Yeshua
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Yeshua (Template:LangxTemplate:Px2) was a common alternative form of the name Yehoshua (Template:Langx) in later books of the Hebrew Bible and among Jewish people of the Second Temple period. The name corresponds to the Greek spelling Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), from which, through the Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, comes the English spelling Jesus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Hebrew spelling Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) appears in some later books of the Hebrew Bible. Once for Joshua the son of Nun, and 28 times for Joshua the High Priest and other priests called Jeshua – although these same priests are also given the spelling Joshua in 11 further instances in the books of Haggai and Zechariah. It differs from the usual Hebrew Bible spelling of Joshua ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:TransliterationTemplate:Px2), found 218 times in the Hebrew Bible, in the absence of the consonant Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and placement of the semivowel Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) after, not before, the consonant Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). It also differs from the Hebrew spelling Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) which is found in Ben-Yehuda Dictionary and used in most secular contexts in Modern Hebrew to refer to Jesus, although the Hebrew spelling Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is generally used in translations of the New Testament into Hebrew<ref>Franz Delitzsch Hebrew New Testament, Matthew 1:1, BFBS 1877, Isaac Salkinsohn Hebrew New Testament Matthew 1:1, TBS 1891</ref> and used by Hebrew-speaking Christians in Israel. The name Yeshua is also used in Hebrew historical texts to refer to other Joshuas recorded in Greek texts such as Jesus ben Ananias and Jesus ben Sira.<ref>Robert E. Van Voorst Jesus outside the New Testament 2000 Template:ISBN p124 "This is likely an inference from the Talmud and other Jewish usage, where Jesus is called Yeshu, and other Jews with the same name are called by the fuller name Yehoshua, "Joshua""</ref>
In English, the name Yeshua is extensively used by followers of Messianic Judaism,<ref name=juice4jc-hq>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> whereas East Syriac Christian denominations use the name Template:Transliteration in order to preserve the Syriac name of Jesus.<ref name="Jennings">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 2004 film The Passion of the Christ, which was made in Aramaic, used Yeshua as the name of Jesus and is the most well-known western Christian work to have done so.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
EtymologyEdit
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The name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration (transliterated in the English Old Testament as Jeshua), is a late form of the Biblical Hebrew name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration (Joshua), and spelled with a Template:Transliteration in the second syllable. The Late Biblical Hebrew spellings for earlier names often contracted the theophoric element Template:Transliteration to Template:Transliteration. Thus, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration, contracted to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration.<ref name="Scripta Hierosolymitana"/>
Yeshua in Hebrew is a verbal derivative from "to rescue", "to deliver".<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite book</ref> Among the Jews of the Second Temple period, the Biblical Aramaic/Hebrew name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration was common: the Hebrew Bible mentions several individuals with this name – while also using their full name Joshua. This name is a feature of biblical books written in the post-Exilic period (Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles) and was found in the Dead Sea Scrolls, though Haggai and Zechariah prefer the spelling Joshua. Strong's Concordance connects the name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration, in the English form Jeshua (as used in multiple instances in Ezra, Nehemiah, and 1 and 2 Chronicles), with the verb "to deliver" (or, "to rescue").<ref name="ReferenceA"/> It is often translated as "He saves," to conform with Matthew 1:21:<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> "She will bear a Son; and you shall call His name Jesus, for He will save His people from their sins".<ref>"The New Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers 1990)</ref>
The name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} occurs in the Hebrew of the Old Testament at verses Ezra 2:2, 2:6, 2:36, 2:40, 3:2, 3:8, 3:9, 3:10, 3:18, 4:3, 8:33; Nehemiah 3:19, 7:7, 7:11, 7:39, 7:43, 8:7, 8:17, 9:4, 9:5, 11:26, 12:1, 12:7, 12:8, 12:10, 12:24, 12:26; 1 Chronicles 24:11; and 2 Chronicles 31:15, and also in Aramaic at Ezra 5:2. In Nehemiah 8:17 this name refers to Joshua son of Nun, the successor of Moses, as leader of the Israelites. In earlier English (where adaptations of names of Biblical figures were generally based on the Latin Vulgate forms), Yeshua was generally transcribed identically to "Jesus" in English.
The name Yehoshua has the form of a compound of "Yeho-" and "shua": Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is another form of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration, a theophoric element standing for the name of God, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (the Tetragrammaton YHWH, sometimes transcribed into English as Yahweh), and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration is a noun meaning "a cry for help", "a saving cry",<ref>"וֹשֻׁשׁוּעַ", Ernest Klein, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company 1987), where it means "a cry for help".</ref><ref>"וֹשֻׁשׁוּעַ", William L. Holladay, A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing 1971), where it means "a cry for help".</ref><ref>"שָׁוַע", M. Jastrow, Dictionary of the Talmud reprinted (Jerusalem: Khorev 1990), where שׁוֹשֻׁוּעַ is explained by the verb "to cry for help",</ref> that is to say, a shout given when in need of rescue.
Another explanation for the name Yehoshua is that it comes from the root {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration, meaning "to deliver, save, or rescue". According to the Book of Numbers verse 13:16, the name of Joshua, the son of Nun was originally Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), and the name Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is usually spelled the same but with a Template:Transliteration added at the beginning. "Hosheaʿ" certainly comes from the root {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration (in the Hif'il form the Template:Transliteration becomes a Template:Transliteration), and not from the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration.)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the 1st century, Philo of Alexandria, in a Greek exposition, offered this understanding of Moses's reason for the name change of the biblical hero Jehoshua/Joshua son of Nun from Hoshea (similar to Template:Transliteration, meaning "He rescued") to Yehoshua in commemoration of his salvation: "And {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} refers to salvation of the Lord" [{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or Template:Transliteration being the Greek form of the name] ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) (On the Change of Names 21.121).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Similarly, the Septuagint<ref>Template:Citation</ref> renders Ben Sira as saying (in the Greek form of the name): "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} the son of Naue [Yehoshua Ben Nun] who according to his name became great unto [the] salvation/deliverance of his chosen ones" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) (Ben Sira 46:1–2). However, Ben Sira originally wrote in Hebrew in the second century BC, and the only extant Hebrew manuscript for this passage has "in his days" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), not "according to his name" (which would be {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Hebrew),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and thus does not comment on the name Yehoshua as connoting {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "deliverance": "Yehoshua Ben Nun, who was formed to be in his days a great deliverer for his chosen ones" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).
Archaeological evidenceEdit
Tal Ilan's Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity (2002) includes for "Joshua" 85 examples of Hebrew Template:Transliteration, 15 of Template:Transliteration, and 48 examples of Template:Transliteration in Greek inscriptions," with only one Greek variant as Template:Transliteration.<ref>Buried Hope Or Risen Savior: The Search for the Jesus Tomb 2008 p81 Charles Quarles – 2008 "The distinction between the longer and shorter forms does not exist in Greek. The Greek Iesous (Ineous) was used to represent both Yehoshua' and Yeshua'. There are 48 instances of Iesous (Iesous and several eccentric spellings), "</ref> One ossuary of the around twenty known with the name Yeshua, Rahmani No.9, discovered by Ezra Sukenik in 1931, has "Yeshu... Yeshua ben Yosef." The "Yeshu..." may have been scratched out.<ref name="Witherington & Schanks">Template:Cite book Photo of the "Yeshu... Yeshua bar Yehosef" ossuary and dual inscription.</ref> Two Jewish magical incantation bowls have been discovered both bearing variant spellings of Yeshua.<ref>Incantation bowls in Montgomery and Moussaief/Levene 2002. See transcription in Bauckham essay in Quarles.</ref>
Apart from the "Yeshua... Yeshua ben Yosef" ossuary, the only other known evidence for the existence of a Yeshua form prior to the material related to Jesus in the Talmud, is a graffito which Joachim Jeremias identified in Bethesda in 1966, but which is now filled in.<ref>New Testament theology Joachim Jeremias – 1977 "... 1965, 284–93: 285; a graffito which I found in the south wall of the southern pool at Bethesda, now covered in, also read [y\fw ', see my: The Rediscovery of Bethesda, New Testament Archaeology Monograph No I, Louisville, Ky., 1966, ..."</ref>
PronunciationEdit
In Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), the Hebrew letter Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is vocalized with the Hebrew vowel Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, a 'long' e like the first syllable of "neighbor" but not diphthongized), rather than with a Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as Y'shua) or Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Yesh-shua). The final letter, Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is Template:IPAslink (a voiced pharyngeal sound not found in Greek or English), sometimes transcribed Template:Transliteration (Template:Transliteration). The final {{#invoke:IPA|main}} represents the "patach genuvah" ("furtive" patach), indicating that the consonant Template:Transliteration is pronounced after the a vowel, and the word's stress is moved to the middle syllable (the characteristics of the furtive patach can be seen in other words, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'spirit').<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Thus it is pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Modern Hebrew.
The Hebrew name of Jesus is probably pronounced Template:Transliteration, although this is uncertain and depends on the reconstruction of several ancient Hebrew dialects. Talshir suggests, even though Galileans tended to keep the traditional spelling for Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} with Template:Transliteration for {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, they still pronounced the name similarly to the Judeans, as 'Yeshua' {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, who tended to spell the name phonetically as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, perhaps reducing the name thus: {{#invoke:IPA|main}} > {{#invoke:IPA|main}} > {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, with the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} palatalizing (via dissimilation) before the {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Talshir 1998:374,376.</ref>
Qimron describes the general linguistic environment of Hebrew dialects by the time of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The articulation of the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (along with other guttural phonemes {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as well as approximants {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) lenited significantly.<ref>Elisha Qimron, The Hebrew Of The Dead Sea Scrolls, Scholars Press, Harvard Semitic Studies vol. 29, 1986:25.</ref> Thus Hebrew pronunciations became less stable when two successive vowels were no longer separated by a consonant {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The speakers optionally either reduced the two vowels to a single vowel or oppositely expanded them to emphasize each vowel separately, sometimes forming a furtive glide in between, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Qimron:26, 31–35.</ref> For example, the Dead Sea Scrolls spell the Hebrew word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, 'seen') variously, recording both pronunciations: reduced {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) and expanded {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}).<ref>Qimron:35.</ref>
The Hebrew name Yehoshua generally reduced to Yeshua, but an expanded Yehoshua is possible, especially in Galilee, whose traditional orthography possibly reflects this.
Original name for JesusEdit
The English name Jesus derives from the Late Latin name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which transliterates the Koine Greek name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Transliteration.
In the Septuagint and other Greek-language Jewish texts, such as the writings of Josephus and Philo of Alexandria, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration) is the standard Koine Greek form used to translate both of the Hebrew names: Yehoshua and Yeshua. The Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or Template:Transliteration is also used to represent the name of Joshua son of Nun in the New Testament passages Acts 7:45 and Hebrews 4:8. (It was even used in the Septuagint to translate the name Hoshea in one of the three verses where this referred to Joshua the son of Nun—Deuteronomy 32:44.)
During the second Temple period (beginning 538 BC–70 AD), Yeshua first became a known form of the name Yehoshua. All occurrences of Yeshua in the Hebrew Bible are in 1 Chronicles 24:11, 2 Chronicles 31:15, Ezra, and Nehemiah where it is transliterated into English as Jeshua. Two of these men (Joshua the son of Nun and Joshua the High Priest) are mentioned in other books of the Hebrew Bible where they are instead called Yehoshua <ref>Price, James D. Yehoshua, Yeshua or Yeshu; Which one is the name of Jesus in Hebrew?, accessed March 6, 2006.</ref> (transliterated into English as Joshua).
The earlier form Yehoshua did not disappear, however, and remained in use as well. In the post-exilic books, Joshua the son of Nun is called both Yeshua bin-Nun (Nehemiah 8:17) and Yehoshua (1 Chronicles 7:27). The short form Yeshua was used for Jesus ben Sirach in Hebrew fragments of the Wisdom of Sirach. (Some concern remains over whether these fragments faithfully represent the original Hebrew text or are instead a later translation back into Hebrew.)<ref>William Chomsky, Hebrew: The Eternal Language, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1957 p.140</ref> The earlier form Yehoshua saw revived usage from the Hasmonean period onwards, although the name Yeshua is still found in letters from the time of the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–135 AD).
In the documentary The Lost Tomb of Jesus, archeologist Amos Kloner stated that the name Yeshua was then a popular form of the name Yehoshua and was "one of the common names in the time of the Second Temple."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In discussing whether it was remarkable to find a tomb with the name of Jesus (the particular ossuary in question bears the inscription "Yehuda bar Yeshua"), he pointed out that the name had been found 71 times in burial caves from that time period.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Thus, both the full form Yehoshua and the abbreviated form Yeshua were in use during the Gospel period – and in relation to the same person, as in the Hebrew Bible references to Yehoshua/Yeshua son of Nun, and Yehoshua/Yeshua the high priest in the days of Ezra. An argument in favor of the Hebrew reduced form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration, as opposed to Yehoshua, is the Western Syriac language, in which the pronunciation is Yeshuʿ {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
East Syriac Template:TransliterationEdit
Aramaic and Classical Syriac render the pronunciation of the same letters as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The Aramaic Bibles and the Syriac Peshitta preserve these same spellings. Current scholarly consensus posits that the New Testament texts were translated from the Greek, but this theory is not supported directly at least by the name for Jesus, which is not a simple transliteration of the Greek form as would otherwise be expected, as Greek did not have a "sh" {{#invoke:IPA|main}} sound, and substituted {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; and likewise lacked and therefore omitted the final Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}). Moreover, Eusebius (early 4th century) reports that Papias of Hierapolis (early 2nd century) reports that Jesus's disciple Matthew the Evangelist wrote a gospel "in the Hebrew language". (Scholars typically argue the word "Hebrew" in the New Testament refers to Aramaic;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> however, others have attempted to refute this view.)<ref name="Buth & Pierce">Buth, Randall, and Pierce, Chad. "Ebraisti in Ancient Texts: Does Ἐβραϊστί ever Mean "Aramaic"?" Buth and Notley, ed., The Language Environment in First Century Judea. Brill, 2014.</ref> The Aramaic of the Peshitta does not distinguish between Joshua and Jesus, and the Lexicon of William Jennings gives the same form of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} for both names.<ref name="Jennings"/> The Hebrew final letter Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is equivalent to final {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Syriac varieties of Aramaic. It can be argued that Aramaic speakers who used this name had a continual connection to the Aramaic-speakers in communities founded by the apostles and other students of Jesus, thus independently preserved his historical name Yeshuuʿ and the Eastern dialectical Template:Transliteration. Those churches following the East Syriac Rite still preserve the name Template:Transliteration.
In the Talmud, only one reference is made to the spelling Yeshuaʿ, in verbatim quotation from the Hebrew Bible regarding Jeshua son of Jozadak (elsewhere called Joshua son of Josedech). The Talmud does refer to several people named Yehoshua from before (e.g. Joshua ben Perachyah) and after Jesus (e.g., Joshua ben Hananiah). In references to Jesus in the Talmud, however, where the name occurs, it is rendered Yeshu, which is a name reserved in Aramaic and Hebrew literature from the early medieval period until today, solely for Jesus, not for other Joshuas. Some scholars, such as Maier (1978), regard the two named "Yeshuʿ" texts in the Talmud (Sanhedrin 43a and 107b) to be later amendments, and not original.<ref>J. Maier Jesus von Nazareth 1978. G. Theissen, Historical Jesus. 1998. R. Voorst Jesus outside the New Testament 2000</ref>
Rabbinical commentary on the difference Yeshuʿ/YeshuaʿEdit
In general rabbinical sources, the name Yeshuʿ is used, and this is the form to which some named references to Jesus in the Talmud as Yeshu occur in some manuscripts of the Babylonian Talmud, though some scholars, such as Maier (1978) have argued that the presence of the name Yeshuʿ in these texts is a late interpolation. Some of the Hebrew sources referencing Yeshu include the Template:Transliteration, The Book of Nestor the Priest, Jacob ben Reuben's Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, the works of ibn Shaprut, Moses ha-Kohen de Tordesillas, and Hasdai Crescas.Template:Citation needed
The name Yeshu is unknown in archeological sources and inscriptions, except for one ossuary found in Israel which has an inscription where someone has started to write first "Yeshu.." and then written "Yeshuaʿ bar Yehosef" beneath it.<ref name="Witherington & Schanks"/> There are 24 other ossuaries to various Yeshuas and Yehoshuas. None of the others have Yeshu. All other "Joshuas" in the Talmud, rabbinical writings, modern Hebrew, are always Yeshua or Yehoshua. There are no undisputed examples of any Aramaic or Hebrew text where Yeshu refers to anyone else than Jesus.<ref>Jesus outside the New Testament p124 Robert E. Van Voorst – 2000 "This is likely an inference from the Talmud and other Jewish usage, where Jesus is called Yeshu, and other Jews with the same name are called by the fuller name Yehoshua, "Joshua" (e.g., b Sanh. 107b on p. "</ref>
Some of rabbinical sources comment on the reasons for the missing Template:Transliteration from Yeshu, as opposed to the Hebrew Bible Yeshuaʿ and Yehoshuaʿ. Leon Modena argues that it was Jesus himself who made his disciples remove the Template:Transliteration, and that therefore they cannot now restore it. (Modena was a 17th-century polemicist and does not have reliable linguistic evidence for the claim.) A tradition states that the shortening to Yeshu relates to the Y-SH-U of the Template:Transliteration, "may his name be obliterated."<ref>Michael H. Cohen A Friend of All Faiths – Page 42 – 2004 "In Hebrew school, one of my teachers had explained that Yeshu (Hebrew for Jesus), rather than meaning "Saviour," in fact was an acronym that stood for yimach shemo ve-zichrono: "may his name and memory be erased "</ref><ref>Proceedings: Volume 4 Aḳademyah ha-le'umit ha-Yiśre'elit le-mada'im – 1969 "Perhaps the most significant of these is the passage where instead of the printed 'that certain man' we find 'Jesus the Nazarene — may his name be obliterated' (thus also in a Genizah MS, British Museum, Or. 91842). "</ref> Against this David Flusser suggested that the name Yeshu itself was "in no way abusive," but "almost certainly" a Galilean dialect form of Yeshua.<ref>New Testament theology Joachim Jeremias – 1977 "... deliberate truncation made for anti-Christian motives; rather, it is 'almost certainly' (Flusser, Jesus, 13) the Galilean pronunciation of the name; the swallowing of the ʿayin was typical of the Galilean dialect (Billerbeck I 156f.</ref> But E.Y. Kutscher showed that the Template:Transliteration was still pronounced in Galilee, refuting a thesis by Paul Kahle.<ref>E.Y. Kutscher, Studies in Galilean Aramaic, 1976.</ref>