Shining Path

Revision as of 02:24, 25 May 2025 by imported>OAbot (Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.)
(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Use American English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox political party The Shining Path (Template:Langx, SL), self-named the Communist Party of Peru ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, abbr. PCP), is a far-left political party and guerrilla group in Peru, following Marxism–Leninism–Maoism and Gonzalo Thought. Academics often refer to the group as the Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, abbr. PCP-SL) to distinguish it from other communist parties in Peru.

When it first launched its "people's war" in 1980, the Shining Path's goal was to overthrow the government through guerrilla warfare and replace it with a New Democracy. The Shining Path believed that by establishing a dictatorship of the proletariat, inducing a cultural revolution, and eventually sparking a world revolution, they could arrive at full communism. Their representatives stated that the then-existing socialist countries were revisionist, and the Shining Path was the vanguard of the world communist movement. The Shining Path's ideology and tactics have influenced other Maoist insurgent groups such as the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) and other Revolutionary Internationalist Movement-affiliated organizations.<ref>Maske, Mahesh. "Maovichar", in Studies in Nepali History and Society, Vol. 7, No. 2 (December 2002), p. 275.</ref>

The Shining Path has been widely condemned for its excessive brutality, including violence deployed against peasants, such as the Lucanamarca massacre, as well as for its violence towards trade union organizers, competing Marxist groups, elected officials, and the general public.<ref name=Quien>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Shining Path is regarded as a terrorist organization by the government of Peru, along with Japan,<ref name="Japan_ban">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the United States,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the European Union,<ref>Council Common Position 2005/936/CFSP. Template:Webarchive. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> and Canada,<ref>Government of Canada. "Listed Entities" Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> all of whom consequently prohibit funding and other financial support to the group.

Since the capture of Shining Path founder Abimael Guzmán in 1992 and of his successors Óscar Ramírez ("Comrade Feliciano") in 1999 and Eleuterio Flores ("Comrade Artemio") in 2012, the Shining Path has declined in activity.Template:Sfn<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The main remaining faction of the Shining Path, the Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP),Template:Efn is active in the VRAEM region of Peru, and it has since distanced itself from the Shining Path's legacy in 2018 in order to maintain the support of peasants previously persecuted by the Shining Path.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> In addition to the MPCP, the Communist Party of Peru – Red Mantaro Base Committee (PCP-CBMR) has been operating in the Mantaro Valley since 2001, while the Communist Party of Peru – Huallaga Regional Committee (PCP-CRH)Template:Efn was active at the Huallaga region from 2004 until Comrade Artemio's capture in 2012.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

NameEdit

Template:Further The group's official name is the Communist Party of Peru (PCP), a name seen in all of its self-produced documents, periodicals, and other materials. The acronym PCP-SL is unofficially used by organizations, such as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> to distinguish the group from other groups who claim the original name and acronym.

The group's common name, Shining Path, distinguishes it from several other Peruvian communist parties with similar names. The name is derived from a maxim of José Carlos Mariátegui, the founder of the original Peruvian Communist Party (from which the rest of communist parties split; now commonly known as the "PCP-Unidad") in the 1920s: "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" ("Marxism–Leninism will open the shining path to revolution").<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> This maxim was featured on the masthead of the newspaper of a Shining Path front group. The followers of this group are generally called senderistas.

StructureEdit

OrganizationEdit

The Shining Path's remnants currently operate in the VRAEM region and primarily comprises two groups and their sub-branches; a paramilitary wing and a political wing.<ref name=":7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was originally organised using a "concentric construction" model of structure with Communist Party organs as the complete center, followed by the paramilitary wing surrounding it, and lastly the political wing in the outermost circle.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This ensured the political party retained control of both its armed and social branches, contrasting itself with the more frequent foquismo model that swept through Latin American insurgencies after the Cuban Revolution.

The capture of Shining Path leader Abimael Guzmán in 1992 led to the eventual splintering of the group into several factions,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> referred to by the Peruvian government as Shining Path remnants (Template:Langx). Of these, the Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP) is considered the group's main successor, founded in 1999 by brothers Víctor and Jorge Quispe Palomino after the collapse of Sendero Rojo, the faction that had rejected Guzmán's peace treaty. Also active is a faction in the Mantaro Valley since 2001. The group's remnants reportedly obtain their revenue from cocaine trafficking,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and of these, the MPCP has attempted to recharacterise and distance itself from the original group that had attacked rural communities in the area, describing Guzmán as a "traitor".<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

Paramilitary wingEdit

Template:Infobox militant organization The People's Guerrilla Army ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, EGP) was officially created on 3 December 1982 for the purposes of combat, mobilisation and producing an income for the group.<ref name=":7" /> After 1992, it continued to operate under Sendero Rojo, the group's armed successor until 1999, and later under the Huallaga faction that existed from 2004 to 2012. Since 2001, it has been operated by the Mantaro faction under the name of People's Liberation Army ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, EPL).

The EGP's structure is as follows:

  • Main Force ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; FP): Mainly armed with larger weapons, such as the AKM and FN FAL rifles as well as the Heckler & Koch HK21 machine gun. Due to proficiency in armaments, this group is tasked with ambushing police and soldiers. They do not remain in locations, usually traveling across regions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Local Force ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; FL): These members are local agricultural workers who are provided minor weapons and periodically assist FP members, then later return to their work. Skilled FL members are moved into the FP's ranks.
  • Base Force ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; FB): Some of the peasants of territories captured by the Shining Path are grouped into the FB, typically serving as reservists armed with handheld weapons such as knives, spears and machetes. FB members occasionally serve in surveillance tasks.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 2009, then president Alan García accused the group of using child soldiers to execute wounded army personnel.<ref>Perú denunciará a Sendero Luminoso ante la ONU y la OEA por utilizar niños Template:Webarchive. 30 May 2009. La República. Accessed 13 October 2009.</ref> The following year, the Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos presented a report to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (CIDH) detailing this practice by both the group and the Peruvian Armed Forces.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Under the leadership of Víctor Quispe Palomino, it was reorganised as the Popular Revolutionary Army (Template:Langx; ERP) until the MPCP's formal establishment and distancing from Guzmán's original Shining Path in June 2018, after which it has claimed the name of Revolutionary Armed Forces of Peru (Template:Langx).<ref name=Villasante>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2020, it was reported to have made money from selling cigarettes, clothes, candy, raffles and other methods.<ref name=":7" />

Political wingEdit

The United Front ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) serves as the political and bureaucratic arm of the Shining Path that uses generated organisms (Template:Langx), or civil organisations that support the group.<ref name=":7" /> It has two main branches, MOVADEF (2009–2024) and FUDEPP,<ref name=":7" /> as well as a number of multiple smaller organisations, usually specified to a particular purpose or issue.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Examples of these include:

Group Description
Frente para la Unidad y Defensa del Pueblo Peruano The Front for Unity and Defense of the Peruvian People (FUDEPP) was created in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In association with MOVADEF, the group announced that it had 73 provincial committees and allegedly received 400,000 to 500,000 signatures for the JNE to participate in the 2016 Peruvian general election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They were ultimately prevented from participating in the elections.
Movimiento Popular Perú The Peru People's Movement (MPP) serves as the group's international relations front.
Defunct organisations
Asociación de Abogados Democráticos The Democratic Lawyer's Association (AAD) was in charge of the legal defence of captured militants.
Comités de Apoyo a la Revolución Peruana The Support Committees for the Peruvian Revolution (CARP) were a series of overseas associations that formed part of the group's international support branch.
Coordinadora Clasista Magisterial The Classist Teachers Coordination (CCM) was a teacher union front whose goal was to usurp the influence of the Single Union of Education Workers of Peru (SUTEP), which held ties to one of the Shining Path's political rivals, Red Fatherland (PCP-PR). The CCM was to be purposed as a unification of Peru's teachers to serve as both dissemination and recruitment for the Shining Path's violent takeover of the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Luminosas Trincheras de Combate The Shining Trenches of Combat (LTC) served as support bases for Shining Path prisoners until their dissolution in 1992.
Musical Guerrilla Army citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> It was made up of various Latin American musicians (especially Peruvian) residing in the United Kingdom and would typically play both folk and revolutionary songs at yearly May Day events in London.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Such music included Flor de Retama, El Hombre, and Jovaldo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

"Pioneritos" Youth organisations based on the Pioneer movement.
Socorro Popular People's Aid (SOPO) was created in 1979 under the leadership of Yovanka Pardavé Trujillo<ref name=UcedaR>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> after the party's Tenth Expanded Plenary Session session established civil organizations to recruit the civilian population into a United Front for subversion. It was purposed to provide legal defence to members and associates accused by the state for crimes such as terrorism. It also provided logistical and medical support.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref> In 1985, SOPO suffered an internal line struggle over the issue of the militarization of mass organizations. By the end of 1986, SOPO became integral to the Shining Path's armed "people's war," with militant detachments carved out of the group for conducting various terrorist attacks. Directed by the Pilot Plan of the Revolutionary Movement for the Defense of the People (MRDP), SOPO would displace the Metropolitan Committee (METRO) as an important central apparatus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref> Pardavé was replaced by Martha Huatay in 1991, who led the group until it was dismantled in 1992 after both Trujillo and Huatay were captured by DIRCOTE agents.<ref name=UcedaR/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Movimiento Clasista Barrial The Neighbourhood Class Movement (MCB) tended to invade and occupy private property until their disestablishment.
Movimiento de Artistas Populares citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> Its purpose was to utilize artists to disseminate political propaganda to the population through the art of sloganeering, with particular attention to the universities. It regularly incorporated folklore in its work.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref> Although the exact connection between Shining Path's central apparatus and MAP is disputed, with some considering it as an independent development from the party, the MAP was a contributing effort to the communists' protracted "people's war."<ref name=Valenzuela>Template:Cite journal</ref> MAP actions were carried out in universities, union halls, neighbourhoods, cultural institutions and young towns.<ref name=":0" /> Performances included theatrical performances, dance and music through sikuri groups.<ref name=Valenzuela/>

Movimiento de Obreros y Trabajadores Clasistas citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> It had the objective of recruiting urban union workers for the party, however it mainly had a presence with informal and itinerant workers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref> After the Chuschi attack, the MOTC initiated the first Shining Path attack in Lima with molotov cocktails at San Martín de Porres District.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Movimiento de Trabajadores Ambulantes The Street Vendors' Movement (MTA) was created to target street vendors.
Movimiento Femenino Popular The Popular Woman's Movement (MFP) was created by Augusta La Torre as the main feminist branch of the group.
Movimiento Intelectual Popular citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> It was directed by Hugo Muñoz Sánchez and targeted students, professors, writers, artists, and journalists.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref> The organization had influence in both universities and pro-Sendero neighbourhoods, which would be used to form an ideological justification for the party's subversive actions, including its terrorist attacks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref> MIP was involved with the propaganda of other mass organizations, such as the Popular Women's Movement, The Front of Mariateguist Artists and Intellectuals (FAIM), The Pink School (in France), and The Ayacucho Study Circle (in Sweden).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref> Like many public fronts associated with the Shining Path, the MIP fell in significance with the relative decline and collapse of the central party body.

Movimiento Juvenil Popular The Popular Youth Movement (MJP) was one of the first organisms established by the group.
Movimiento por la Amnistía y Derechos Fundamentales The Movement for Amnesty and Fundamental Rights (MOVADEF) was created on 20 November 2009 when Alfredo Crespo, the defense lawyer of Abimael Guzmán, and fifteen others gathered.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> MOVADEF has three sub-branches; the Central Historical Committee, the Provisional Central Committee and the National Executive Committee (CEN).<ref name=":7" /> The branch filed to become a political party in Peru with the National Jury of Elections (JNE) in 2011, though the application was denied.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> The Peruvian government had accused MOVADEF of advocating terrorism,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> eventually ordering the dissolution of the group in 2024.<ref name=MOVADEF2024/>

IdeologyEdit

As its power grew, the Shining Path changed its official ideology from "Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong thought" to "Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo thought" – according to some authors, a cult of personality grew around Guzmán.Template:Sfn

Ideologically Maoist, the Shining Path is unique because it did not completely accept orthodox Marxist doctrine, instead, it considered the teachings of Guzmán to supersede the teachings of Marx, Lenin, Stalin and Mao. Guzmán's philosophy combined Marxism–Leninism, Maoism and indigenous Indian traditionalism, championing the liberation of Peru's Quechua-speaking Incans and mestizos. The party's name was also coined by Guzmán, who infused his communist rhetoric with Inca mythology, he described his form of Marxist-Maoist thought as a "shining path" towards the liberation of Peru's natives. Because of this, the Shining Path also featured elements of Incan particularism, and it also rejected outside influences, especially non-indigenous influences.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Shining Path declared that it was a feminist organization and in accordance with this declaration, many women acquired leadership positions. In the organisation, 40% of the fighters and 50% of the members of its Central Committee were women.<ref>Género y conflicto armado en el Perú, Sous la direction d’Anouk Guiné et de Maritza Felices-Luna</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

People's RepublicEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Shining Path sought to replace the Republic of Peru with a "People's Republic which would adhere to the doctrine of New Democracy" (Template:Langx, RPND),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> also known by its proposed name of "People's Republic of Peru" (Template:Langx).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The RPND was first named at the third session of the first central committee, held in 1983, with its establishment meaning that the armed branch of the group would become a "People's Liberation Army," as per the group's so-called grand plan. Additionally, the term "People's Republic" was also suggested as a possible name for the upcoming state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Use of violenceEdit

Although the reliability of reports regarding the Shining Path's actions remains a matter of controversy in Peru, the organization's use of violence is well documented. According to InSight Crime, Shining Path would kill their opponents "with assassinations, bombings, beheadings and massacres" as well as "stoning victims to death.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" />

The Shining Path rejected the concept of human rights; a Shining Path document stated:

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

We start by not ascribing to either the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or the Costa Rica Convention on Human Rights, but we have used their legal devices to unmask and denounce the old Peruvian state... For us, human rights are contradictory to the rights of the people, because we base rights in man as a social product, not man as an abstract with innate rights. "Human rights" do not exist except for the bourgeois man, a position that was at the forefront of feudalism, like liberty, equality, and fraternity were advanced for the bourgeoisie of the past. But today, since the appearance of the proletariat as an organized class in the Communist Party, with the experience of triumphant revolutions, with the construction of socialism, new democracy and the dictatorship of the proletariat, it has been proven that human rights serve the oppressor class and the exploiters who run the imperialist and landowner-bureaucratic states. Bourgeois states in general... Our position is very clear. We reject and condemn human rights because they are bourgeois, reactionary, counterrevolutionary rights, and are today a weapon of revisionists and imperialists, principally Yankee imperialists.{{#if:Communist Party of Peru – Shining PathSobre las Dos Colinas<ref>Communist Party of Peru. "Sobre las Dos Colinas" Part 3 Template:Webarchive and Part 5 Template:Webarchive available online. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref>|{{#if:|}}

}}

{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}

After the collapse of the Fujimori government, interim President Valentín Paniagua established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate the conflict. The Commission found in its 2003 Final Report that 69,280 people died or disappeared between 1980 and 2000 as a result of the armed conflict.<ref name="CVRdead">Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. Annex 2 Template:Webarchive Page 17. Retrieved 14 January 2008.</ref> The Shining Path was found to be responsible for about 54% of the deaths and disappearances reported to the commission.<ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. Book I Part I Page 186. Retrieved 14 January 2008</ref> A statistical analysis of the available data led the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to estimate that the Shining Path was responsible for the death or disappearance of 31,331 people, 46% of the total deaths and disappearances.<ref name="CVRdead" /> According to a summary of the report by Human Rights Watch, "Shining PathTemplate:Nbsp... killed about half the victims, and roughly one-third died at the hands of government security forcesTemplate:Nbsp... The commission attributed some of the other slayings to a smaller guerrilla group and local militias. The rest remain unattributed."<ref>Human Rights Watch. 28 August 2003. "Peru – Prosecutions Should Follow Truth Commission Report". Retrieved 21 April 2009.</ref> The MRTA was held responsible for 1.5% of the deaths.<ref>Laura Puertas, Inter Press Service. 29 August 2003. Peru: 20 Years of Bloodshed and Death" Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> A 2019 study disputed the casualty figures from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, estimating instead "a total of 48,000 killings, substantially lower than the TRC estimate", and concluding that "the Peruvian State accounts for a significantly larger share than the Shining Path."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The TRC later came out to respond to these statements.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Allegations of violence against LGBT peopleEdit

The Shining Path has been accused of violence against LGBT people. Between 1989 and 1992, the Shining Path and the MRTA killed up to 500 "non-heterosexual" people.<ref>artículo en el sitio web Actitud Gay Magazine (Buenos Aires) del 21 de mayo de 2007. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.</ref> According to one woman who was kidnapped by the Shining Path in 1981, a homosexual man's penis was cut into pieces before he was murdered. The Peruvian government did not reveal the name of the victim. The Shining Path defended its actions by saying that LGBT individuals were not killed because of their sexual identity, instead, they were killed because of their "collaboration with the police."<ref>«El Movimiento Homosexual Peruano pide un castigo contra el líder de Sendero Luminoso por la muerte de 500 gays y travestis», artículo en el sitio web M-X. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.</ref><ref>«Los homosexuales y Sendero Luminoso», artículo en el sitio web GPUC (Grupo Universitario por la Diversidad Sexual). Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.</ref>

The Shining Path has denied such allegations, stating, "It is probable that the PCP has executed a homosexual, but rest assured that it was not done because of their sexual orientation but because of their position against the revolution... Our view is that homosexual orientation is not an ideological matter but one of individual preference... Party membership is open to all those who support the cause of communist revolution and the principles of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, Gonzalo Thought, regardless of what their sexual preferences may be."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed

Women in the Shining PathEdit

The number of women involved in the armed struggle remained high throughout the war, participating at almost all logistical, military and strategic levels as militants, guerrilla commanders and top party leaders of the organisation. The high proportion of women was a given and desired from the outset; the success of the internal Peruvian revolution was explicitly made dependent on the participation of women. Up to forty per cent of the guerrillas were women, and there were countless "ladies of death" who led military commandos. In 1992, at least eight of the nineteen members of the Central Committee were women, including three of the five members of the Politburo, and in 1980 more than a third of the women arrested had a degree. In criminal proceedings against senderista in 1987, the majority were women. The Shining Path was the first guerrilla organisation to incorporate women on a completely equal military footing with its male members, actively recruiting women on a large scale and appointing them to leading positions.<ref>Nathaniel C. Nash: Shining Path Women: So Many and So Furios.. Lima Journal, Abschnitt A. The New York Times, New York. 22 September 1992.</ref>

The Movimiento Femenino Popular (MFP) group was officially formed in 1974 from the merger of two groups, the Centro Femenino Popular and the Frente Femenino Universitario. The "MFP Manifiesto" traces the origins of the group back to the mid-1960s, when female students and academics began to organise their own groups and factions in other student organisations and to reflect on revolution and "the thesis of the great Lenin on the participation of women and the success of a revolution" from 1968 onwards. During these years, more and more women were studying and trying to enter the labour market. The percentage of women at university in Ayacucho was particularly high: in 1968, 30% of students were women, mainly in the departments of obstetrics and social and educational services. The unequal access to work and education exacerbated the differences between classes and between rural and urban populations, especially within the female population. Women became increasingly involved and organised in various movements as an expression of their protest and frustration.<ref>Jaymie Patricia Heilman: "Family Ties: The Political Genealogy of Shining Path's Comrade Norah". Bulletin of Latin American Research, Vol. 29. 1. April 2010, 155–169.</ref> So much so, that by the year 1990, women held eight of the nineteen Central Committee positions. This was more involvement from women than any of the other leftist movements in Peru. Women in Peru even acknowledge the Shining Path movement as a step-away from the male-dominated societies that are renowned in many parts of Latin America.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This was far different than what has been seen before the Peruvian Truth was revealed. Many women were joining the armed forces to obtain basic rights and securities. Despite many arrests and incarcerations of women, this time period revolutionized women's rights in Peru.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

HistoryEdit

EstablishmentEdit

The Shining Path was founded in 1969 by Abimael Guzmán, a former university philosophy professor (his followers referred to him by his nom de guerre Presidente Gonzalo), and a group of 11 others.<ref name="Fourth Sword 78">Template:Cite book</ref> Guzmán was heavily influenced by a trip to China and admired the teachings of Mao Zedong.<ref name=":8">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His teachings created the foundation of its militant Maoist doctrine. It was an offshoot of the Peruvian Communist Party – Red Flag, which itself split from the original Peruvian Communist Party founded by José Carlos Mariátegui in 1928.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Antonio Díaz Martínez, an agronomist who became a leader of the Shining Path, made several important contributions to the group's ideology. In his books Ayacucho, Hambre y Esperanza (1969) and China, La Revolución Agraria (1978), he expressed his own conviction of the necessity that revolutionary activity in Peru follow strictly the teachings of Mao Zedong.<ref>Colin Harding, “Antonio Díaz Martínez and the Ideology of Sendero Luminoso,” Bulletine for Latin American Research 7#1 (January 1988) pp 65–73.</ref><ref>Julia Lovell, Maoism: A Global History (2019) pp 306–346.</ref>

From 1970 to 1977, Shining Path built a student organization and regional-committee based party in Lima and the central sierra.<ref name=":2323">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The Shining Path first established a foothold at San Cristóbal of Huamanga University, in Ayacucho, where Guzmán taught philosophy. The university had recently reopened after being closed for about half a century.<ref name="History University of Huamanga">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Between 1973 and 1975, the Shining Path members gained control of the student councils at the Universities of Huancayo and La Cantuta, and they also developed a significant presence at the National University of Engineering in Lima and the National University of San Marcos. Sometime later, it lost many student elections in the universities, including Guzmán's San Cristóbal of Huamanga.

Guzmán believed that communism required a "popular war" and distanced himself from organizing workers.<ref name=":8" /> The Shining Path opposed large national strikes in 1977 and 1978 because it viewed some of the participants as revisionists or tools of "socio-imperialism".<ref name=":9">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

From 1977 to 1980, the Shining Path focused on preparing for revolution, including building training camps in Ayacucho, developing a political and military organization, and recruiting more radical members of other Marxist groups.<ref name=":2323" />Template:Rp Beginning on 17 March 1980, the Shining Path held a series of clandestine meetings in Ayacucho, known as the Central Committee's second plenary.Template:Sfn It formed a "Revolutionary Directorate" that was political and military in nature and ordered its militias to transfer to strategic areas in the provinces to start the "armed struggle". The group also held its "First Military School", where members were instructed in military tactics and the use of weapons. They also engaged in criticism and self-criticism, a Maoist practice intended to purge bad habits and avoid the repetition of mistakes. During the existence of the First Military School, members of the Central Committee came under heavy criticism. Guzmán did not, and he emerged from the First Military School as the clear leader of the Shining Path.Template:Sfn By May 1980, the central committed concluded the party and its military structure had been sufficiently developed to begin revolution.<ref name=":2323" />Template:Rp

A timeline of the Peruvian Communist Party (PCP)'s splinter groups is as follows: <timeline> ImageSize = width:600 height:100 PlotArea = width:90% height:80 left:10% bottom:20 AlignBars = justify

Colors =

 id:Unidad value:rgb(0.7,0.7,1) # light blue
 id:BR     value:rgb(1,0.7,0.7) # light red
 id:PR     value:rgb(0.7,1,0.7) # light green
 id:SL     value:rgb(1,1,0.7)   # light yellow
 id:SL-P     value:rgb(1,1,0.9)   # very light yellow
 id:eon    value:rgb(1,0.7,1)   # light blue
 id:black  value:black

Period = from:1926 till:2007 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = increment:10 unit:year start:1930 ScaleMinor = increment:1 unit:year start:1926

PlotData=

 align:center textcolor:black fontsize:7 mark:(line,black)
 bar:1 color:Unidad
 from: 1928 till: 1930 text: _~P~_~S~_~P
 from: 1930 till: 1964 text: ~P
 from: 1964 till: end text: PCP-Unidad
 bar:2 color:Unidad
 from: 1928 till: 1930
 from: 1930 till: 1964 text:~C
 from: 1964 till: end  color:BR text:PCP-BR
 bar:3 color:Unidad
 from: 1928 till: 1930
 from: 1930 till: 1964 text:~P
 from: 1964 till: 1969 color:BR text:
 from: 1969 till: end  color:PR text:PCP-PR
 bar:4 color:Unidad
 from: 1928 till: 1930
 from: 1930 till: 1964 
 from: 1964 till: 1969 color:BR text:
 from: 1969 till: 1992  color:SL text:PCP-SL
 from: 1992 till: end   color:SL-P

</timeline>

Armed conflict (1980–1993)Edit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:ShiningPathFiveYears.jpg
Poster of Abimael Guzmán celebrating five years of people's war

By 1980, Shining Path had about 500 members.<ref name=":8" /> When Peru's military government allowed elections for the first time in twelve years in 1980, the Shining Path was one of the few leftist political groups that declined to take part. It chose instead to begin a guerrilla war in the highlands of the Ayacucho Region. On 17 May 1980, on the eve of the presidential elections, it burned ballot boxes in the town of Chuschi. It was the first "act of war" by the Shining Path. The perpetrators were quickly caught, and additional ballots were shipped to Chuschi. The elections proceeded without further problems, and the incident received little attention in the Peruvian press.Template:Sfn

Throughout the 1980s, the Shining Path grew both in terms of the territory it controlled and in the number of militants in its organization, particularly in the Andean highlands. It gained support from local peasants by filling the political void left by the central government and providing what they called "popular justice", public trials that disregard any legal and human rights that deliver swift and brutal sentences including public executions. This caused the peasantry of some Peruvian villages to express some sympathy for the Shining Path, especially in the impoverished and neglected regions of Ayacucho, Apurímac, and Huancavelica. At times, the civilian population of small, neglected towns participated in popular trials, especially when the victims of the trials were widely disliked.<ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. Book VI Chapter 1 p. 41. Retrieved 14 January 2008.</ref>

The Shining Path's credibility benefited from the government's initially tepid response to the insurgency. For over a year, the government refused to declare a state of emergency in the region where the Shining Path was operating. The Interior Minister, José María de la Jara, believed the group could be easily defeated through police actions.<ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. Book III Chapter 2 pp. 17–18. Retrieved 16 January 2008.</ref> Additionally, the president, Fernando Belaúnde Terry, who returned to power in 1980, was reluctant to cede authority to the armed forces since his first government had ended in a military coup.

On 29 December 1981, the government declared an "emergency zone" in the three Andean regions of Ayacucho, Huancavelica, and Apurímac and granted the military the power to arbitrarily detain any suspicious person. The military abused this power, arresting scores of innocent people, at times subjecting them to torture during interrogation<ref>Amnesty International. "Peru: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns 1980–1995" Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 17 January 2008.</ref> as well as rape.<ref>Human Rights Watch "The Women's Rights Project.". Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> Members of the Peruvian Armed Forces began to wear black ski-masks to hide their identities, in order to protect themselves and their families.

In some areas, the military trained peasants and organized them into anti-rebel militias, called "rondas". They were generally poorly equipped, despite being provided arms by the state. The rondas would attack the Shining Path guerrillas, with the first such reported attack occurring in January 1983, near Huata. Ronderos would later kill 13 guerrilla fighters in February 1983, in Sacsamarca. In March 1983, ronderos brutally killed Olegario Curitomay, one of the commanders of the town of Lucanamarca. They took him to the town square, stoned him, stabbed him, set him on fire, and finally shot him. The Shining Path's retaliation to this was one of the worst attacks in the entire conflict, with a group of guerrilla members entering the town and going house by house, killing dozens of villagers, including babies, with guns, hatchets, and axes. This action has come to be known as the Lucanamarca massacre.<ref name=Huancasancos>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 28 August 2003. "La Masacre de Lucanamarca (1983)". (in Spanish) Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> Additional massacres of civilians by the Shining Path would occur throughout the conflict.<ref name=":8" /><ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. Book VII "Ataque del PCP-SL a la Localidad de Marcas (1985)". Retrieved 14 January 2008.</ref><ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. "Press Release 170." Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref>

The Shining Path's attacks were not limited to the countryside. It executed several attacks against the infrastructure in Lima, killing civilians in the process. In 1983, it sabotaged several electrical transmission towers, causing a citywide blackout, and set fire and destroyed the Bayer industrial plant. That same year, it set off a powerful bomb in the offices of the governing party, Popular Action. Escalating its activities in Lima, in June 1985, it blew up electricity transmission towers in Lima, producing a blackout, and detonated car bombs near the government palace and the justice palace. It was believed to be responsible for bombing a shopping mall.<ref>Human Rights Watch. Peru: Human Rights Developments. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> At the time, President Fernando Belaúnde Terry was receiving the Argentine president Raúl Alfonsín.

During this period, the Shining Path assassinated specific individuals, notably leaders of other leftist groups, local political parties, labor unions, and peasant organizations, some of whom were anti-Shining Path Marxists.<ref name="Quien" /> On 24 April 1985, in the midst of presidential elections, it tried to assassinate Domingo García Rada, the president of the Peruvian National Electoral Council, severely injuring him and mortally wounding his driver. In 1988, Constantin (Gus) Gregory,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> an American citizen working for the United States Agency for International Development, was assassinated. Two French aid workers were killed on 4 December that same year.<ref name="Courtois677">Stéphane Courtois et al. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press, 1999. Template:ISBN p. 677</ref>

Level of supportEdit

File:Zones registering Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) activity.svg
Areas where the Shining Path was active in Peru

By 1990, the Shining Path had about 3,000 armed members at its greatest extent.<ref name=":8" /> The group had gained control of much of the countryside of the center and south of Peru and had a large presence in the outskirts of Lima. The Shining Path began to fight against Peru's other major guerrilla group, the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA),<ref>Manrique, Nelson. "The War for the Central Sierra," p. 211 in Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995, ed. Steve Stern, Duke University Press: Durham and London, 1998 (Template:ISBN).</ref> as well as campesino self-defense groups organized by the Peruvian armed forces.

The Shining Path quickly seized control of large areas of Peru. The group had significant support among peasant communities, and it had the support of some slum dwellers in the capital and elsewhere. The Shining Path's interpretation of Maoism did not have the support of many city dwellers. According to opinion polls, only 15 percent of the population considered subversion to be justifiable in June 1988, while only 17 percent considered it justifiable in 1991.<ref>Kenney, Charles D. 2004. Fujimori's Coup and the Breakdown of Democracy in Latin America. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame. Citing Balibi, C.R. 1991. "Una inquietante encuesta de opinión." Quehacer: 40–45.</ref> In June 1991, "the total sample disapproved of the Shining Path by an 83 to 7 percent margin, with 10 percent not answering the question. Among the poorest, however, only 58 percent stated disapproval of the Shining Path; 11 percent said they had a favorable opinion of the Shining Path, and some 31 percent would not answer the question."<ref name="Kenney">Kenney, Charles D. 2004. Fujimori's Coup and the Breakdown of Democracy in Latin America. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame.</ref> A September 1991 poll found that 21 percent of those polled in Lima believed that the Shining Path did not torture and kill innocent people. The same poll found that 13 percent believed that society would be more just if the Shining Path won the war and 22 percent believed society would be equally just under the Shining Path as it was under the government.<ref name="Kenney" /> Polls have never been completely accurate since Peru has several anti-terrorism laws, including "apologia for terrorism", that makes it a punishable offense for anyone who does not condemn the Shining Path. In effect, the laws make it illegal to support the group in any way.<ref>Sandra Coliver, Paul Hoffman, Joan Fitzpatrick, Stephen Bowman, Secrecy and Liberty: National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access To Information, (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague Publishers,) 1999, p. 162.</ref>

Many peasants were unhappy with the Shining Path's rule for a variety of reasons, such as its disrespect for indigenous culture and institutions.<ref>Del Pino H., Ponciano. "Family, Culture, and 'Revolution': Everyday Life with Sendero Luminoso," p. 179 in Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995, ed. Steve Stern, Duke University Press: Durham and London, 1998 (Template:ISBN).</ref> However, they had also made agreements and alliances with some indigenous tribes. Some did not like the brutality of its "popular trials" that sometimes included "slitting throats, strangulation, stoning, and burning."<ref>U.S. Department of State. March 1996 Template:Usurped. Retrieved 16 January 2008.</ref><ref>Starn, Orin. "Villagers at Arms: War and Counterrevolution in the Central-South Andes," p. 237 in Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995, ed. Steve Stern, Duke University Press: Durham and London, 1998 (Template:ISBN).</ref> Peasants were offended by the rebels' injunction against burying the bodies of Shining Path victims.<ref>Degregori, p. 140.</ref>

The Shining Path followed Mao Zedong's dictum that guerrilla warfare should start in the countryside and gradually choke off the cities.<ref>Desarrollar la lucha armada del campo a la ciudad, San Marcos 1985 PCP speech</ref>

According to multiple sources, the Shining Path received support from Gaddafi's Libya.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Fujimori governmentEdit

File:Al Fujimori.jpg
President Alberto Fujimori, who led the violent government response towards guerrilla groups during his tenure

When President Alberto Fujimori took office in 1990, he responded to Shining Path with repressive force.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> His government issued a law in 1991 that gave the rondas a legal status, and from that time, they were officially called Comités de auto defensa ("Committees of Self-Defense").<ref>Legislative Decree No. 741 Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> They were officially armed, usually with 12-gauge shotguns, and trained by the Peruvian Army. According to the government, there were approximately 7,226 comités de auto defensa as of 2005;<ref>Army of Peru (2005). Proyectos y Actividades que Realiza la Sub Dirección de Estudios Especiales.". Retrieved 17 January 2008.</ref> almost 4,000Template:Citation needed are located in the central region of Peru, the stronghold of the Shining Path.

The Peruvian government also cracked down on the Shining Path in other ways. Military personnel were dispatched to areas dominated by the Shining Path, especially Ayacucho, to fight the rebels. Ayacucho, Huancavelica, Apurímac and Huánuco were declared emergency zones, allowing for some constitutional rights to be suspended in those areas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Initial government efforts to fight the Shining Path were not very effective or promising. Military units engaged in many human rights violations, which caused the Shining Path to appear in the eyes of many as the lesser of two evils. They used excessive force, tortured individuals accused of being sympathizers and killed many innocent civilians. Government forces destroyed villages and killed campesinos suspected of supporting the Shining Path. They eventually lessened the pace at which the armed forces committed atrocities such as massacres. Additionally, the state began the widespread use of intelligence agencies in its fight against the Shining Path. However, atrocities were committed by the National Intelligence Service and the Army Intelligence Service, notably the La Cantuta massacre, the Santa massacre and the Barrios Altos massacre, which were committed by Grupo Colina.<ref name=":8" /><ref>La Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 28 August 2003. "2.45. Las Ejecuciones Extrajudiciales en Barrios Altos (1991.)" Available online in Spanish. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref><ref>La Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 28 August 2003. "2.19. La Universidad Nacional de educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle «La Cantuta»." Available online in Spanish. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref>

In one of its last attacks in Lima, on 16 July 1992, the Shining Path detonated a powerful bomb on Tarata Street in the Miraflores District, full of civilian adults and children,<ref>"Ataque terrorista en Tarata." Archived online. Retrieved 16 January 2008</ref> killing 25 people and injuring an additional 155.<ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. Los Asesinatos y Lesiones Graves Producidos en el Atentado de Tarata (1992). p. 661. Retrieved 9 February 2008.</ref>

Capture of Guzmán and collapse (1992–1993)Edit

On 12 September 1992, the Special Intelligence Group (GEIN) captured Guzmán and several Shining Path leaders in an apartment above a dance studio in the Surquillo district of Lima. GEIN had been monitoring the apartment since a number of suspected Shining Path militants had visited it. An inspection of the garbage of the apartment produced empty tubes of a skin cream used to treat psoriasis, a condition that Guzmán was known to have. Shortly after the raid that captured Guzmán, most of the remaining Shining Path leadership fell as well.Template:Sfn

The capture of Guzmán left a huge leadership vacuum for the Shining Path. "There is no No. 2. There is only Presidente Gonzalo and then the party," a Shining Path political officer said at a birthday celebration for Guzmán in Lurigancho prison in December 1990. "Without President Gonzalo, we would have nothing."<ref>"Guzman arrest leaves Void in Shining Path Leadership" Template:Webarchive Associated Press/Deseret News.com, 14 September 1992</ref>

At the same time, the Shining Path suffered embarrassing military defeats to self-defense organizations of rural campesinos – supposedly its social base. When Guzmán called for peace talks with the Peruvian government, the organization fractured into splinter groups, with some Shining Path members in favor of such talks and others opposed.<ref name=":8" /><ref>Sims, Calvin (5 August 1996) "Blasts Propel Peru's Rebels From Defunct To Dangerous.". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 January 2008</ref>

Remnants (1993–present)Edit

Guzmán's role as the leader of the Shining Path was taken over by Óscar Ramírez ("Comrade Feliciano"), who established Sendero Rojo (or PCP Pro-Seguir), aiming to reorganise the party and to continue the armed struggle while breaking with Guzmán, but not with his ideology.<ref name="Vigara2019">Template:Cite journal</ref> Together with Ramírez, Florindo Eleuterio Flores Hala, who controlled the Huallaga area, formed the initial leadership of the party. Sendero Rojo was disbanded after "Comrade Feliciano's capture in 1999.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After Ramírez's capture, the group further splintered, guerrilla activity diminished sharply, and peace returned to the areas where the Shining Path had been active.<ref name="activity">Rochlin, pp. 71–72.</ref>

<timeline> ImageSize = width:600 height:100 PlotArea = width:90% height:80 left:10% bottom:20 AlignBars = justify

Colors =

 id:SL     value:rgb(1,1,0.7)   # light yellow
 id:PS     value:rgb(1,1,0.9)   # very light yellow
 id:MP     value:rgb(0.7,0.7,1) # light blue
 id:FH     value:rgb(0.7,1,0.7) # light green
 id:FM     value:rgb(1,0.7,0.7) # light red
 id:black  value:black

Period = from:1968 till:2025 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = increment:10 unit:year start:1968 ScaleMinor = increment:1 unit:year start:2025

PlotData=

 align:center textcolor:black fontsize:7 mark:(line,black)
 bar:1 color:SL
 from: 1970 till: 1992 text: 
 from: 1992 till: 1999 color: PS text: Pro-Seguir
 from: 1999 till: 2018 color:PS text: People's Revolutionary Army
 from: 2018 till: end  color:MP text: MPCP
 bar:2 color:SL
 from: 1970 till: 1992 text:~ Shining Path (PCP-SL)
 from: 2001 till: end  color:FH text:Huallaga faction
 bar:3 color:SL
 from: 1970 till: 1992 text:~
 from: 2004 till: 2012 color:FM text:Mantaro faction

</timeline>

The three remaining splinter groups based themselves in the VRAEM area:

  • The "People's Guerrilla Army" (ERP)<ref name=Villasante/> led by the Quispe Palomino brothers (Víctor and Jorge).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />
  • The "Communist Party of Peru – Red Mantaro Base Committee" (PCP-CBMR), established in 2001 as a base committee in the Mantaro Valley led by a "Comrade Netzel López Lozano".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • The "Communist Party of Peru – Huallaga Regional Committee" (PCP-CRH), a collective established in 2004 in the Huallaga Valley led by Comrade Artemio.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />

Temporary resurgence (2001–2009)Edit

Although the organization's numbers had lessened by 2003,<ref name="activity" /> a militant faction of the Shining Path called Proseguir ("Onward") continued to be active.<ref>United States Department of State (2005). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Peru – 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> The group had allegedly made an alliance with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in the early 2000s, learning how to use rockets against aircraft.<ref name=":8" />

File:Flag of the PCP-CBMR.svg
Flag used by the Red Mantaro Base Committee (PCP-CBMR), established in 2001.

On Tuesday, August 9, 2001, an armed shootout between Peruvian policemen and Shining Path guerrillas took place in Satipo province. Police forces had broken through a primary line of defence as part of a special operation while underestimating the group's numbers, who had coincidentally reunited and thus increased their numbers. This led to a shootout that lasted five hours and took the lives of four policemen and 12 senderistas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 20 March 2002, a car bomb exploded outside the US embassy in Lima just before a visit by President George W. Bush. Nine people were killed, and 30 were injured; the attack was suspected to be the work of the Shining Path.<ref>"Peru bomb fails to deter Bush". BBC. 21 March 2002. Retrieved 14 April 2009.</ref>

On 9 June 2003, a Shining Path group attacked a camp in Ayacucho and took 68 employees of the Argentinian company Techint and three police guards as hostages. They had been working on the Camisea gas pipeline project that would take natural gas from Cusco to Lima.<ref>"Pipeline Workers Kidnapped". The New York Times, 10 June 2003. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> According to sources from Peru's Interior Ministry, the rebels asked for a sizable ransom to free the hostages. Two days later, after a rapid military response which involved a signals intelligence aircraft from the Brazilian Air Force,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the rebels abandoned the hostages; according to government sources, no ransom was paid.<ref>"Peru hostages set free". BBC, 11 June 2003. Retrieved 17 January 2008.</ref> However, there were rumors that US$200,000 was paid to the rebels.<ref>"Gas Workers Kidnapped, Freed" Americas.org. Retrieved 17 January 2008</ref>

Government forces have captured three leading Shining Path members. In April 2000, Commander José Arcela Chiroque, called "Ormeño", was captured, followed by another leader, Florentino Cerrón Cardozo, called "Marcelo", in July 2003. In November of the same year, Jaime Zuñiga, called "Cirilo" or "Dalton", was arrested after a clash in which four guerrillas were killed and an officer was wounded.<ref>"Peru Captures Shining Path Rebel.". BBC News, 9 November 2003. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> Officials said he took part in planning the kidnapping of the Techint pipeline workers. He was also thought to have led an ambush against an army helicopter in 1999 in which five soldiers died.

In 2003, the Peruvian National Police broke up several Shining Path training camps and captured many members and leaders.<ref name=PGT2003>United States Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. 29 April 2004. "Patterns of Global Terrorism: Western Hemisphere Overview". Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> By late October 2003, there were 96 attacks in Peru, projecting a 15% decrease from the 134 kidnappings and armed attacks in 2002.<ref name=PGT2003/> Also for the year, eight<ref name="DRL2003">United States Department of State. 25 February 2004. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2003: Peru. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> or nine<ref name=PGT2003/> people were killed by the Shining Path, and 6 senderistas were killed and 209 were captured.<ref name=PGT2003/>

File:Artemioandfriends.jpg
Comrade Artemio, now captured and serving a life sentence in prison

In January 2004, a man known as Comrade Artemio and identifying himself as one of the Shining Path's leaders, said in a media interview that the group would resume violent operations unless the Peruvian government granted amnesty to other top Shining Path leaders within 60 days.<ref>Issue Papers and Extended Responses. Available online Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> Peru's Interior Minister, Fernando Rospigliosi, said that the government would respond "drastically and swiftly" to any violent action. In September that same year, a comprehensive sweep by police in five cities found 17 suspected members of a "Huallaga Regional Committee" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; CRH). According to the interior minister, eight of the arrested were school teachers and high-level school administrators.<ref>"En operativo especial capturan a 17 requisitoriados por terrorismo" Template:Webarchive. La República, 29 September 2004. Retrieved 16 January 2008. Template:In lang</ref>

Despite these arrests, the Shining Path continued to exist in Peru. On 22 December 2005, the Shining Path ambushed a police patrol in the Huánuco region, killing eight.<ref>"Rebels Kill 8 Policemen". The New York Times, 22 December 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> Later that day, they wounded an additional two police officers. In response, then President Alejandro Toledo declared a state of emergency in Huánuco and gave the police the power to search houses and arrest suspects without a warrant. On 19 February 2006, the Peruvian police killed Héctor Aponte, believed to be the commander responsible for the ambush.<ref>"Jefe militar senderista ‘Clay’ muere en operativo policial" Template:Webarchive. La República, 20 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2008. Template:In lang</ref> In December 2006, Peruvian troops were sent to counter renewed guerrilla activity, and according to high-level government officials, the Shining Path's strength has reached an estimated 300 members.<ref>The Washington Times. 12 December 2006. "Troops dispatched to corral guerrillas."</ref> In November 2007, police said they killed Artemio's second-in-command, a guerrilla known as JL.<ref>"Peru police 'kill leading rebel'". BBC. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref>

In September 2008, government forces announced the killing of five rebels in the Vizcatan region. This claim was subsequently challenged by the APRODEH, a Peruvian human rights group, which believed that those who were killed were in fact local farmers and not rebels.<ref>"Peru army may have killed farmers – rights group". Reuters. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> That same month, Artemio gave his first recorded interview since 2006. In it, he stated that the Shining Path would continue to fight despite escalating military pressure.<ref>"Peru rebel leader refuses to lay down arms". AP. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> In October 2008, in Huancavelica Region, the guerrillas engaged a military convoy with explosives and firearms, demonstrating their continued ability to strike and inflict casualties on military targets. The conflict resulted in the death of 12 soldiers and two to seven civilians.<ref>"Peru rebels launch deadly ambush'". BBC. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref><ref>"Peru says 14 killed in Shining Path attack" Template:Webarchive. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> It came one day after a clash in the Vizcatan region, which left five rebels and one soldier dead.<ref>"1 Peruvian soldier, 5 rebels killed in military campaign". Associated Press. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref>

In November 2008, the rebels utilized hand grenades and automatic weapons in an assault that claimed the lives of 4 police officers.<ref>"Peru's Shining Path kill four police in ambush". AFP. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> In April 2009, the Shining Path ambushed and killed 13 government soldiers in Ayacucho.<ref name="Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru">"Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru". BBC. Retrieved 12 April 2009.</ref> Grenades and dynamite were used in the attack.<ref name="Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru"/> The dead included eleven soldiers and one captain, and two soldiers were also injured, with one reported missing.<ref name="Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru"/> Poor communications were said to have made relay of the news difficult.<ref name="Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru" /> The country's Defense Minister, Antero Flores Aráoz, said many soldiers "plunged over a cliff".<ref name="Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru" /> His prime minister, Yehude Simon, said these attacks were "desperate responses by the Shining Path in the face of advances by the armed forces" and expressed his belief that the area would soon be freed of "leftover terrorists".<ref name="Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru" /> In the aftermath, a Sendero leader called this "the strongest [anti-government] blowTemplate:Nbsp... in quite a while".<ref name="Shining Path rebels stage comeback in Peru">Template:Cite news</ref> In November 2009, Defense Minister Rafael Rey announced that Shining Path militants had attacked a military outpost in southern Ayacucho province. One soldier was killed and three others wounded in the assault.<ref>"Peru rebels attack army outpost, killing 1 soldier". Associated Press. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</ref>

Continued downfallEdit

On 28 April 2010, Shining Path rebels in Peru ambushed and killed a police officer and two civilians who were destroying coca plantations of Aucayacu, in the central region of Haunuco, Peru. The victims were gunned down by sniper fire coming from the thick forest as more than 200 workers were destroying coca plants.<ref>"Peru rebels ambush and kill coca plantation clearers". BBC, 28 April 2010</ref> Following the attack, the Shining Path faction, based in the Upper Huallaga Valley of Peru and headed by Florindo Eleuterio Flores Hala, alias Comrade Artemio, was operating in survival mode and lost 9 of their top 10 leaders to Peruvian National Police-led capture operations. Two of the eight leaders were killed by PNP personnel during the attempted captures. The nine arrested or killed Shining Path (Upper Huallaga Valley faction) leaders include Mono (Aug. 2009), Rubén (May 2010), Izula (Oct. 2010), Sergio (Dec. 2010), Yoli/Miguel/Jorge (Jun. 2011), Gato Larry (Jun. 2011), Oscar Tigre (Aug. 2011), Vicente Roger (Aug. 2011), and Dante/Delta (Jan. 2012).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This loss of leadership, coupled with a sweep of Shining Path (Upper Huallaga Valley) supporters executed by the PNP in November 2010, prompted Comrade Artemio to declare in December 2011 to several international journalists that the guerrilla war against the Peruvian Government has been lost and that his only hope was to negotiate an amnesty agreement with the Government of Peru.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 12 February 2012, Comrade Artemio was found badly wounded after a clash with troops in a remote jungle region of Peru. President Ollanta Humala said the capture of Artemio, nicknamed Operation Crepúsculo,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> marked the defeat of the Huallaga faction, located in a central area of cocaine production. President Humala has stated that he would now step up the fight against the remaining bands of Shining Path rebels in the Ene-Apurímac valley.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Walter Diaz, the lead candidate to succeed Artemio,<ref name="iiqvz">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> was captured on 3 March,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> further ensuring the disintegration of the Alto Huallaga valley faction.<ref name="iiqvz" /> On 3 April 2012, Jaime Arenas Caviedes, a senior leader in the group's remnants in Alto Huallaga Valley<ref name="uuooboov" /> who was also regarded to be the leading candidate to succeed Artemio following Diaz's arrest,<ref>[1] Template:Webarchive</ref> was captured.<ref name="uuooboov">Template:Cite news</ref> After Caviedes, alias "Braulio",<ref name="uuooboov" /> was captured, Humala declared that the Shining Path was now unable to operate in the Alto Huallaga Valley.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Shining Path rebels carried out an attack on three helicopters being used by an international gas pipeline consortium on 7 October, in the central region of Cusco.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to the military Joint Command spokesman, Col. Alejandro Lujan, no one was kidnapped or injured during the attack.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The capture of Artemio effectively ended the war between Shining Path and the Government of Peru.<ref name=":3" />

Comrade Artemio was convicted of terrorism, drug trafficking, and money laundering on 7 June 2013. He was sentenced to life in prison and a fine of $183 million.<ref>"Peru's Shining Path leader jailed for life for terrorism." BBC News. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.</ref> On 11 August 2013, Comrade Alipio, the Shining Path's leader in the Ene-Apurímac Valley, was killed in a battle with government forces in Llochegua.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 9 April 2016, on the eve of the country's presidential elections, the Peruvian government blamed remnants of the Shining Path for a guerrilla attack that killed eight soldiers and two civilians.<ref>"Death toll climbs to 10 in Peru guerrilla attack on election eve" Tico Times. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.</ref> Shining Path snipers killed three police officers in the Ene Apurimac Valley on 18 March 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In a document 400 pages in length recovered from a mid-level Shining Path commander and analyzed by the Counter-Terrorism Directorate (DIRCOTE) of the National Police, the Shining Path planned to initiate operations against the Government of Peru that included killings and surprise attacks beginning in 2021, the bicentennial of Peru's independence.<ref name=":5" /> Objectives were created to first attack public officials, then regain lost territory and then finally overthrow the government.<ref name=":5" />

VRAEM strongholdEdit

Into the 2020s, Shining Path has existed in remaining splinter groups.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="activity" /> The main remaining group, called the Militarized Communist Party of Peru (MPCP) of about 450 individuals remained in the Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro (VRAEM) region, reportedly making revenue by escorting cocaine traffickers and are reportedly led by two brothers; Víctor and Jorge Quispe Palomino.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> The MPCP has attempted to recharacterize themselves to distance itself from the original Shining Path groups that had attacked rural communities in the area, describing Guzmán as a traitor.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> According to InSight Crime, Shining Path's stronghold in the VRAEM, headquartered in Vizcatán, is a similar strategy as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Another notable splinter group called the Communist Party of Peru – Red Mantaro Base Committee (PCP-CBMR),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which remains loyal to Abimael Guzman,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> also operates in the VRAEM region. According to the human rights organization Waynakuna Peru, the PCP-CBMR has infiltrated schools in the area setting up "Popular Schools" to spread the group's propaganda.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The group has in the past signed documents<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with the Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun.

Following a five-year intelligence operation that began in 2015 and was codenamed Operation Olimpo, 71 alleged members of the Shining Path's United Front and People's Guerrilla Army were arrested on 2 December 2020.<ref name=":7" /> Alfredo Crespo, the secretary general of MOVADEF and Guzmán's former lawyer, was included among those arrested.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Operation Olimpo included 752 military personnel and 98 government prosecutors that utilized evidence obtained through wiretapping, undercover agents and surveillance.<ref name=":7" /> Those arrested were charged with operating shell operations to initiate terrorist activities in Callao and Lima.<ref name=":7" />

In popular cultureEdit

American hard rock band Guns N' Roses quotes a speech by a Shining Path officer in their 1990 song "Civil War", as saying "We practice selective annihilation of mayors and government officials, for example, to create a vacuum, then we fill that vacuum. As popular war advances, peace is closer."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

American rock band Rage Against the Machine released a music video for their 1993 song "Bombtrack" as a response to the arrest of Abimael Guzman the previous year. The video expresses support for Guzman and the Shining Path, featuring various clips of the organization's activities, as well as showing the band in a cage to mimic Guzman's imprisonment.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other fictional depictionsEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

NotesEdit

Template:Notelist

CitationsEdit

Template:Reflist

SourcesEdit

Template:Refbegin

  • Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (2003). "Informe Final". Lima: CVR. Template:In lang
  • Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (2003). "La verdad después del silencio (Informe final tomo 6)". Lima. Perú
  • Courtois, Stephane (1999). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press.
  • Crenshaw, Martha, "Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental and Organizational Approaches" in: Inside Terrorist Organizations, (ed. David Rapoport), 2001. Franck Cass, London
  • Degregori, Carlos Iván (1998). "Harvesting Storms: Peasant Rondas and the Defeat of Sendero Luminoso in Ayacucho". In Steve Stern (Ed.), Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Template:ISBN.
  • Template:Cite book
  • Isbell, Billie Jean (1994). "Shining Path and Peasant Responses in Rural Ayacucho". In Shining Path of Peru, ed. David Scott Palmer. 2nd ed., New York: St. Martin's Press. Template:ISBN
  • Koppel, Martin. Peru's 'Shining Path' Evolution of a Stalinist Sect (1994)
  • Laqueur, W. (1999). The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction. New York: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN?
  • Lovell, Julia. Maoism: A Global History (2019) pp. 306–346 on Peru.
  • Martín-Baró, I. (1988) El Salvador 1987. Estudios Centroamericanos (ECA), No. 471-472, pp. 21–45.
  • Template:Cite book
  • Template:Cite book
  • Starn, Orin. "Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the refusal of history." Journal of Latin American Studies 27.2 (1995): 399–421. online
  • Starn, Orin and Miguel La Serna, The Shining Path: Love, Madness, and Revolution in the Andes. New York: W.W. Norton, 2019.
  • Template:Cite book
  • Template:Cite book

Template:Refend

External linksEdit

Template:Internal conflict in Peru Template:Peruvian political parties Template:Authority control