Ziziphus
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Ziziphus Template:IPAc-en<ref>Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607</ref> is a genus of spiny shrubs and small trees in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae. It includes 68 species native to tropical and subtropical Africa, Eurasia, and Australia and tropical South America.<ref name = powo/> The leaves are alternate, entire, with three prominent basal veins, and often aromatic. The flowers are small, inconspicuous yellow-green. The fruit is an edible drupe, often very sweet and sugary, reminiscent of a date in texture and flavour.
Well known species include the commonly cultivated Ziziphus jujuba (jujube), Ziziphus spina-christi from southwestern Asia, Ziziphus lotus from the Mediterranean region, and ber (Ziziphus mauritiana), which is found from western Africa to India.
EtymologyEdit
The generic name is derived via classical Latin from Hellenistic Greek, where it is presumed to have been borrowed from another language, perhaps from zizfum or zizafun, the Persian word for Z. lotus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
EcologyEdit
Ziziphus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bucculatrix zizyphella, which feeds exclusively on the genus, and Endoclita malabaricus.
Species are distributed throughout the world in tropical and warm temperate areas, from rain forests to deserts. Some species are evergreen, others are winter or drought deciduous.
Species adapted to dry climates are smaller and have oleifera cells that produce a fragrant aroma.
UsesEdit
{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} The temperate Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese jujube) and the tropical Ziziphus mauritiana (Indian Jujube) are economically important fruit trees.
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), suan zao ren (Ziziphus jujuba) is considered to be sweet and sour in taste, and neutral in action. It is believed to nourish the heart yin, augment the liver blood, and calm the spirit (TCM medical terms).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is used to treat irritability, insomnia and heart palpitations.
MythologyEdit
The mythological lotus tree which occurs in Homer's Odyssey is often equated with Z. lotus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Islamic mythological lote tree of Seventh Heaven, the Sidrat al-Muntaha is often equated with either Ziziphus spina-christi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SpeciesEdit
68 species are accepted.<ref name = powo/> Template:Div col
- Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst. ex A.Rich. – dry zones of tropical Africa
- Ziziphus affinis Template:Small
- Ziziphus andamanica Template:Small
- Ziziphus angustifolia Template:Small
- Ziziphus apetala Hook.f. ex M.A.Lawson
- Ziziphus attopensis Pierre
- Ziziphus borneensis Template:Small
- Ziziphus brunoniana Template:Small
- Ziziphus budhensis Bhattarai & Pathak – Central Nepal
- Ziziphus calophylla Template:Small
- Ziziphus cambodiana Template:Small – Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
- Ziziphus colombiana Template:Small
- Ziziphus cotinifolia Reissek
- Ziziphus crebrivenosa Template:Small
- Ziziphus cumingiana Template:Small
- Ziziphus djamuensis Template:Small
- Ziziphus elegans Template:Small
- Ziziphus fungii Merr.
- Ziziphus funiculosa Buch.-Ham. ex M.A.Lawson
- Ziziphus glabrata Template:Small
- Ziziphus globularis Template:Small
- Ziziphus guaranitica Malme
- Ziziphus hajarensis Duling, Ghaz. & Prend.
- Ziziphus hamur Template:Small
- Ziziphus havilandii Template:Small
- Ziziphus hoaensis Template:Small
- Ziziphus horrida Roth
- Ziziphus horsfieldii Template:Small
- Ziziphus hutchinsonii Template:Small – Philippines
- Ziziphus incurva Roxb.
- Ziziphus javanensis Blume
- Ziziphus jujuba Mill. – Jujube
- Ziziphus kunstleri Template:Small
- Ziziphus laui Merr.
- Ziziphus leucodermis Template:Small
- Ziziphus linnaei Template:Small
- Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. – Mediterranean region
- Ziziphus mairei Dode
- Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. – widespread through Old World tropics and subtropics
- Ziziphus melastomoides Pittier
- Ziziphus montana W.W.Smith
- Ziziphus mucronata Willd. buffalo thorn – southern Africa
- Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. – Thar Desert of India and Pakistan
- Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill.
- Ziziphus otanesii Template:Small
- Ziziphus oxyphylla Edgew.
- Ziziphus papuana Template:Small
- Ziziphus pernettyoides Template:Small
- Ziziphus poilanei Tardieu
- Ziziphus pubescens Template:Small
- Ziziphus pubinervis Rehder
- Ziziphus quadrilocularis F.Muell. – northern Australia
- Ziziphus ridleyana Template:Small
- Ziziphus rivularis Template:Small
- Ziziphus robertsoniana Template:Small
- Ziziphus rubiginosa Template:Small
- Ziziphus rugosa Template:Small
- Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.
- Ziziphus subquinquenervia Template:Small
- Ziziphus suluensis Template:Small
- Ziziphus talanae (Blanco) Merr. – Philippines
- Ziziphus timoriensis Template:Small
- Ziziphus trinervis (Cav.) Poir.
- Ziziphus truncata Blatt. & Hallb.
- Ziziphus williamii Bhandari & Bhansali
- Ziziphus xiangchengensis Y.L.Chen & P.K.Chou
- Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd.
- Ziziphus zeyheriana Template:Small
Other list sources:<ref name=ipni>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=GRINSpecies>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=fb>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=foc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=colc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:Dead link</ref><ref name=rbge>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ITIS">{{#if:28594 | {{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon
| url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28594 | title = Ziziphus | publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System }}
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Formerly placed hereEdit
- Condaliopsis obtusifolia Template:Small – Lotebush (as Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. ex Torr. & A.Gray) A.Gray)
- Pseudoziziphus celata Template:Small (as Ziziphus celata Judd & Hall)
- Pseudoziziphus parryi Template:Small – Parry's Jujube (as Ziziphus parryi Torr.)
- Sarcomphalus mistol Template:Small (as Ziziphus mistol Griseb.)
- Ziziphus lloydi A.Gray
Fossil speciesEdit
- † Ziziphus hyperboreus Heer (Greenland, Eocene fossil)
- † Ziziphus wyomingianis Berry (Tipperary, Wind River Basin Wyoming, USA, Eocene fossil)<ref name=USGS165>Template:Cite book</ref>
- † = Extinct
GalleryEdit
- Ziziphus zizyphus foliage.jpg
Ziziphus jujuba foliage
- Ziziphus jujuba MS 2461.JPG
Dried fruits (azufaifas) in southern Spain of Ziziphus jujuba
- Azufaifas (fcm).jpg
Azufaifas from Almería
- Indian jujube (fruit).jpg
- Ziziphus oenoplia W IMG 3626.jpg
Ziziphus oenoplia in Shamirpet, Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Ziziphus oenoplia W2 IMG 3624.jpg
Ziziphus oenoplia in Shamirpet, Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Ziziphus spina-Christi.jpg
- Ziziphus caracutta syn Z xylopyra (Ghatbor) in Vanasthalipuram, Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9259.jpg
Ziziphus xylopyrus in Hyderabad, India
- Ziziphus caracutta syn Z xylopyra (Ghatbor) in Vanasthalipuram, Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9256.jpg
Ziziphus xylopyrus in Hyderabad, India
- Ziziphus caracutta syn Z xylopyra (Ghatbor) in Vanasthalipuram, Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9255.jpg
Ziziphus xylopyrus in Hyderabad, India
- Iran Zizyphus.JPG
Persian Zizyphus in Iran
- شکوفه درخت کنار، بهبهان.jpg
Ziziphus blossom in Behbahan, Iran
- میوه درخت کنار، بهبهان.jpg
Ziziphus fruit, Behbahan, Iran
ReferencesEdit
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