C. V. Raman

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (Template:Langx; Template:IPAc-en;<ref>"Raman effect" Template:Webarchive. Collins English Dictionary.</ref> 7 November 1888Template:Spaced ndash21 November 1970) was an Indian physicist<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> known for his work in the field of light scattering.<ref name="frs"> Template:Cite journal</ref> Using a spectrograph that he developed, he and his student K. S. Krishnan discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, the deflected light changes its wavelength. This phenomenon, a hitherto unknown type of scattering of light, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. In 1930, Raman received the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery and was the first Asian and non-White to receive a Nobel Prize in any branch of science.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, completing his secondary and higher secondary education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the age of 11 and 13, respectively. He topped the bachelor's degree examination of the University of Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at age 16. His first research paper, on diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while he was still a graduate student. The next year he obtained a master's degree. He joined the Indian Finance Service in Calcutta as Assistant Accountant General at age 19. There he became acquainted with the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), the first research institute in India, which allowed him to carry out independent research and where he made his major contributions in acoustics and optics.

In 1917, he was appointed the first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at the Rajabazar Science College under the University of Calcutta. On his first trip to Europe, seeing the Mediterranean Sea motivated him to identify the prevailing explanation for the blue colour of the sea at the time, namely the reflected Rayleigh-scattered light from the sky, as being incorrect. He founded the Indian Journal of Physics in 1926. He moved to Bangalore in 1933 to become the first Indian director of the Indian Institute of Science. He founded the Indian Academy of Sciences the same year. He established the Raman Research Institute in 1948 where he worked to his last days.

The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February 1928. The day is celebrated annually by the Government of India as the National Science Day.

Early life and education

Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Presidency of British India (now Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India) to Tamil Iyer Brahmin parents,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was the second of eight siblings.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2019">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His father was a teacher at a local high school, and earned a modest income. He recalled: "I was born with a copper spoon in my mouth. At my birth my father was earning the magnificent salary of ten rupees per month!"<ref name="Jayaraman-1989a">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1892, his family moved to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh as his father was appointed to the faculty of physics at Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College.<ref name="Clark-2013">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Raman was educated at the St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He passed matriculation at age 11 and the First Examination in Arts examination (equivalent to today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with a scholarship at age 13,<ref name="Hindustan Times-2019" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> securing first position in both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

In 1902, Raman joined Presidency College in Madras (now Chennai) where his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.<ref>This Month in Physics History February 1928: Raman scattering discovered Template:Webarchive APS News Archives February 2009 vol.18 no.2</ref> In 1904, he obtained a B.A. degree from the University of Madras, where he stood first and won the gold medals in physics and English.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> At age 18, while still a graduate student, he published his first scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture" in the British journal Philosophical Magazine in 1906.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He earned an M.A. degree from the same university with highest distinction in 1907.<ref name="Nobel Laureates">The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 Sir Venkata Raman Template:Webarchive, Official Nobel prize biography, nobelprize.org</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His second paper published in the same journal that year was on surface tension of liquids.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It was alongside Lord Rayleigh's paper on the sensitivity of ear to sound,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and from which Lord Rayleigh started to communicate with Raman, courteously addressing him as Professor.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b">Template:Citation</ref>

Aware of Raman's capacity, his physics teacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted he continue research in England. Jones arranged for Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Raman often had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."<ref name="Jayaraman-1989e">Template:Cite book</ref> The inspection revealed that he would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,<ref name="Clark-2013" /> the incident of which he later recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that I was going to die of tuberculosis... if I were to go to England."<ref name="SinghR-2002">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Career

Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the prestigious Indian government service, Indian Finance Service (now Indian Audit and Accounts Service).<ref name="Jayaraman-1989c">Template:Cite book</ref> Raman followed suit and qualified for the Indian Finance Service achieving first position in the entrance examination in February 1907.<ref name="Banerjee-2014">Template:Cite journal</ref> He was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Accountant General in June 1907.<ref name="Clark-2013" />

He was highly impressed by the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta, the first research institute founded in India in 1876.<ref name="SinghR-2002" /> He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually become his lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son and secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive member of the IACS and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta). With their support, he obtained permission to conduct research at IACS in his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> Up to that time the institute had not yet recruited regular researchers,<ref name="Biwas-2010">Template:Cite book</ref> or produced any research paper.<ref name="Clark-2013" /> Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in Nature in 1907 became the first from the institute.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The work inspired IACS to publish a journal, Bulletin of Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

In 1909, Raman was transferred to Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up the position of currency officer. After only a few months, he had to return to Madras as his father died from an illness. The subsequent death of his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain there for the rest of the year.<ref name="Basu-2016">Template:Cite book</ref> Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India at Nagpur, Maharashtra, in 1910.<ref name="Sciences1988">Template:Cite book</ref> Even before he served a year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.<ref name="Basu-2016" />

From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars under Raman at IACS. Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Director General of Observatories of India Meteorological Department), a PhD scholar under Ganesh Prasad, was his first student.<ref name="Mukherji-2018a">Template:Cite book</ref> From the next year, other universities followed suit including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Institute of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath College, and University of Madras. By 1919, Raman had guided more than a dozen students.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Following Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions at IACS, Honorary Professor and Honorary Secretary.<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> He referred to this period as the "golden era" of his life.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Raman was chosen by the University of Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a position established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913. The university senate made the appointment on 30 January 1914, as recorded in the meeting minutes:

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{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected to by some members of the Senate of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as he had no PhD and had never studied abroad. As a kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an honorary DSc which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. The same year he visited Oxford to deliver a lecture at the Congress of Universities of the British Empire.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He had earned quite a reputation by then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J. J. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.<ref name="ACS-2015">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Upon his election as Fellow of the Royal Society in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his future plans, which he replied, saying, "The Nobel Prize of course."<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> In 1926, he established the Indian Journal of Physics and acted as the first editor.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The second volume of the journal published his famous article "A new radiation", reporting the discovery of the Raman effect.<ref name="Raman-1928">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Jayaraman-1989d">Template:Cite book</ref>

Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Professor in 1932. Following his appointment as Director of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore, he left Calcutta in 1933.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam of Hyderabad, had contributed the lands and funds for the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. The Viceroy of India, Lord Minto approved the establishment in 1909, and the British government appointed its first director, Morris Travers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Raman became the fourth director and the first Indian director. During his tenure at IISc, he recruited G. N. Ramachandran, who later went on to become a distinguished X-ray crystallographer. He founded the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934 and started publishing the academy's journal Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Chemical Sciences, and Journal of Earth System Science).<ref name="ACS-2015" /> Around that time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had initiated early in 1917.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

With his former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943.<ref name="Parameswaran-2011">Template:Cite book</ref> The company, renamed as TCM Limited in 1996, was one of the first organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1947, Raman was appointed the first National Professor by the new government of independent India.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" />

Scientific contributions

File:Raman energy levels.svg

Energy level diagram showing the states involved in Raman signal

File:Nobel ceremony 1930.jpg

Raman at the 1930 Nobel Prize Award Ceremony with other winners, from left C. V. Raman (physics), Hans Fischer (chemistry), Karl Landsteiner (medicine) and Sinclair Lewis (literature)

Musical sound

One of Raman's interests was on the scientific basis of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, the book he came across when he joined IACS.<ref name="Banerjee-2014" /> He published his findings prolifically between 1916 and 1921. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed string instruments based on superposition of velocities. One of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone in violins and cellos.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He studied the acoustics of various violin and related instruments, including Indian stringed instruments,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and water splashes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He even performed what he called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Raman also studied the uniqueness of Indian drums.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> His analyses of the harmonic nature of the sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He wrote a critical research on vibrations of the pianoforte string that was known as Kaufmann's theory.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> During his brief visit of England in 1921, he managed to study how sound travels in the Whispring Gallery of the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> His work on acoustics was an important prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works on optics and quantum mechanics.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Blue color of the sea

Raman, in his broadening venture on optics, started to investigate scattering of light starting in 1919.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> His first phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the blue color of seawater. During a voyage home from England on board the S.S. Narkunda in September 1921, he contemplated the blue color of the Mediterranean Sea. Using simple optical equipment, a pocket-sized spectroscope and a Nicol prism in hand, he studied the sea water.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Of several hypotheses on the colour of the sea propounded at the time,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the best explanation had been that of Lord Rayleigh's in 1910, according to which, "The much admired dark blue of the deep sea has nothing to do with the color of water, but is simply the blue of the sky seen by reflection".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Rayleigh had correctly described the nature of the blue sky by a phenomenon now known as Rayleigh scattering,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the scattering of light and refraction by particles in the atmosphere.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> His explanation of the blue colour of water was instinctively accepted as correct. Raman could view the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the influence of sunlight reflected by the surface. He described how the sea appears even more blue than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.<ref name="Nature1921">Template:Cite journal</ref>

As soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished an article "The colour of the sea" that was published in the November 1921 issue of Nature. He noted that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by a simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).<ref name="Nature1921" /> As he thought:

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Title page to Raman's Molecular Diffraction of Light (1922)

When he reached Calcutta, he asked his student K. R. Ramanathan, who was from the University of Rangoon, to conduct further research at IACS.<ref name="Mallik-2000">Template:Cite journal</ref> By early 1922, Raman came to a conclusion, as he reported in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London:

It is proposed in this paper to urge an entirely different view, that in this phenomenon, as in the parallel case of the colour of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed luminosity and in great measure also its colour. As a necessary preliminary to the discussion, a theoretical calculation and experimental observations of the intensity of molecular scattering in water will be presented.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Raman effect

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Background

Raman's second important discovery on the scattering of light was a new type of radiation, an eponymous phenomenon called the Raman effect.<ref name="Singh-2018" /> After discovering the nature of light scattering that caused blue colour of water, he focused on the principle behind the phenomenon. His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of other light rays formed in addition to the incident ray when sunlight was filtered through a violet glass in certain liquids and solids. Ramanathan believed that this was a case of a "trace of fluorescence."<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> In 1925, K. S. Krishnan, a new Research Associate, noted the theoretical background for the existence of an additional scattering line beside the usual polarised elastic scattering when light scatters through liquid.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He referred to the phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> But the theoretical attempts to justify the phenomenon were quite futile for the next two years.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The major impetus was the discovery of Compton effect. Arthur Compton at Washington University in St. Louis had found evidence in 1923 that electromagnetic waves can also be described as particles.<ref name="Compton effect">Template:Cite journal</ref> By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As the news of Compton's Nobel Prize in Physics was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:

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{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}But the origin of the inspiration went further. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman effect two years later."<ref name="Banerjee-2014" /> The Toronto debate was about the discussion on the existence of light quantum at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting held at Toronto in 1924. There Compton presented his experimental findings, which William Duane of Harvard University argued with his own with evidence that light was a wave.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good debater, but the truth isn't in you."<ref name="Banerjee-2014" />

The scattering experiments

File:1928 Benzene Raman Spectrum.png

An early Raman spectrum of benzene published by Raman and Krishnan<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Krishnan started the experiment in the beginning of January 1928.<ref name="Mallik-2000" /> On 7 January, he discovered that no matter what kind of pure liquid he used, it always produced polarised fluorescence within the visible spectrum of light. As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never observed such phenomenon all those years.<ref name="Mallik-2000" /> That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon as "modified scattering" with reference to the Compton effect as an unmodified scattering. On 16 February, they sent a manuscript to Nature titled "A new type of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the modified scattering separate from the incident light. Due to difficulty in measuring the wavelengths of light, they had been relying on visual observation of the colour produced from sunlight through prism. Raman had invented a type of spectrograph for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.<ref name="ACS-2015" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Referring to the invention, Raman later remarked, "When I got my Nobel Prize, I had spent hardly 200 rupees on my equipment,"<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> although it was obvious that his total expenditure for the entire experiment was much more than that.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> From that moment they could employ the instrument using monochromatic light from a mercury arc lamp which penetrated transparent material and was allowed to fall on a spectrograph to record its spectrum. The lines of scattering could now be measured and photographed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="b1">Venkataraman, G. (1988) Journey into Light: Life and Science of C. V. Raman. Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Announcement

The same day, Raman made the announcement before the press. The Associated Press of India reported it the next day, on 29 February, as "New theory of radiation: Prof. Raman's Discovery."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It ran the story as:

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{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}The news was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 March under the headline "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Raman submitted a three-paragraph report of the discovery on 8 March to Nature and was published on 21 April.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The actual data was sent to the same journal on 22 March and was published on 5 May.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Raman presented the formal and detailed description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of the South Indian Science Association in Bangalore on 16 March. His lecture was published in the Indian Journal of Physics on 31 March.<ref name="Raman-1928" /> A thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in different countries on that day.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989d" />

Reception and outcome

Some physicists, particularly French and German physicists were initially sceptical of the authenticity of the discovery. Georg Joos at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena asked Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich, "Do you think that Raman's work on the optical Compton effect in liquids is reliable?... The sharpness of the scattered lines in liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to reproduce the experiment, but failed.<ref name="Singh-2008">Template:Cite journal</ref> On 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the University of Berlin was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully. He was the first to coin the terms Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts in his articles published the following months.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Use of the English versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="SinghR-2002" /><ref name="Brand-1989">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In addition to being a new phenomenon itself, the Raman effect was one of the earliest proofs of the quantum nature of light. Robert W. Wood at the Johns Hopkins University was the first American to confirm the Raman effect in early 1929.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He made a series of experimental verification, after which he commented, saying, "It appears to me that this very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long and patient study of the phenomenon of light scattering is one of the most convincing proofs of the quantum theory".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The field of Raman spectroscopy came to be based on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford, President of the Royal Society, referred to it in his presentation of the Hughes Medal to Raman in 1930 as "among the best three or four discoveries in experimental physics in the last decade".<ref name="Ramdas-1973" />

Raman was confident that he would win the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was disappointed when the Nobel Prize went to Owen Richardson in 1928 and to Louis de Broglie in 1929. He was so confident of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in November. He would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it did not carry the news.<ref name="Venkataraman-1995">Template:Citation</ref> He did eventually win that year.<ref name="Nobel-2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Later work

Raman had association with the Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi. He attended the foundation ceremony of BHU<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and delivered lectures on mathematics and "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series organised at the university from 5 to 8 February 1916.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He also held the position of permanent visiting professor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the spin of photons in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum nature of light.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Brand-1989" /> With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the correct theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by sound waves) in a series of articles resulting in the celebrated Raman–Nath theory.<ref>C. V. Raman, N. S. Nagendra Nath, "The diffraction of light by high-frequency sound waves. Part I" Template:Webarchive, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1935</ref> Modulators, and switching systems based on this effect have enabled optical communication components based on laser systems.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Other investigations he carried out included experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and those on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published between 1935 and 1942.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 1948, through studying the spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, he approached the fundamental problems of crystal dynamics in a new manner.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He dealt with the structure and properties of diamond from 1944 to 1968,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the structure and optical behaviour of numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> pearly feldspar,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> agate,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> quartz,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> opal,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and pearl in the early 1950s.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, and electrical and magnetic anisotropy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> His last interests in the 1960s were on biological properties such as the colours of flowers and the physiology of human vision.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Personal life

Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of S. Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of Sea Customs at Madras, in 1907.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989c" /> The wedding day is popularly recorded as on 6 May,<ref>Raman, Sir (Chandrashekhara) Venkata. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 6 October 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014.</ref><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> revealed a factual date of 2 June 1907.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was a self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (Sources are contradicting on her age as her birth year is specified as 1892,<ref name="SinghR-2002" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> which would make her about 15 years of age; but Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> corroborated by her obituary in Current Science that mentioned her age as 86 on her death on 22 May 1980.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>) His wife later jokingly recounted that their marriage was not so much about her musical prowess (she was playing veena when they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave to its married officers."<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /> The extra allowance refers to an additional INR 150 for married officers at the time.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989c" /> Soon after they moved to Calcutta in 1907, the couple were accused of converting to Christianity. It was because they frequently visited St. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church music and Raman with the acoustics.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" />

They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, a radio astronomer. Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal collection of stones, minerals, and materials with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his world travels and as gifts.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> He often carried a small, handheld spectroscope to study specimens.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> These, along with his spectrograph, are on display at IISc.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Lord Rutherford was instrumental in some of Raman's most pivotal moments in life. He nominated Raman for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, presented him the Hughes Medal as President of the Royal Society in 1930, and recommended him for the position of Director at IISc in 1932.<ref name="Clark-2013" />

Raman had a sense of obsession with the Nobel Prize. In a speech at the University of Calcutta, he said, "I'm not flattered by the honour [Fellowship to the Royal Society in 1924] done to me. This is a small achievement. If there is anything that I aspire for, it is the Nobel Prize. You will find that I get that in five years."<ref name="Satyan-2003">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He knew that if he were to receive the Nobel Prize, he could not wait for the announcement of the Nobel Committee normally made towards the end of the year considering the time required to reach Sweden by sea route.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> With confidence, he booked two tickets, one for his wife, for a steamship to Stockholm in July 1930.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Soon after he received the Nobel Prize, he was asked in an interview the possible consequences if he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have shared the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not have liked that; I would rather receive the whole of it."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Religious views

Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was openly an agnostic,<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013b">Template:Cite journal</ref> but objected to being labelled atheist.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989e"/> His agnosticism was largely influenced by that of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Herbert Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Robert G. Ingersoll.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He resented Hindu traditional rituals<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988" /> but did not give them up in family circles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was also influenced by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath and a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire. Though it was not customary to wear turbans in South Indian culture, he explained his habit as, "Oh, if I did not wear one, my head will swell. You all praise me so much and I need a turban to contain my ego."<ref name="Banerjee-2014" /> He even attributed his turban for the recognition he received on his first visit to England, particular from J. J. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /> In a public speech, he once said,

There is no Heaven, no Swarga, no Hell, no rebirth, no reincarnation and no immortality. The only thing that is true is that a man is born, he lives and he dies. Therefore, he should live his life properly.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}In a friendly meeting with Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the conversation turned to religion. Raman spoke,

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{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}On his deathbed, he said to his wife, "I believe only in the Spirit of Man," and asked for his funeral, "Just a clean and simple cremation for me, no mumbo-jumbo please."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988" />

Death

At the end of October 1970, Raman had a cardiac arrest and collapsed in his laboratory. He was moved to the hospital where doctors diagnosed his condition and declared that he would not survive for another four hours.<ref name="Kulkarni-2015">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He however survived a few days and requested to stay in the gardens of his institute surrounded by his followers and fans.<ref name="IndianAcadSci-1988">Template:Cite book</ref>

Two days before Raman died, he told one of his former students, "Do not allow the journals of the Academy to die, for they are the sensitive indicators of the quality of science being done in the country and whether science is taking root in it or not."<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /> That evening, Raman met with the Board of Management of his institute in his bedroom and discussed with them the fate of the institute's management.<ref name="IndianAcadSci-1988" /> He also willed his wife to perform a simple cremation without any rituals upon his death. He died from natural causes early the next morning on 21 November 1970 at the age of 82.<ref name="Kulkarni-2015" />

With the news of Raman's death, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi publicly announced, saying,

The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of us will mourn the death of Dr. C. V. Raman. He was the greatest scientist of modern India and one of the greatest intellects our country has produced in its long history. His mind was like the diamond, which he studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing light upon the nature of lights, and the world honoured him in many ways for the new knowledge which he won for science.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Controversies

The Nobel Prize

Independent discovery

In 1928, Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam at the Moscow State University independently discovered the Raman effect. They published their findings in July issue of Naturwissenschaften,<ref name="Landsberg-1928">Template:Cite journal</ref> and presented their findings at the Sixth Congress of the Russian Association of Physicists held at Saratov between 5 and 16 August.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1930, they were nominated for the Nobel Prize alongside Raman. According to the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not come to an independent interpretation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed the effect only in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan observed it in solids, liquids and gases, and therefore proved the universal nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning the intensity of Raman and infrared lines in the spectra had been explained during the previous year; (4) the Raman method had been applied with great success in different fields of molecular physics; and (5) the Raman effect had effectively helped to check the symmetry properties of molecules, and thus the problems concerning nuclear spin in atomic physics.<ref name="Riess-2001" />

The Nobel Committee proposed only Raman's name to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize.<ref name="Riess-2001">Template:Cite journal</ref> Evidence later appeared that the Russians had discovered the phenomenon earlier, a week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> According to Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson), the Russian had observed the spectral line on 21 February 1928.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Role of Krishnan

Krishnan was not nominated for the Nobel Prize even though he was the main researcher in discovering the Raman effect.<ref name="Singh-2008" /> He alone first noted the new scattering.<ref name="Mallik-2000" /> Krishnan co-authored all the scientific papers on the discovery in 1928 except two. He alone wrote all the follow-up studies.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Krishnan himself never claimed himself worthy of the prize.<ref name="Ramaseshan-1998">Template:Cite journal</ref> But Raman admitted later that Krishnan was the co-discoverer.<ref name="Singh-2008" /> He however remained openly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which the latter described as "the greatest tragedy of my life."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1998" /> After Krishnan's death, Raman said to a correspondent from The Times of India, "Krishnan was the greatest charlatan I have known, and all his life he masqueraded in the cloak of another man's discovery."<ref name="WaliBiography">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

The Raman–Born controversy

From October 1933 to March 1934, Max Born was employed by IISc as Reader in Theoretical Physics following the invitation by Raman early in 1933.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Born at the time was a refugee from Nazi Germany and temporarily employed at St John's College, Cambridge.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Since the beginning of the 20th century Born had developed a theory on lattice dynamics based on thermal properties.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He presented his theory in one of his lectures at IISc. By then Raman had developed a different theory and claimed that Born's theory contradicted the experimental data.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> Their debate lasted for decades.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In this dispute, Born received support from most physicists,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> as his view was proven to be a better explanation.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> Raman's theory was generally regarded as having partial relevance.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Beyond the intellectual debate, their rivalry extended to personal and social levels. Born later said that Raman probably thought of him as an "enemy."<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> Despite the mounting evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to concede. As the editor of Current Science he rejected articles that supported Born's theory.<ref name="Earunan-2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Born was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize specifically for his contributions to lattice theory, and eventually won it for his statistical works on quantum mechanics in 1954. The account was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Indian authorities

Raman had an aversion to the then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and Nehru's policies on science. In one instance he smashed the bust of Nehru on the floor. In another, he shattered his Bharat Ratna medallion to pieces with a hammer, as it was given to him by the Nehru government.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Malhotra-2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He publicly ridiculed Nehru when the latter visited the Raman Research Institute in 1948. There they displayed a piece of gold and copper against an ultraviolet light. Nehru was tricked into believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any other metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Prime Minister, everything that glitters is not gold."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On the same occasion Nehru, offered Raman financial assistance to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this to become another government laboratory."<ref name="Kulkarni-2015" /> Raman was particularly against the control of research programmes by the government such as in the establishment of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).<ref name="Earunan-2018" /><ref name="Srikanth-2017">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He remained hostile to people associated with these establishments including Homi J. Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and his once favourite student, Krishnan. He even called such programmes as the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1959, Raman proposed to establish another research institute in Madras. The Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds from the central government. But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then the Minister for Finance Education in Madras, that his proposal to Nehru's government "would be met with a refusal." So ended the plan.<ref name="Srikanth-2017" />

Raman described AICC authorities as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just kept on discussing issues without action. As to problems of food resources in India, his advice to the government was, "We must stop breeding like pigs and the matter will solve itself."<ref name="Satyan-2003" />

Indian Academy of Sciences

The Indian Academy of Sciences was born out of conflicts during the procedures of the proposal for a national scientific organization in line with the Royal Society.<ref name="Balaram-2009">Template:Cite journalTemplate:Dead link</ref> In 1933, the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), at the time the largest scientific organization, planned to establish a national science body, which would be authorized to advise the government on scientific matters.<ref name="Parameswaran-1999">Template:Cite book</ref> Sir Richard Gregory, then editor of Nature, on his visit to India had suggested Raman, as editor of Current Science, to establish an Indian Academy of Sciences. Raman thought that it should be an exclusively Indian membership as opposed to the general consensus that British members should be included. He resolved "How can India Science prosper under the tutelage of an academy which has its own council of 30, 15 of who are Britishers of whom only two or three are fit enough to be its Fellows." On 1 April 1933, he convened a separate meeting of the South Indian scientists. He and Subba Rao officially resigned from ISCA.<ref name="Govil-2010">Template:Cite book</ref>

Raman registered the new organization as the Indian Academy of Sciences on 24 April to the Registrar of Societies.<ref name="Parameswaran-1999" /> It was a provisional name to be changed to the Royal Society of India after approval from the Royal Charter. The Government of India did not recognize it as an official national scientific body, as such the ICSA created a separate organization named the National Institute of Sciences of India on 7 January 1935 (but again changed to the Indian National Science Academy in 1970).<ref name="Govil-2010" /> INSA had been led by the foremost rivals of Raman including Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.<ref name="Balaram-2009" />

Indian Institute of Science

Raman had a great fallout with the authorities at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). He was accused of biased development in physics while ignoring other fields.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> He lacked diplomatic personality with other colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, his nephew and later Director of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like a bull in a china shop."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988">Template:Cite journal</ref> He wanted research in physics at the level of those of western institutes, but at the expense of other fields of science.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> Max Born observed, "Raman found a sleepy place where very little work was being done by a number of extremely well–paid people."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988" /> At the Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor in the Electrical Technology Department, harshly criticized Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born. Raman had every intention of giving the full position of professor to Born.<ref name="Banerjee-2014"/> Aston even made a personal attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected by his own country, a renegade and therefore a second-rate scientist unfit to be part of the faculty, much less to be the head of the department of physics."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The Council of IISc constituted a review committee to oversee Raman's conduct in January 1936. The committee, chaired by James Irvine, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of St Andrews, reported in March that Raman had misused the funds and entirely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research in physics, and also that the proposal of Born as Professor of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by the Council in November 1935) was not financially feasible.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> The Council offered Raman two choices, either to resign from the institute with effect from 1 April or resign as the Director and continue as Professor of physics; if he did not make the choice, he was to be fired. Raman was inclined to take up the second choice.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The Royal Society

Raman never seemed to have thought highly of the Fellowship of the Royal Society.<ref name="Satyan-2003" /> He tendered his resignation as a Fellow on 9 March 1968, which the Council of the Royal Society accepted on 4 April. However, the exact reason was not documented.<ref name="Singh-2002">Template:Cite journal</ref> One reason could be Raman's objection to the designation "British subjects" as one of the categories of the Fellows. Particularly after the Independence of India, the Royal Society had its own disputes on this matter.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The London Times had once made a list of the Fellows, in which Raman was omitted. Raman wrote to and demanded an explanation from Patrick Blackett, the then President of the society. He was dejected by Blackett's response that the society had no role in the newspaper.Template:R According to Krishnan, another cause was a disapproving review Raman received on a manuscript he had submitted to the Proceedings of the Royal Society. It could have been these cumulative factors as Raman wrote in his resignation letter, and said, "I have taken this decision after careful consideration of all the circumstances of the case. I would request that my resignation be accepted and my name removed from the list of the Fellows of the Society."<ref name="Singh-2002" />

Honours and awards

File:CV Raman bust BITM.JPG

Bust of Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in the garden of Birla Industrial & Technological Museum

Raman was honored with many honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. Within India, apart from being the founder and President of the Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> he was a Fellow of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (FASB),<ref name="INSA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and from 1943, a Foundation Fellow of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (FIAS).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1935, he was appointed a Foundation Fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (FNI, now the Indian National Science Academy.<ref name="INSA"/>Template:RefnTemplate:Refn He was a member of the Deutsche Akademie of Munich, the Swiss Physical Society of Zürich, the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, the Royal Irish Academy, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Optical Society of America (Honorary Member), the Mineralogical Society of America, the Romanian Academy of Sciences, the Catgut Acoustical Society of America and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1924, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.<ref name="frs" /> However, he resigned from the fellowship in 1968 for unrecorded reasons, the only Indian FRS ever to do so.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

He was the President of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929. He was the founder and President of the Indian Academy of Sciences from 1933 until his death.<ref name="Venkataraman-1995" /> He was member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1961.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b" />

Awards

• In 1912, Raman received the Curzon Research Award, while still working in the Indian Finance Service.<ref name="Basu-2016b">Template:Cite book</ref>
• In 1913, he received the Woodburn Research Medal, while still working in the Indian Finance Service.<ref name="Basu-2016b" />
• In 1928, he received the Matteucci Medal from the Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze in Rome.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b" />
• In 1930, he was knighted. An approval for his inclusion in the 1929 Birthday Honours was delayed, and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, conferred him a Knight Bachelor in a special ceremony at the Viceroy's House (now Rashtrapati Bhavan) in New Delhi.<ref name="Knighthood">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

• In 1930, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him."<ref name="Nobel-2014" /> He was the first Asian and the first non-white to receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences. Before him, Rabindranath Tagore (also Indian) had received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.
• In 1930, he received the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society.<ref name="Ramdas-1973" />
• In 1941, he was awarded the Franklin Medal by the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b" />
• In 1954, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna (along with politician and former Governor-General of India C. Rajagopalachari and philosopher Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• In 1957, he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b" />

Posthumous recognition and contemporary references

File:Science Walk 24(1) 9.jpg

Science walk participants to commemorate National Science Day 2024 at Rajabazar Science College

• India celebrates National Science Day on 28 February of every year to commemorate the discovery of the Raman effect in 1928.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• Postal stamps featuring Raman were issued in 1971 and 2009.<ref>File:CV Raman 1971 stamp of India.jpg, File:CV Raman 2009 stamp of India.jpg</ref>
• A road in India's capital, New Delhi, is named C. V. Raman Marg.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• An area in eastern Bangalore is called CV Raman Nagar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• The road running north of the national seminar complex in Bangalore is named C. V. Raman Road.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• A building at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore is named the Raman Building.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• A hospital in eastern Bangalore on 80 Ft. Rd. is named the Sir C. V. Raman Hospital.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• There is also CV Raman Nagar in Trichy, his birthplace.
• Raman, a lunar crater is named after C. V. Raman.
• C. V. Raman Global University was established in 1997.
• In 1998, the American Chemical Society and Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science recognized Raman's discovery as an International Historic Chemical Landmark at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Jadavpur, Calcutta, India. The inscription on the commemoration plaque reads:

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• Dr. C.V. Raman University was established in Chhattisgarh in 2006.
• On 7 November 2013, a Google Doodle honoured Raman on the 125th anniversary of his birthday.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

• Raman Science Centre in Nagpur is named after Sir C. V. Raman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bihar was established in 2018.
• Dr. C.V. Raman University, Khandwa was established in 2018.

In popular culture

• C. V. Raman: The Scientist and His Legacy, a biopic about Raman directed by Nandan Kudhyadi released in 1989. It won the National Film Award for Best Biographical Film.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Beyond Rainbows: The Quest & Achievement of Dr. C.V. Raman, a documentary film on the physicist directed by Ananya Banerjee aired on Doordarshan, the Indian national public broadcaster, in 2004.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref>

• Rocket Boys,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> an Indian Hindi-language biographical streaming television series on SonyLIV. The character of C.V. Raman was played by T.M. Karthik.

See also

• Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
• Inverse Raman effect
• Journal of Raman Spectroscopy
• Raman amplification
• Raman laser
• Raman microscope
• Raman optical activity
• Resonance Raman spectroscopy
• Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
• SHERLOC, a UV Raman spectrometer designed for Mars exploration
• Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy
• Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage
• Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
• Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
• Transmission Raman spectroscopy
• X-ray Raman scattering
• Chandrasekhar family

Further reading

• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite journal
• Holloway, Roger (2014). C. V. Raman: 51 Success Facts - Everything You Need to Know About C. V. Raman. Lightning Source. Template:ISBN
• Koningstein, J.A. (2012). Introduction to the Theory of the Raman Effect. Springer Science & Business Media. Template:ISBN
• Long, Derek A. (2002). The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules. Wiley. Template:ISBN
• Malti, Bansal (2012). C.V. Raman: The Making of the Nobel Laureates. Mind Melodies. Template:ISBN
• Raman, C. V. (1988). Scientific Papers of C.V. Raman: Volume I–V. Indian Academy of Sciences.
• Raman, C. V. (2010). Why the Sky is Blue: Dr. C.V. Raman Talks about Science. Tulika Books. Template:ISBN
• Salwi, D. M. (2002). C.V. Raman: The Scientist Extraordinary. Rupa & Company. Template:ISBN
• Singh R (2004). Nobel Laureate C.V. Raman's Work on Light Scattering – Historical Contribution to a Scientific Biography. Logos Publisher, Berlin. Template:ISBN
• Sri Kantha S. (1988). The discovery of the Raman effect and its impact in biological sciences. European Spectroscopy News. 80, 20–26.
• Template:Cite journal

External links

• The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 at the Nobel Foundation
• Template:Nobelprize and his Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1930
• Archive of all scientific papers of C.V. Raman
  • Scientific Papers of C. V. Raman, Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6
• Raman Effect: fingerprinting the universe
• Template:YouTube by Raja Choudhury and produced by PSBT and Indian Public Diplomacy.