Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture

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}}Template:Main other Template:Infobox Chinese

The Yanbian Korean Autonomous PrefectureTemplate:Efn is an autonomous prefecture in the east of Jilin Province, China. Yanbian is bordered to the north by Heilongjiang Province, to the west by Jilin's Baishan City and Jilin City, to the south by North Korea's North Hamgyong Province, and to the east by Russia's Primorsky Krai. Yanbian is designated as a Korean autonomous prefecture due to the large number of Koreans (Chaoxianzu) living in the region. The prefectural capital is Yanji and the total area is Template:Convert.

The prefecture has an important Balhae archaeological siteTemplate:Sndthe Ancient Tombs at Longtou MountainTemplate:Sndwhich includes the Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo.

History

In the Ming dynasty, Yanbian was governed by the Jianzhou Guard ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and in the late Qing dynasty the area was divided into the Yanji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and Hunchun ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) subprefectures. From 1644 to 1800s, the Manchurian Qing state maintained a policy of disallowing Han Chinese immigration into traditionally Manchurian lands in order to ensure that the Manchu were not assimilated by the Han Chinese. However, this effort failed because of the trading and agricultural opportunities available to Han Chinese migrants in the northeast region which made it profitable to evade the rules, as well as later Qing relaxation of the same rules (Chuang Guandong) to discourage Russian encroachment. Thus, in the 19th century, Chinese immigrants migrated en masse from China proper to areas that were formerly off limits to Han Chinese migration.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the late 19th century, Korean immigrants migrated en masse from the Korean Peninsula to China. Korean (Joseon) migration into Northeast China began in significant numbers in the last quarter of the 19th century and was mainly motivated by economic hardship on the Korean side of the border. After the Japanese annexed Korea in 1910, a small but significant number of migrants also came to Manchuria for political reasons.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

After the foundation of the Republic of China, a second wave arrived. Of the 2 million ethnic Koreans in Manchuria at the time of the communist takeover, 1.2 million remained in the region after the end of World War II.Template:Citation needed Many participated in the Chinese Civil War, most on the side of the Chinese communists.

On the 3rd of September 1952, the Yanbian Autonomous Region was established.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This was the sixth of over 157 different administrative areas created in the 1950s for ethnic minorities in China.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In December 1955, Yanbian was 'administratively downgraded' to an Autonomous Prefecture<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> due to its 'insufficiently large' population.<ref name=":5" /> It now sits one level below the Jinlin provincial government which, despite containing many ethnic-majority counties, is a regional not an ethnic province.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite journal</ref>

During the Cultural Revolution, ethnic Koreans were killed and persecuted in Yanbian.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Many non-Han Chinese residents of Yanbian were suspected to be disloyal to the Chinese state, and subsequently beaten, killed, publicly humiliated, fired, exiled or imprisoned.<ref name=":4" />

Many Yanbianese Koreans died in the Korean Civil War. Of the Yanbianese fatalities, 90% were ethnic Koreans.<ref name=":3" />

In 1952, the Korean migrants comprised some 60% of the local population, but by 2000 that was down to 32%. The Chinese authorities subsidize Korean language schools and publications, but also take measures to prevent an emergence of Korean irredentism in the area.Template:Citation needed

In July 1982, national census data indicates there were around 1.8 million ethnic Koreans in China, the overwhelming majority of which (over 755,000) residing in Yanbian. The provincial capital, Yanji, was around 56% Korean, with the highest concentration situated in Longjing County, at a 65.1% majority. Overall, the area of Yanbian was reported to be 40.3% ethnically Korean.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>

From the late 1990s, the Chaoxianzu have assimilated into mainstream Chinese culture with increasing speed, often switching to daily use of Chinese and choosing to attend Chinese-language schools.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Geography

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }}

• Geographic coordinates: 41° 59' 47" – 44° 30' 42" N, 127° 27' 43" – 131° 18' 33" E
• Total border length: Template:Convert
  • With North Korea: Template:Convert
  • With Russia: Template:Convert

Mountains that are in the prefecture are:

• Changbai Mountains (central range)
• Zhangguangcai Range
• Harba Peak ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
• Peony Peak ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
• Old Master Peak ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
• Nangang Mountain Range ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})

There have been over 40 types of minerals and 50 kinds of metals – including gold, lead, zinc, copper, silver, manganese and mercury – discovered near or in the mountains.

The average land height is 500 metres above sea level.

Main rivers include:

• Songhua River
• Mudan River (Peony River)
• Tumen River
  • Gaya River (branch of the Tumen)
  • Hunchun River

The rivers sustain 28 running water processing facilities. They created basins, which are suitable for agricultural uses, like rice paddies and bean farms.

Politics

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }}

Structure

	File:Danghui.svg	File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg	File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg	File:Charter of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) logo.svg
Title	CCP Committee Secretary	People's Congress Chairman	Governor	Yanbian CPPCC Chairwoman
Name	Hua Jiafu	Zhang Taifan	Hong Gyeong	Kang Fang
Ethnicity	Han	Korean	Korean	Han
Born	Template:Birth year and age	Template:Birth year and age	Template:Birth year and age	Template:Birth year and age
Assumed office	June 2022	January 2022	November 2021	January 2022

Administrative divisions

The prefecture is subdivided into eight county-level divisions: six county-level cities and two counties:

Administrative divisions of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
Division code	Division	Area (km2)	Total population 2020	Seat	Postal code
222400	Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture	43,329.34	1,941,700	Yanji	133000
222401	Yanji City	1,722.24	686,136	Xinxing Subdistrict	133000
222402	Tumen City	1,140.50	85,248	Xiangshang Subdistrict	133100
222403	Dunhua City	11,787.76	392,486	Minzhu Subdistrict	133700
222404	Hunchun City	5,141.29	239,359	Henan Subdistrict	133300
222405	Longjing City	2,208.80	129,286	Anmin Subdistrict	133400
222406	Helong City	5,068.71	117,087	Wenhua Subdistrict	133500
222424	Wangqing County	8,825.81	167,911	Dachuan Subdistrict	133200
222426	Antu County	7,434.23	124,187	Jiulong Subdistrict	133600

Divisions in Chinese and Korean
English	Chinese	Pinyin	Chinese Korean transliteration
			Joseongeul	Revised	McCune
Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture	lang}}	Yánbiān Cháoxiǎnzú Zìzhìzhōu	lang}}	Yeonbyeon Joseonjok Jachiju	Yŏnbyŏn Chosŏnjok Chach'iju
Yanji City	lang}}	Yánjí Shì	lang}}	Yeongil-si	Yŏngil-si
Tumen City	lang}}	Túmén Shì	lang}}	Domun-si	Tomun-si
Dunhua City	lang}}	Dūnhuà Shì	lang}}	Donhwa-si	Tonhwa-si
Dunhua City	lang}}	Dūnhuà Shì	lang}}	Donhwa-si	Tonhwa-si
Hunchun City	lang}}	Húnchūn Shì	lang}}	Hunchun-si	Hunch’un-si
Longjing City	lang}}	Lóngjǐng Shì	lang}}	Ryongjeong-si	Ryongjŏng-si
Helong City	lang}}	Hélóng Shì	lang}}	Hwaryong-si	Hwaryong-si
Wangqing County	lang}}	Wāngqīng Xiàn	lang}}	Wangcheong-hyeon	Wangch’ŏng-hyŏn
Antu County	lang}}	Āntú Xiàn	lang}}	Ando-hyeon	Ando-hyŏn

The above counties and cities are divided into 642 villages ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).

Transportation

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Railways include:

• Chang-Tu Line ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
• Mu-Tu Line ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
• Chao-Kai Line ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
• Yangchuan-Shantun Line ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
• Jilin–Hunchun intercity railway (吉珲客运专线)

There are Template:Convert of public roads altogether. There are four airports.

Demographics

The total registered population in Yanbian at the end of 2022 was 2.015 million.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The urbanization rate was 69.6% in 2022.<ref name=":1" /> Between 1952 and 2002, Yanbian had among the highest rates of urbanization at 55.6%, 20 percentage points greater than the provincial average (31.3%) and 25 more than the national average (26.5%).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As of 2005, the overall sex ratio among Yanbian Koreans is relatively balanced at 99.1, going against the trend of sex-ratio imbalance across China, but significant differences emerge between urban and rural areas. Urban centers like Yanji show a lower sex ratio of 95.3, indicating more women than men, while rural counties have a higher ratio of 105.7, reflecting more men.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Ethnic composition

In 1881, numbers of ethnic Koreans in Yanbian were less than 10,000.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite book</ref> By 1910, this number had increased 10-fold. Template:R

In July 1982, national census data indicated that 1.8 million ethnic Koreans lived in China overall, with 755,000 in Yanbian alone.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> The proportion of ethnic Koreans in Yanbian Prefecture was reported as:

Population in Yanbian, 1982<ref name=":2" />

	Population	Koreans (%)
Yanji City	175,957	56.9
Tumen City	93,197	58.9
Longjing County	314,672	65.1
Helong County	241,600	60.3
Hunchun County	146,672	56.6
Wangqing County	264,475	34.0
Antu County	185,901	28.1
Dunhua County	449,030	5.3
Total	1,871,504	40.3

As of 2022, the population of Yanbian was predominantly Han, who were estimated to make up 60.2%, followed by Koreans at 35.5%, and Manchus at 3.6%.<ref name=":1" /> The ethnic composition according to the 2020 census:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Demographic Profile of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture

Ethnicity	Han	Korean	Manchu	Hui	Mongol	Miao	Tujia	Zhuang	Jingpo	Yi	Other
Population	1,222,373	597,426	54,292	5,530	4,532	349	248	219	214	168	1,350
%	65.79	30.77	2.80	0.28	0.23	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.07
% of ethnic minorities	–	89.93	8.17	0.83	0.68	0.05	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.20

As on the Korean peninsula, the most common surname among Yanbian Koreans is Kim (Jin [{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}] in Chinese). Template:Citation needed

Economy

The GDP of Yanbian was about Template:CNY (Template:US$) Template:As of. Its per capita for 2022 was Template:CNY (Template:US$).<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth Template:CNY (Template:US$), Template:CNY (Template:US$), and Template:CNY (Template:US$), respectively.<ref name=":0" />

Since the 1990s, Yanbian’s economy has transformed due to China’s market reforms and stronger ties with South Korea. After China normalized diplomatic relations with the South in 1992, Yanbian was exposed to South Korean investment, media, and consumer culture like never before. Many Joseonjok migrated to South Korea for work — a trend known as Hanggukbaram (Template:Korean). By 2011, money that Joseonjok migrants sent back home to Yanbian in the form of remittances reached $1 billion USD annually, making up one-third of Yanbian’s GDP. The economy also shifted from farming and industry to services and tourism, making Yanbian one of the wealthiest minority regions in China.<ref name=":5" />

Education

During the Japanese occupation of Manchuria and Korea, education for ethnic Koreans in Yanbian was tightly linked to anti-Japanese resistance movements. As such, the Japanese government sought to exert their own influence over Korean learners. In Yanbian specifically, by 1928 Japanese authorities managed to enroll around 6,056 students across 38 schools, while Korean-run Christian, religious, and private schools enrolled a comparable number - 5,386 students - across 137 schools. In the 1930s, the Japanese government was able to impose further crack-downs on Korean-run institutions, banning the use of the Korean language in education.<ref name=":3" />

Following the collapse of the Japanese empire, local Koreans in Yanbian had to rebuild Japanese schools, which were shut down or abandoned. In fact, in the years after the Japanese occupation fell, more pupils were enrolled in education in Yanbian than before. The number of primary schools had risen from 557 in 1944 to 647 in 1949, and student enrollment grew from 96,800 to 129,800 in the same period. Middle schools increased from 18 to 31, while the number of enrolled students nearly doubled from 6,700 to 13,797.<ref name=":3" />

In the late 1970s, there was a rapid expansion in the number of Korean schools in Yanbian. 96 new primary schools and 27 new middle schools were opened between 1976 and 1982.<ref name=":3" />

However, since the turn of the 20th century, enrollment in Korean schools in Yanbian has been declining. Attendees of Korean-language schools have significantly lower fluency rates in Mandarin Chinese, which inhibits socioeconomic mobility and cultural integration into wider Chinese society. Between 1996 and 2000, the number of Korean elementary schools in Yanbian fell from 256 to 183, and student enrollment was cut in half. Equally, attendence of Joseonjok at Han schools in Yanbian more than doubled between 1987 and 2000.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite journal</ref>

As of 2017, 303 in every 10,000 people in Yanbian hold university degrees, which is 2.13 times the national average.<ref name=":5" />

Colleges and universities:

• Yanbian University, which uses both Chinese and Korean as instruction mediums.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Yanbian University of Science and Technology<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

International schools:

• Yanbian International Academy<ref>"Where Are We?" (Archive). Yanbian International Academy. Retrieved on October 1, 2015. "Yanbian International Academy 2728B Chaoyang Street, Yanji City, Jilin Province China 133000[...]吉林省延吉市朝阳街2728B 外国人学校 中国 133000" - Google Maps has it listed as "Yanbian Waiguoren School"</ref>
• Korean International School in Yanbian<ref>Home page (Archive). Korean International School in Yanbian. Retrieved on January 10, 2016. "우) 133-000 中国　吉林省 延吉市 朝阳街 2728A 延边韩国国际学校"</ref>

Culture

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Both Mandarin Chinese and Chaoxianzu style Korean are used as official languages in Yanbian.

The Museum of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture was planned in 1960, and constructed in 1982. It contains over 10,000 exhibits, including 11 first-level artifacts.Template:Citation needed The exhibits' labels and explanations are bilingual in Korean and Chinese and tour guides are also available in both languages.

Tourism

File:延吉恐龙博物馆 9.jpg

Yanji Dinosaur Museum

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} There are seven public parks in Yanbian's green space (18% of whole prefecture), including:

• Yanji People's Park ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
• Youth Lake Park ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})

Also popular among locals during holidays and festivities.

• Paektu Mountain

Nature and environment

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Over 70% of the prefecture is forest, so there is a rich biodiversity.Template:Citation needed

• 1,460 species of native animals
• 250 species of native plants.

Sports

File:延吉体育场.jpg

Yanji Stadium

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture is an important region for Chinese football. Over 50 years, more than 40 footballers have been selected by the China national team.

The first professional football team in this prefecture is Jilin Three Stars Football Club. From 1994 to 2000, this club had played each year in the top Chinese football league. In 2000, they were relegated from the top league. Because of poor economic conditions the club was sold to Lucheng Group in Zhejiang Province.

Yanbian Longding plays in the 30,000-seater Yanji Stadium in China League One, the second tier of the Chinese football league system.

In 2016, Yanbian Football Club was sponsored by Shenzhen Funde Group (Template:Lang-zh) when they got the permission of Chinese Super League, since they acquired the 1st place in the Chinese Second League in 2015.

See also

• Changbai Korean Autonomous County
• Koreans in China

References

Sources

• Template:Cite book

Further reading

• Template:Cite journal

External links

• Official government website Template:In lang
• Official government Tourism website
• Yanbian Office in Korea Template:In lang
• Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture Template:Webarchive: by the Information Office of Jilin Provincial Government
• A map labeled in Chinese written in the list in the "Administration" section Template:Webarchive