japan	Nobeyama Solar Radio Observatory	Japan	1969
Tsunamis		NOAA	National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)	USA	1969	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
Space Science		JAXA	Institute of Space and Astronautical Science	Japan	1969
		Chinese Academy of Sciences	National Space Science Center	China	1988	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
Solid Earth Geophysics	SEG	NOAA	National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)	USA	1971	<ref>Directory of US Data Repositories Supporting the International Geodynamics Project NOAA 1978 pii</ref> NGDC 1971–2015, NCEI
		Chinese Academy of Sciences	Institute of Geology and Geophysics	China	1988
Astronomy		IAU, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)	Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS)	France	1972	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
		Chinese Academy of Sciences	Beijing Astronomical Observatory	China	1988
Rotation of the Earth			United States Naval Observatory (USNO)	USA	1972
Climate		University of Hamburg	Max Planck Institute for Meteorology	Germany	1975	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
Marine Geology and Geophysics		NOAA	National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)	USA	1975	<ref>NOAA (1990) The National Geophysical Data Center p77, 91</ref> NGDC 1975–2015, NCEI
Solar Activity			Observatoire de Meudon	France	1978
Atmospheric Trace Gases		Department of Energy	Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)	USA	1982	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
Sunspot Index & Solar Influences	SILSO, SIDC	IAU	Royal Observatory of Belgium	Belgium	1985	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
World Glacier Monitoring Service	WGMS	IUGG	University of Zurich	Switzerland	1986
Seismology		USGS	National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC)	USA	1986
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service	IERS		United States Naval Observatory (USNO)	USA	1988	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
Paleoclimatology		NOAA	National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)	USA	1989	NGDC 1989–2015, NCEI
International GNSS Service	IGS	IUGG	NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory	USA	1994	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
Human Interactions in the Environment		Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN)	NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC)	USA	1995
International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry	IVS	IUGG	NASA Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS)	USA	2001	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
Biodiversity and Ecology		USGS	Center for Biological Informatics	USA	2001
Marine Environmental Sciences	MARE	Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research	Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM)	Germany	2001	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}
Land Cover Data & Remotely Sensed Land Data		USGS	Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS)	USA	2002
Recent Crustal Movements		Institute of Geophysics	Geodetic Observatory Pecný	Czech Republic	2002–2006
Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere	RSAT	DLR	German Remote Sensing Data Centre (DFD)	Germany	2003	url}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:URL with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | 1 | 2 }}

See also

• CODATA
• International Polar Year
• WMO Global Atmosphere Watch World Data Centres
• data center

External links

• International Council for Science (ICSU)
• List of former WDCs