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Zhuhai

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ZhuhaiTemplate:Efn is a prefecture-level city located on the west bank of the Pearl River estuary on the central coast of southern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, on the southeastern edge of the Pearl River Delta. Its name literally means "pearl sea", which originates from the city's location at the mouth of the Pearl River meeting the South China Sea. Zhuhai borders Jiangmen to the west, Zhongshan to the north and Macau to the southeast, and shares maritime boundaries with Shenzhen and Hong Kong to the northeast across the estuary.

Zhuhai was one of the original four Special Economic Zones established in 1980, as well as one of China's premier tourist destinations, being called the Chinese Riviera. While the city is located in the traditionally Cantonese-speaking province of Guangdong, a significant portion of the population is now made up of Mandarin-speaking economic migrants originally from inland provinces.

The core of Zhuhai, Xiangzhou District along with Macao are in the northeastern portion of the administrative division and are part of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, the biggest built-up area in the world with more than 65,565,622 inhabitants as of the 2020 census, encompassing Shenzhen, Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan, Macau, the main part of Guangzhou, and small parts of Jiangmen and Huizhou cities but with Hong Kong not quite conurbated yet.

According to a report released in 2014 by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Zhuhai is the most liveable city in China.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Zhuhai is classified as a Medium-Port Metropolis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

HistoryEdit

Zhuhai has had a long history in the development of the exhibition industry in China. Zhuhai was the first permanent motor racing facility in China and has become a centre for the local racing scene, as well as a semi-regular fixture on the international racing circuit, including the Zhuhai Special Economic Zone.

PopulationEdit

The population of Zhuhai has experienced steady growth from 2014 to 2023. In 2014, the city's population was approximately 1.51 million, which increased to about 2.49 million by the end of 2023.

  • 2014: 1.51 million
  • 2015: 1.54 million
  • 2016: 1.57 million
  • 2017: 1.60 million
  • 2018: 1.64 million
  • 2019: 1.67 million
  • 2020: 2.44 million
  • 2021: 2.47 million
  • 2022: 2.48 million
  • 2023: 2.49 million<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GeographyEdit

Zhuhai borders the Macau Special Administrative Region (north and west),<ref name=":132">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp and is Template:Convert southwest of Guangzhou. Its territory has Template:Convert of coastline and 217 islands, of which 147 are over 500 square metres in area.<ref name="isl">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The islands within the prefecture-level city of Zhuhai include a number of near-shore islands, often connected to the mainland by bridges or causeways (such as Hengqin, Qi'ao, or Yeli Islands), as well as some islands in the open South China Sea (the Wanshan Archipelago). Some of the latter are actually geographically closer to Hong Kong than to the Zhuhai mainland. The jurisdiction of Nei Lingding Island, located in the Pearl River estuary was transferred from Zhuhai to Shenzhen in 2009.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

ClimateEdit

Despite being located within the tropics, Zhuhai has a humid subtropical climate affected by the East Asian Monsoon (Koppen classification Cwa) and moderated by the South China Sea, with long, hot and humid summers with frequent thunderstorms, and short, mild and dry winters. Average highs in January and July are Template:Convert respectively. Snowfalls are unknown and a frost has never been recorded in the city centre. Conversely, extreme heat waves do not occur as they do further inland. Being named one of the most liveable cities in China, real estate is robust here. Residents from the mainland, especially those from the North, will buy homes and spend their winters in Zhuhai. Template:Weather box

EconomyEdit

In 1980 the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) announced that the city of Zhuhai would be one of four special economic zones. Those doing business in the SEZ are eligible for a range of incentives provided by the PRC.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Zhuhai became a city in 1979, a year before it was designated as one of the first Special Economic Zones of China (SEZ). Similarly to neighbouring Shenzhen, which became the first Special Economic Zone of China in 1978, the implementation of Zhuhai as an SEZ was largely due to its strategic position adjacent to Macau, a capitalist trading center similar to Shenzhen's position with Hong Kong.

The establishment of Zhuhai as an SEZ allowed the Chinese Central Government and economy to have easier access to the Macau and consequently, global market. As a result, Zhuhai is now a major city in the Pearl River Delta region according to the new general urban plan approved by the State Council. The implementation of Special Economy Zone intended for the city to become a key port city, science and education city, scenic and tourism city, and as a regional hub for transportation.

The outstanding geographic location, a wide range of supporting infrastructure and a deep-water port serve as a major attraction for foreign capital. Utilized foreign investment reached US$10.344 billion in 2008. Among the top 500 enterprises worldwide, 19 of them have investment projects in Zhuhai such as ExxonMobil, BP, Siemens, Carrefour and Matsushita.

Manufacturing industriesEdit

File:The Group of Meizu.jpg
Meizu

Industrial development in Zhuhai focuses on five new high-tech and heavy industries including electronics, computer software, biotechnology and pharmacy, machinery and equipment as well as petrochemical industries. Aiming to strengthen the existing industrial base as well as to provide a better environment for the development of new high-tech industries, the local government has taken the initiative in developing five economic zones:

Zhuhai High-Tech Industrial Development ZoneEdit

As one of the four earliest Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in China, Zhuhai SEZ was set up in the year 1980 and granted with a local legislative right. Zhuhai hi-tech zone is located in the north of Zhuhai, which is very close to downtown. Furthermore, technological resources are centralized in this zone. There is also a huge development in hi-tech industries led by the software and IC industries. The hi-tech zone is the showcase for Zhuhai's scientific development.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Meizu is one high tech product headquartered in Zhuhai.

Zhuhai Free Trade ZoneEdit

Zhuhai Free Trade Zone (Zhuhai FTZ) was founded in 1996 with the State Council's approval, occupying Template:Cvt. A Zhuhai FTZ Administrative Committee was set up in June 1997. By the end of 2006 there had been over 200 companies registered in the Free Trade Zone, including more than 150 foreign-funded enterprises, and the total investment amount was one billion US dollars. Industries encouraged in the zone include electronics assembly and manufacturing, telecommunications equipment, building/construction materials, instruments and industrial equipment production, medical equipment and supplies, raw material processing, research and development, shipping/warehousing/logistics, and heavy industry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Wanshan ocean development testing zoneEdit

The Wanshan archipelago is located in one of the major fishing areas of China and is core to the Wanshan ocean development testing zone. However, Perna viridis, a species of green mussel, was found to be contaminated by HCHs, DDTs, and PCBs.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Hengqin economic development zoneEdit

In April 2023 the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has published for the Hengqin economic development zone a list of industries that are illegible for investment policies, including income tax benefits for workers. The stated aim of the investment policy is to integrate Macao with key industries in the Pearl River Delta.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Global printer consumables manufacturing centreEdit

Zhuhai manufactured and supplied 70 per cent of the world's ribbons, 60 per cent of the world's aftermarket inkjet cartridges and 20 percent of the world's third-party laser toner cartridges. Their combined sales were worth more than 1.3 billion US dollars or 10 percent of all the sales in the world. Zhuhai owns a comprehensive supply chain and almost any of the raw materials needed by the printer consumables industry can be provided locally.

AdministrationEdit

The prefecture-level city of Zhuhai administers three county-level divisions and four special economic districts, all of which are districts.

Administrative divisions of Zhuhai

Template:Image label begin Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label Template:Image label end

Division code<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

English name Chinese Pinyin Area in km2<ref>Template:Cite book, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}</ref> Population 2010<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Seat Postal code Divisions<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Subdistricts Towns Residential communities Administrative villages
440400 Zhuhai City Template:Nobold Zhūhǎi Shì 1724.32 1,562,530 Xiangzhou District 519000 10 15 189 122
440402 Xiangzhou District * lang}} Xiāngzhōu Qū 550.84 892,685 Meihua Subdistrict 519000 9 6 141 7
440403 Doumen District lang}} Dǒumén Qū 613.88 415,882 Jing'an Town 519100 1 5 23 101
440404 Jinwan District * lang}} Jīnwān Qū 559.60 253,963 Hongqi Town 519100 4 25 14
  Hengqin New Area lang}} Héngqín Xīnqū 106.46 Hengqin Town 519030
  Wanshan Marine
Development Experimental Zone 		lang}} Wànshān Hǎiyáng Kāifā Shìyànqū 80.00 Wanshan Town 519000
  Zhuhai National Hi-Tech
Industrial Development District 		lang}} Zhūhǎi Guójiā Gāoxīn Jìshù Chǎnyè Kāifāqū 130.00 Tangjiawan Town 519080
  Zhuhai Gaolanggang
Port Economic Zone 		lang}} Zhūhǎi Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqū 380.00 Nanshui Town 519050
* — The stats includes the subordinated zones.
All zones are management areas; not administrative divisions registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs.
* – Hengqin New Area, Wanshan Marine Zone, and Hi-Tech Industrial Development District are subordinate to Xiangzhou
* – Port Economic Zone are subordinate to Jinwan
File:Zhuhai-panorama-Jida.jpg
lang}})

TransportationEdit

File:Zhuhai Airport exterior.jpg
Zhuhai Jinwan Airport
File:Gongbei gate.JPG
Gongbei Port
File:Zhuhai Railway Station.jpg
Zhuhai Railway Station

AirportsEdit

  • Zhuhai Jinwan Airport Template:Airport codes, formerly Zhuhai Sanzao Airport, an international airport connecting all provincial capital cities in Mainland China (except Xining and Lhasa) and many other major cities, hosting an annual air show and an exhibition hall, with Chinese space rockets located in Jinwan District.
  • Template:Ill ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), verbally "Jiuzhou Heliport ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})")<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Airport codes, is located in Xiangzhou district, near the Jiuzhou harbour, and has short plane runway and a helipad. Its place inside Jiuzhou inner district, permits quick transport of injured people from surrounding islands to the city hospitals. China Southern Airlines offer sightseeing flights and charters to drilling stations in South China Sea using Sikorsky S-76 helicopters via this airport as well. They used to fly to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport from this airport using Cessna C208 Caravan as well, but the route was discontinued. Zhuhai also is served by airports outside:

|CitationClass=web }} – "Land to Air" discusses procedures for Gongbei, and at "Air to Sea": "Our professional team will deliver your baggage directly to the Macau Maritime Ferry Terminal/Pac On Pier, or Hengqin Border at Mainland." refers to Lotus Bridge which is at Hengqin.</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since its inauguration in September 2018, Zhuhai residents can reach HKG via Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge.

Zhuhai residents may also use Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport Template:Airport codes and travel there by bus or ferry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

RailwayEdit

Zhuhai Railway Station is located at the western end of Gongbei Port of Entry and Portas do Cerco at the border of Zhuhai and Macau. There are frequent high speed trains to Guangzhou, Guilin, Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and other main cities in China. The intercity railway between Zhuhai Gongbei and Zhuhai Jinwan International Airport is under construction. It is expected to be opened to Hengqin in November 2019, and the whole project will be completed in 2024. It will take only 30 minutes to commute from urban district to the airport using the completed line.

Zhuhai also has a tram network, with the first phase of Line 1 completed in 2014. In 2017, Line 1 began service to the public. The trams ceased running in January 2021 due to frequent power issues and low patronage.

SeaEdit

Zhuhai is known for its good climate and good air quality. Endowed with a long coastline, it is the only city on the western Pearl River Delta with natural deep-water ports.Template:Citation needed

Zhuhai has two international seaports: Jiuzhou (Template:Lang-zh) and Gaolan (Template:Lang-zh). Gaolan Port is one of the leading ports in Guangdong province, while Jiuzhou Port focuses on heavy passenger sea transport.Template:Citation needed

Chu Kong Passenger Transport operates a ferry service between Zhuhai's Jiuzhou Port, Hong Kong and Shekou Passenger Terminal, in the Nanshan District of Shenzhen. A service between Jiuzhou Port and Hong Kong International Airport for air passengers using the airport began on 10 July 2007.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

RoadEdit

Zhuhai is currently served by two major Chinese national expressways: File:China Expwy G94 sign with name.svg G94 Pearl River Delta Ring Expressway

  • The G94 Pearl River Delta Ring Expressway, which will form a beltway surrounding the Guangzhou metropolitan area when completed, currently connects Zhuhai to the Sanshui District of Foshan. In 2018 the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge opened, reducing the travel time by road from Zhuhai to Hong Kong in approximately 40 minutes. G94 was extended to follow this bridge, with sections currently under construction connecting the bridge to the Zhuhai-Foshan section.

File:China Expwy G0425 sign with name.svg G0425 Guangzhou–Macau Expressway

  • A spur route of the mainline G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway, G0425 directly links Guangzhou to Zhuhai (and thus, Macau). It has a concurrency with G94 for several kilometres. Heavy traffic between Zhuhai and Macau has led to the construction of a new cross-border corridor, the Lotus Bridge, built in November 1999 to divert traffic away from the congested Gongbei Port of Entry (Portas do Cerco). G0425 currently ends in Zhuhai at Zhuhai Avenue, pending an extension to the Lotus Bridge via Hengqin island.

Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau BridgeEdit

This bridge was first proposed by Gordon Wu and contemplated by stakeholders, municipal governments in the Pearl River Delta, the provincial government of Guangdong, and the central government of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Before the government handover of Hong Kong, the British government also considered plans for a bridge. After 1997 the commercial interests of Hong Kong prompted the local government to consider the plans as well.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On 24 October 2018, the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge (HZMB) was opened.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The bridge connects to Zhuhai via a small island of reclaimed land near the city's eastern coast, northeast of Macau.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

TourismEdit

File:Zhuhai-fishing-port-0693.jpg
Xiangzhou fishing harbour, with the forested Yeli Island in the horizon

Zhuhai and the surrounding landscapes were developed into an industrial output zone in the 1980s. Prior to that, Zhuhai generated economic development on the basis of tourism, benefiting from the comfortable subtropical climate. Zhuhai enjoys the reputation of a coastal garden city. When environmental pollution from the manufacturing industries threatened the quality of life, Zhuhai introduced strict environmental laws and hired engineers from Singapore to assist the city with urban planning.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Remote view of Jintai Temple dllu.jpg
Jintai Temple in Doumen, a tourist attraction rebuilt in the 1990s on the site of a historical temple complex.

Realizing the benefits brought by tourism, the local government is expanding tourist destinations and is developing new spots such as Hengqin (Template:Lang-zh), Dong'ao (Template:Lang-zh), Hebao (Template:Lang-zh), Qi'ao (Template:Lang-zh) and Yeli (Template:Lang-zh).

Exhibitions and conferencesEdit

Zhuhai hosts the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition biannually in November. It is the largest Air Show in China and a huge tourist attraction.

New Yuan Ming PalaceEdit

The New Yuan Ming Palace (Template:Lang-zh) is a park of Template:Convert, including an Template:Cvt lake. It features a partial reconstruction of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing which was destroyed during the Second Opium War and was never rebuilt on its original site.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>

  • The New Yuan Ming Palace in Zhuhai
  • New Yuan Ming Palace in Zhuhai 03.JPG
  • New Yuan Ming Palace in Zhuhai 04.JPG
  • New Yuan Ming Palace in Zhuhai 20.JPG
  • New Yuan Ming Palace in Zhuhai 29.JPG

Coast of Xianglu Bay—Fisher Girl StatueEdit

File:Zhuhai Fisher Girl statue dllu.jpg
Zhuhai Fisher Girl in Xianglu Bay

The coast of Xianglu Bay is considered the "symbol" of Zhuhai, offering a scenic view of Pearl River Delta with silt-rich water, rocks, and a beach. The famous landmark of the city, Zhuhai Fisher Girl, stands elegantly on a boulder in Xianglu Bay; the statue is draped by a fishnet and holds a pearl high in the air with both hands up to the sky, symbolising a vigorous and lively Zhuhai welcoming visitors from all over the world. It was erected in 1982 by Pan He, a professor from the Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts, and is Template:Convert tall and composed of 70 pieces of granite. Visitors can view the statue up close from a boardwalk on the shore.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The statue was based on a local legend, in which the daughter of the celestial Dragon King visited the Pearl River delta, became a fisherwoman, and married a mortal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

EducationEdit

Colleges and universitiesEdit

A number of other colleges and universities are also located in or near Zhuhai. Beijing Normal University Zhuhai Campus was created as a new model university. Besides its high quality of education, it is more internationally oriented than many universities in China. Many students here prepare to go abroad to finish their junior and senior years.

Primary and secondary educationEdit

Despite the shortage of higher education, Zhuhai government has been paying a lot of attention to primary and secondary education. Since the autumn of 2007, students with local household registration are provided with twelve years of free education through primary and secondary school.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

As a result, there are many famous high schools in Zhuhai. Zhuhai No.1 High School (ZH1Z) is one of the most competitive high schools in Guangdong Province, and also a member of the Guangdong "Six Schools Union".

Dulwich International High School Zhuhai, QSI International School of Zhuhai, and Zhuhai International School serve expatriates and/or use foreign educational systems.

Supplementary schoolsEdit

Template:Nihongo is a supplementary school for overseas Japanese in Zhuhai.<ref name="GZc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It holds classes at QSI School.<ref name="Asianschools">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sports facilitiesEdit

Zhuhai is the first city in China to have constructed a motor racing circuit. The Zhuhai International Circuit was built in 1996 and is located at Jinding, near the border to Zhongshan. ZIC has held the BPR Global GT Endurance Series in 1996, the FIA GT Championship in 1997, 1999, 2004 and 2005. It hosted the championship's 2007 opening round on 24 and 25 March. ZIC had planned to host a round of the Champ Car World Series on 20 May 2007, but agreement was not reached. ZIC held an A1GP race in 2007 for the first time in series' history. ZIC became the first venue in China to host the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup on 7 November 2010 when the 2010 1000 km of Zhuhai was staged.

Zhuhai has also a new tennis center which hosts WTA Elite Trophy, the last tournament of the year for players that are in the top 20 but did not qualify to WTA Finals.

There is the Zhuhai Stadium that is used for football matches.

Notable peopleEdit

Notable peopleEdit

Mayors and CPC Committee SecretariesEdit

MayorsEdit

Names In office Life–death
Wu Jianmin January 1979 – June 1984 1921–2015
Liang Guangda June 1984 – October 1995 1935–
Huang Longyun October 1995 – October 2000 1951–
Fang Xuan October 2000 – August 2002 1954–
Wang Shunsheng August 2002 – January 2007 1949–
Zhong Shijian January 2007 – October 2011 1956–
He Ningka October 2011 – January 2015 1959–
Jiang Ling January 2015 – January 2016 1964–
Vacant January 2016 – May 2016 N/A
Zheng Renhao April 2016 – March 2017Template:Efn 1968–
Li Zezhong March 2017 – September 2017 1970–
Yao Yisheng September 2017 – May 2021 1965–
Huang Zhihao May 2021 – December 2024Template:Efn 1970–
Wu Zetong December 2024 -Template:Efn 1980 -
Sources:<ref name="Mayor">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> <ref>Template:Cite news</ref> <ref>Template:Cite news</ref> <ref>Template:Cite news</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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}}</ref> <ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>

CPC Committee SecretariesEdit

Names In office Life–death
Wu Jianmin January 1979 – February 1984 1921–2015
Fang Bao February 1984 – January 1987 1931–
Liang Guangda January 1987 – September 1998 1935–
Huang Longyun October 1998 – August 2002 1951–
Fang Xuan August 2002 – August 2005 1954–
Deng Weilong August 2005 – March 2008 1950–
Gan Lin March 2008 – February 2012 1963–
Li Jia February 2012 – March 2016 1964–
Guo Yuanqiang March 2016 – January 2018 1965–
Guo Yonghang February 2018 – November 2021Template:Efn 1965–
Lü Yuyin November 2021 – June 2023 1970–
Vancant June 2023 – September 2023 N/A
Chen Yong September 2023 – 1974–
Sources:<ref name="Mayor" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Sister citiesEdit

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

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