Template:Short description Template:Hatnote group Template:Use dmy dates
Tourism is travel for pleasure, and the commercial activity of providing and supporting such travel.<ref>Template:OED</ref> UN Tourism defines tourism more generally, in terms which go "beyond the common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only", as people "travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure and not less than 24 hours, business and other purposes".<ref name="unwto1034">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tourism can be domestic (within the traveller's own country) or international. International tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments.
Between the second half of 2008 and the end of 2009, tourism numbers declined due to a severe economic slowdown (see Great Recession) and the outbreak of the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus.<ref name="Barom2009">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="WTOaugust10">Template:Cite journal</ref> These numbers, however, recovered until the COVID-19 pandemic put an abrupt end to the growth.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The United Nations World Tourism Organization has estimated that global international tourist arrivals might have decreased by 58% to 78% in 2020, leading to a potential loss of US$0.9–1.2 trillion in international tourism receipts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Globally, international tourism receipts (the travel item in the balance of payments) grew to Template:USD trillion (Template:Euro billion) in 2005, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010.<ref name="pr12027">Template:Cite book</ref> International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012.<ref name="Barom2012">Template:Cite journal</ref> Emerging source markets such as China, Russia, and Brazil had significantly increased their spending over the previous decade.<ref name="Barom201304">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Global tourism accounts for Template:Circa 8% of global greenhouse-gas emissions.<ref> Template:Cite journal </ref> Emissions as well as other significant environmental and social impacts are not always beneficial to local communities and their economies. Many tourist development organizations are shifting focus to sustainable tourism to minimize the negative effects of growing tourism. This approach aims to balance economic benefits with environmental and social responsibility. The United Nations World Tourism Organization emphasized these practices by promoting tourism as part of the Sustainable Development Goals, through programs such as the International Year for Sustainable Tourism for Development in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Tourism has reached new dimensions with the emerging industry of space tourism, as well as the cruise ship industry.
EtymologyEdit
The English-language word tourist was used in 1772<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and tourism in 1811.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Oed</ref> These words derive from the word tour, which comes from Old English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from Old French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} - "to turn on a lathe", which is itself from Ancient Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) - "lathe".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DefinitionsEdit
In 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as "someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.<ref name="theobald">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1941, Hunziker and Kraft defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity."<ref name="1941define">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1994, the United Nations identified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country
- Inbound tourism,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> involving non-residents traveling in the given country
- Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country
Other groupings derived from the above grouping:<ref name="glo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- National tourism, a combination of domestic and outbound tourism
- Regional tourism, a combination of domestic and inbound tourism
- International tourism, a combination of inbound and outbound tourism
The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited. By contrast, traveller is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the cultural values underpinning these distinctions and their implications for class relations.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
There are many varieties of tourism. Of those types, there are multiple forms of outdoor-oriented tourism. Outdoor tourism is generally categorized into nature, eco, and adventure tourism (NEAT). These categories share many similarities but also possess definite and unique characteristics. Nature tourism generally encompasses tourism activities that would take place outside. Nature tourism appeals to a large audience of tourists and many may not know they are participating in this form of tourism. This type of tourism has a low barrier to entry and is accessible to a large population. Ecotourism focuses on education, maintaining a social responsibility for the community and the environment, as well as centering economic growth around the local economy. Weaver describes ecotourism as sustainable nature-based tourism.<ref name="Weaver 2008">Template:Cite book</ref> Ecotourism is more specific than nature tourism and works toward accomplishing a specific goal through the outdoors. Finally, we have adventure tourism. Adventure tourism is the most extreme of the categories and includes participation in activities and sports that require a level of skill or experience, risk, and physical exertion.<ref name="Weaver 2008"/> Adventure tourism often appeals less to the general public than nature and ecotourism and tends to draw in individuals who partake in such activities with limited marketing.
It is important to understand that these definitions may vary. Perceived risk in adventure tourism is subjective and may change for each individual.
Examples of these tourism types include...
Nature tourism
Ecotourism
- Guided tours focusing on educating, summer camps, outdoor classes
Adventure tourism
Tourism productsEdit
According to the World Tourism Organization, a tourism product is:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
"a combination of tangible and intangible elements, such as natural, cultural, and man-made resources, attractions, facilities, services and activities around a specific center of interest which represents the core of the destination marketing mix and creates an overall visitor experience including emotional aspects for the potential customers. A tourism product is priced and sold through distribution channels and it has a life-cycle."{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries}}
{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}
A tourist map shows the functional zones of a city.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Tourism products cover a wide variety of services including:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Accommodation services from low-cost homestays to five-star hotels
- Hospitality services including food and beverage serving centers
- Health care services like massages
- All modes of transport, its booking and rental
- Travel agencies, guided tours and tourist guides
- Cultural services such as religious monuments, museums, and historical places
- Shopping
- Additional travel services like airport parking, airport hotels and travel insurance
International tourismEdit
International tourism is tourism that crosses national borders. Globalisation has made tourism a popular global leisure activity. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 500,000 people are in flight at any one time.<ref name="theguardian.com">Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US. The Guardian. 28 April 2009.</ref>
In 2010, international tourism reached US$919B, growing 6.5% over 2009, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 4.7%.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 2010, there were over 940 million international tourist arrivals worldwide.<ref name="WTO2011Highlights">Template:Cite journal</ref> By 2016 that number had risen to 1,235 million, producing $1.22 trillion USD in destination spending.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The COVID-19 crisis had significant negative effects on international tourism significantly slowing the overall increasing trend.
International tourism has significant impacts on the environment, exacerbated in part by the problems created by air travel but also by other issues, including wealthy tourists bringing lifestyles that stress local infrastructure, water and trash systems among others.
BasisEdit
Tourism typically requires the tourist to feel engaged in a genuine experience of the location they are visiting. According to Dean MacCannell, tourism requires that the tourist can view the toured area as both authentic and different from their own lived experience.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:RpTemplate:Better source needed By viewing the "exotic," tourists learn what they themselves are not: that is, they are "un-exotic," or normal.<ref name=":1" />Template:Better source needed
According to MacCannell, all modern tourism experiences the "authentic" and "exotic" as "developmentally inferior" to the modern—that is, to the lived experience of the tourist.<ref name=":1" />Template:RpTemplate:Better source needed
HistoryEdit
AncientEdit
Template:See alsoTravel outside a person's local area for leisure was largely confined to wealthy classes, who at times travelled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings and works of art, learn new languages, experience new cultures, enjoy pristine nature and to taste different cuisines. As early as Shulgi, however, kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building way stations for travellers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Travelling for pleasure can be seen in Egypt as early on as 1500 BC.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Ancient Roman tourists during the Republic would visit spas and coastal resorts such as Baiae. They were popular among the rich. The Roman upper class used to spend their free time on land or at sea and travelled to their {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Numerous villas were located in Campania, around Rome and in the northern part of the Adriatic as in Barcola near Trieste. Pausanias wrote his Description of Greece in the second century AD. In ancient China, nobles sometimes made a point of visiting Mount Tai and, on occasion, all five Sacred Mountains.
MedievalEdit
.jpg){kind=link}
By the post-classical era, many religions, including Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam had developed traditions of pilgrimage. The Canterbury Tales (Template:Circa), which uses a pilgrimage as a framing device, remains a classic of English literature, and Journey to the West (Template:Circa), which holds a seminal place in Chinese literature, has a Buddhist pilgrimage at the center of its narrative.
In medieval Italy, Petrarch wrote an allegorical account of his 1336 ascent of Mont Ventoux that praised the act of travelling and criticized {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (a 'cold lack of curiosity'); this account is regarded as one of the first known instances of travel being undertaken for its own sake.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Burgundian poet Template:Interlanguage link later composed his own horrified recollections of a 1430 trip through the Jura Mountains.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In China, 'travel record literature' (Template:Lang-zh) became popular during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).<ref name="hargett 67">Hargett 1985, p. 67.</ref> Travel writers such as Fan Chengda (1126–1193) and Xu Xiake (1587–1641) incorporated a wealth of geographical and topographical information into their writing, while the 'daytrip essay' Record of Stone Bell Mountain by the noted poet and statesman Su Shi (1037–1101) presented a philosophical and moral argument as its central purpose. <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Grand TourEdit
Modern tourism can be traced to what was known as the Grand Tour, which was a traditional trip around Europe (especially Germany and Italy), undertaken by mainly upper-class European young men of means, mainly from Western and Northern European countries. In 1624, the young Prince of Poland, Ladislaus Sigismund Vasa, the eldest son of Sigismund III, embarked on a journey across Europe, as was in custom among Polish nobility.<ref name="wladcy12b">Tomasz Bohun, Podróże po Europie, Władysław IV Wasa, Władcy Polski, p. 12</ref> He travelled through territories of today's Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, where he admired the siege of Breda by Spanish forces, France, Switzerland to Italy, Austria, and the Czech Republic.<ref name="wladcy12b" /> It was an educational journey<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and one of the outcomes was introduction of Italian opera in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.<ref>The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera, ed. Roger Parker (1994): a chapter on Central and Eastern European opera by John Warrack, p. 240; The Viking Opera Guide, ed. Amanda Holden (1993): articles on Polish composers, p. 174</ref>
The custom flourished from about 1660 until the advent of large-scale rail transit in the 1840s and generally followed a standard itinerary. It was an educational opportunity and rite of passage. Though primarily associated with the British nobility and wealthy landed gentry, similar trips were made by wealthy young men of Protestant Northern European nations on the Continent, and from the second half of the 18th century some South American, US, and other overseas youth joined in. The tradition was extended to include more of the middle class after rail and steamship travel made the journey easier, and Thomas Cook made the "Cook's Tour" a byword.
The Grand Tour became a status symbol for upper-class students in the 18th and 19th centuries. In this period, Johann Joachim Winckelmann's theories about the supremacy of classic culture became very popular and appreciated in the European academic world. Artists, writers, and travellers (such as Goethe) affirmed the supremacy of classic art of which Italy, France, and Greece provide excellent examples. For these reasons, the Grand Tour's main destinations were to those centers, where upper-class students could find rare examples of classic art and history.
The New York Times recently described the Grand Tour in this way:
<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
Three hundred years ago, wealthy young Englishmen began taking a post-Oxbridge trek through France and Italy in search of art, culture and the roots of Western civilization. With nearly unlimited funds, aristocratic connections and months (or years) to roam, they commissioned paintings, perfected their language skills and mingled with the upper crust of the Continent.{{#if:Gross, Matt.Lessons From the Frugal Grand Tour." New York Times 5 September 2008.|{{#if:|}}
— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries}}
{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}
The primary value of the Grand Tour, it was believed, laid in the exposure both to the cultural legacy of classical antiquity and the Renaissance, and to the aristocratic and fashionably polite society of the European continent.
Emergence of leisure travelEdit
Template:More citations needed section
Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United KingdomTemplate:Spaced ndashthe first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population.<ref name="singh">Template:Cite book</ref> Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, factory owners and traders. These comprised the new middle class.<ref name="singh" /> Cox & Kings was the first official travel company to be formed in 1758.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. In Nice, France, one of the first and best-established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old, well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, Hotel Carlton, or Hotel MajesticTemplate:Spaced ndashreflecting the dominance of English customers.
A pioneer of the travel agency business, Thomas Cook's idea to offer excursions came to him while waiting for the stagecoach on the London Road at Kibworth. With the opening of the extended Midland Counties Railway, he arranged to take a group of 540 temperance campaigners from Leicester Campbell Street station to a rally in Loughborough, Template:Convert away. On 5 July 1841, Thomas Cook arranged for the rail company to charge one shilling per person; this included rail tickets and food for the journey. Cook was paid a share of the fares charged to the passengers, as the railway tickets, being legal contracts between company and passenger, could not have been issued at his own price.Template:Clarify This was the first privately chartered excursion train to be advertised to the general public; Cook himself acknowledged that there had been previous, unadvertised, private excursion trains.<ref>Ingle, R., 1991 Thomas Cook of Leicester, Bangor, Headstart History</ref> During the following three summers he planned and conducted outings for temperance societies and Sunday school children. In 1844, the Midland Counties Railway Company agreed to make a permanent arrangement with him, provided he found the passengers. This success led him to start his own business running rail excursions for pleasure, taking a percentage of the railway fares.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1855, he planned his first excursion abroad, when he took a group from Leicester to Calais to coincide with the Paris Exhibition. The following year he started his "grand circular tours" of Europe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the 1860s he took parties to Switzerland, Italy, Egypt, and the United States. Cook established "inclusive independent travel", whereby the traveller went independently but his agency charged for travel, food, and accommodation for a fixed period over any chosen route. Such was his success that the Scottish railway companies withdrew their support between 1862 and 1863 to try the excursion business for themselves.
Tourism, Empire and "Othering"Edit
,_La_Toilette_au_Harem,_huile_sur_toile_(211x_152cm),_XX_si%C3%A8cle.jpg){kind=link}
Although tourism is more often associated with cultural appreciation and leisure, it is also directly connected with power dynamics, cultural representations, and conflicts.<ref>Template:Cite journal
</ref> As a matter of fact, tourism developed alongside violent colonial domination in many regions of the world.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Colonial authorities often developed transportation infrastructure that facilitated the growth of tourism, while simultaneously promoting racialized and demeaning representations of native populations.<ref>Template:Cite journal
</ref>
The violence of the colonial powers was justified by labelling European culture as superior and civilized, while labeling others as inferior, uncivilized and in-need of domestication.<ref>Template:Cite journal
</ref>
European people often depicted non-European peoples and cultures as fundamentally different and inferior, establishing hierarchical representations of societies in various kinds of media such as academic books, travel journals, and travel guidebooks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> <ref>Template:Cite book </ref> <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> By portraying colonized societies as inferior on the hierarchy of cultural value, they "othered" these populations. <ref>Template:Cite book</ref>The concept of "othering" refers to the representation of individuals and cultures in a way that simultaneously romanticizes and devalues them, with the goal of establishing dominance. <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> "Othering" also refers to representing peoples while ignoring their own self-representations. <ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the 19th century, in order to foster the development of tourism in the colonies, touristic enterprises used tourist media to present them as attractive destinations for European travelers. <ref>Template:Cite book </ref> Consequently, tourism media not only promoted the colonies as touristic destinations and helped shape popular conceptions about them, but also helped consolidate ideas of Western cultural superiority. <ref>Template:Cite journal
</ref><ref>Template:Cite book
</ref> One notable example is Thomas Cook's travel enterprise established in the United Kingdom in 1841 and his travel newspaper called “The Excursionist”.<ref>Template:Cite journal
</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Thomas Cook enterprise promoted touristic excursions and package tours all over the world. In the case of the tour to Egypt, Thomas Cook & Son’s promotional materials aimed to portray it as an “out-of-the-ordinary”, wild, yet safe and domesticated destination, appealing to European tourists’ desire for both familiarity and adventure.<ref>Template:Cite book
</ref> Thomas Cook & Son collaboration with the British Empire during the occupation of Egypt facilitated European access to the Middle East through the construction of transportation networks such as steamships on the River Nile.<ref>Template:Cite journal
</ref> <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> At the same time, it reinforced Eurocentric and imperial politics. <ref>Template:Cite book </ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
These narratives, as reflected in travel guidebooks present in the Orientalist collection, often reveal more about the symbolic authority of European powers over colonized regions than they do about the actual cultures depicted. <ref>Template:Cite book</ref>The process of othering and categorizing societies into simplistic binary oppositions—such as civilized/primitive and superior/inferior — contributes to the perpetuation of imperialist ideologies because it silences the voices of local communities and obscures their cultural complexity.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Tourism after 1945Edit
In the period following World War II, an increasing number of individuals from diverse backgrounds were able to participate in tourism. <ref name="Zuelow2016p149">Template:Cite book</ref>
Racial segregation and tourism in the United StatesEdit
Prior to the Civil Rights Act, Black travellers encountered specific challenges when travelling within the United States. <ref name="Zuelow2016p171">Template:Cite book</ref> Jim Crow legislation enforced racial segregation in numerous public spaces, including public transport, accommodation, and tourist sites in general. <ref name="Jackson2020p12">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Zuelow2016p171" />
The Negro Motorist Green Book was a travel guide published from 1936 to 1967 by Victor and Alma Duke Green. It was aimed at Black travellers in the United States during the era of segregation and listed places where Black travellers were welcome. <ref name="Jackson2020p13">Template:Cite book</ref> Several major companies collaborated with the Green Book. For instance, the Esso Standard Oil Company placed advertisements in the Green Book and sold it at their nationwide gas stations.<ref name="Jackson2020p13" />
Economic significance of tourismEdit
The tourism industry, as part of the service sector,<ref> Template:Cite book</ref> has become an important source of income for many regions and even for entire countries. The Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 recognized its importance as "an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational, and economic sectors of national societies, and on their international relations."<ref name="unwto1034"/><ref>Template:Cite conference</ref>
Tourism brings large amounts of income into a local economy in the form of payment for goods and services needed by tourists, accounting Template:As of for 30% of the world's trade in services, and, as an invisible export, for 6% of overall exports of goods and services.<ref name="pr12027"/> It also generates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism.<ref name="WTO2012Highlights">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is also claimed that travel broadens the mind.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The hospitality industries which benefit from tourism include transportation services (such as airlines, cruise ships, transits, trains and taxicabs); lodging (including hotels, hostels, homestays, resorts and renting out rooms); and entertainment venues (such as amusement parks, restaurants, casinos, festivals, shopping malls, music venues, and theatres). This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs.
On the flip-side, tourism can degrade people<ref> Template:Cite book </ref> and sour relationships between host and guest.<ref> Template:Cite book </ref> Tourism frequently also puts additional pressure on the local environment.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The economic foundations of tourism are essentially the cultural assets, the cultural property and the nature of the travel location. The World Heritage Sites are particularly worth mentioning today because they are real tourism magnets. But even a country's current or former form of government can be decisive for tourism. For example, the fascination of the British royal family brings millions of tourists to Great Britain every year and thus the economy around £550 million a year. The Habsburg family can be mentioned in Central Europe. According to estimates, the Habsburg brand should generate tourism sales of 60 million euros per year for Vienna alone. The tourist principle "Habsburg sells" applies.<ref>Laurajane Smith "Uses of Heritage" (2006); Regina Bendix, Vladimir Hafstein "Culture and Property. An Introduction" (2009) in Ethnologia Europaea 39/2</ref><ref>Gerhard Bitzan, Christine Imlinger "Die Millionen-Marke Habsburg" (German), in Die Presse, 15 July 2011.</ref>
Tourism, cultural heritage and UNESCOEdit
Cultural and natural heritage are in many cases the absolute basis for worldwide tourism. Cultural tourism is one of the mega-trends that is reflected in massive numbers of overnight stays and sales. As UNESCO is increasingly observing, the cultural heritage is needed for tourism, but also endangered by it. The "ICOMOS - International Cultural Tourism Charter" from 1999 is already dealing with all of these problems. As a result of the tourist hazard, for example, the Lascaux cave was rebuilt for tourists. Overtourism is an important buzzword in this area. Furthermore, the focus of UNESCO in war zones is to ensure the protection of cultural heritage in order to maintain this future important economic basis for the local population. And there is intensive cooperation between UNESCO, the United Nations, the United Nations peacekeeping and Blue Shield International. There are extensive international and national considerations, studies and programs to protect cultural assets from the effects of tourism and those from war. In particular, it is also about training civilian and military personnel. But the involvement of the locals is particularly important. The founding president of Blue Shield International Karl von Habsburg summed it up with the words: "Without the local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible'.<ref>Rick Szostak: The Causes of Economic Growth: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media, 2009, Template:ISBN; Markus Tauschek "Kulturerbe" (2013), p 166; Laurajane Smith "Uses of Heritage" (2006).</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, p 73; Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict - UNITED NATIONS, 12 Apr 2019</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}; Jyot Hosagrahar: Culture: at the heart of SDGs. UNESCO-Kurier, April-Juni 2017.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Cruise shipsEdit
Cruising is a popular form of water tourism. Leisure cruise ships were introduced by the P&O in 1844, sailing from Southampton to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1891, German businessman Albert Ballin sailed the ship Augusta Victoria from Hamburg into the Mediterranean Sea. 29 June 1900 saw the launching of the first purpose-built cruise ship was Prinzessin Victoria Luise, built in Hamburg for the Hamburg America Line.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Modern day tourismEdit
Mass tourismEdit
Mass tourism and its tourist attractions have emerged as among the most iconic demonstration of western consumer societies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Academics have defined mass tourism as travel by groups on pre-scheduled tours, usually under the organization of tourism professionals. This form of tourism developed during the second half of the 19th century in the United Kingdom and was pioneered by Thomas Cook. Cook took advantage of Europe's rapidly expanding railway network and established a company that offered affordable day trip excursions to the masses, in addition to longer holidays to Continental Europe, India, Asia and the Western Hemisphere which attracted wealthier customers. By the 1890s over 20,000 tourists per year used Thomas Cook & Son.
The relationship between tourism companies, transportation operators and hotels is a central feature of mass tourism. Cook was able to offer prices that were below the publicly advertised price because his company purchased large numbers of tickets from railroads. One contemporary form of mass tourism, package tourism, still incorporates the partnership between these three groups.
Travel developed during the early 20th century and was facilitated by the development of the automobiles and later by airplanes. Improvements in transport allowed many people to travel quickly to places of leisure interest so that more people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.
In Continental Europe, early seaside resorts included: Heiligendamm, founded in 1793 at the Baltic Sea, being the first seaside resort; Ostend, popularized by the people of Brussels; Boulogne-sur-Mer and Deauville for the Parisians; Taormina in Sicily. In the United States, the first seaside resorts in the European style were at Atlantic City, New Jersey and Long Island, New York.
By the mid-20th century, the Mediterranean Coast became the principal mass tourism destination. The 1960s and 1970s saw mass tourism play a major role in the Spanish economic "miracle".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the 1960s and 1970s, scientists discussed negative socio-cultural impacts of tourism on host communities. Since the 1980s the positive aspects of tourism began to be recognized as well.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In more recent times, mass tourism is something which has become a negative experience for local residents of cities and destinations that experience heavy tourism, especially in summer months. In July 2024 for example, protests by local residents in Barcelona, Spain were held in the city, where ″thousands of people joined an anti-tourism protest amid rising housing costs.″<ref name="Protesting About Mass Tourism">Template:Cite news</ref>
Niche tourismEdit
.jpg){kind=link}
Niche tourism refers to the specialty forms of tourism that have emerged over the years, each with its own adjective. Many of these terms have come into common use by the tourism industry and academics.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Others are emerging concepts that may or may not gain popular usage. Examples of the more common niche tourism markets are: Template:Colbegin
- Agritourism
- Birth tourism
- Coastal island tourism
- Culinary tourism
- Cultural tourism
- Dark tourism (also called "black tourism" or "grief tourism")
- Eco tourism
- Extreme tourism
- Film tourism
- Geotourism
- Heritage tourism
- LGBT tourism
- Medical tourism
- Nautical tourism
- Pop-culture tourism
- Religious tourism
- Sex tourism
- Slum tourism
- Sports tourism
- Tallest buildings tourism
- Trains tourism (e.g., steam and model railways)
- Virtual tourism
- War tourism
- Wellness tourism
- Wildlife tourism
Other terms used for niche or specialty travel forms include the term "destination" in the descriptions, such as destination weddings, and terms such as location vacation.
Winter tourismEdit
St. Moritz, Switzerland became the cradle of the developing winter tourism in the 1860s: hotel manager Johannes Badrutt invited some summer guests from England to return in the winter to see the snowy landscape, thereby inaugurating a popular trend.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was, however, only in the 1970s when winter tourism took over the lead from summer tourism in many of the Swiss ski resorts. Even in winter, up to one third of all guests (depending on the location) consist of non-skiers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Major ski resorts are located mostly in the various European countries (e.g. Andorra, Austria, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Sweden, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey), Canada, the United States (e.g. Montana, Utah, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York) Argentina, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Chile, and Lebanon.
Recent developmentsEdit
There has been an up-trend in tourism over the last few decades,Template:Vague especially in Europe, where international travel for short breaks is common. Tourists have a wide range of budgets and tastes, and a wide variety of resorts and hotels have developed to cater for them. For example, some people prefer simple beach vacations, while others want more specialized holidays, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays, or niche market-targeted destination hotels.
The developments in air transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets, low-cost airlines, and more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. A major factor in the relatively low cost of air travel is the tax exemption for aviation fuels. The WHO estimated in 2009 that there are around half a million people on board aircraft at any given time.<ref name="theguardian.com"/> There have also been changes in lifestyle, for example, some retirement-age people sustain year-round tourism. This is facilitated by internet sales of tourist services. Some sites have now started to offer dynamic packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.
There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 11 attacks and terrorist threats to tourist destinations, such as in Bali and several European cities. Also, on 26 December 2004, a tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, hit the Asian countries on the Indian Ocean, including the Maldives. Thousands of people died including many tourists. This, together with the vast clean-up operations, stopped or severely hampered tourism in the area for a time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Individual low-price or even zero-price overnight stays have become more popular in the 2000s, especially with a strong growth in the hostel market and services like CouchSurfing and airbnb being established.<ref name="newyorkercouch">Template:Cite magazine</ref> There has also been examples of jurisdictions wherein a significant portion of GDP is being spent on altering the primary sources of revenue towards tourism, as has occurred for instance in Dubai.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Sustainable tourismEdit
EcotourismEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low-impact and (often) small-scale. It helps educate the traveller; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights. Take only memories and leave only footprints is a very common slogan in protected areas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tourist destinations are shifting to low carbon emissions following the trend of visitors more focused in being environmentally responsible adopting a sustainable behavior.<ref>Entrepreneuring Sustainable Tourism, Jack Soifer Editor, Lisboa, 2008, Template:ISBN</ref>
Volunteer tourismEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Volunteer tourism (or voluntourism) is growing as a largely Western phenomenon, with volunteers travelling to aid those less fortunate than themselves in order to counter global inequalities. Wearing (2001) defines volunteer tourism as applying "to those tourists who, for various reasons, volunteer in an organised way to undertake holidays that might involve aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> VSO was founded in the UK in 1958 and the US Peace Corps was subsequently founded in 1960. These were the first large scale voluntary sending organisations, initially arising to modernise less economically developed countries, which it was hoped would curb the influence of communism.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
This form of tourism is largely praised for its more sustainable approach to travel, with tourists attempting to assimilate into local cultures, and avoiding the criticisms of consumptive and exploitative mass tourism.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, increasingly, voluntourism is being criticised by scholars who suggest it may have negative effects as it begins to undermine local labour, and force unwilling host communities to adopt Western initiatives,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> while host communities without a strong heritage fail to retain volunteers who become dissatisfied with experiences and volunteer shortages persist.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Increasingly, organisations such as VSO have been concerned with community-centric volunteer programmes where power to control the future of the community is in the hands of local people.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Pro-poor tourismEdit
Pro-poor tourism, which seeks to help the poorest people in developing countries, has been receiving increasing attention by those involved in development; the issue has been addressed through small-scale projects in local communities and through attempts by Ministries of Tourism to attract large numbers of tourists.<ref>Freire-Medeiros, B. (2014). Touring poverty. Routledge.</ref> Research by the Overseas Development Institute suggests that neither is the best way to encourage tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 25% or less (far less in some cases) ever reaches the poor; successful examples of money reaching the poor include mountain-climbing in Tanzania and cultural tourism in Luang Prabang, Laos.<ref name="odi.org.uk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is also the possibility of pro-poor tourism principles being adopted in centre sites of regeneration in the developed world.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Recession tourismEdit
{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Recession tourism is a travel trend which evolved by way of the world economic crisis. Recession tourism is defined by low-cost and high-value experiences taking place at once-popular generic retreats. Various recession tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting travellers are elongating trips where their money travels further. This concept is not widely used in tourism research. It is related to the short-lived phenomenon that is more widely known as staycation. In general, studies have primarily focused on the short-term effects of the crisis on tourism demand, often overlooking the long-term implications for the competitive positioning of the impacted destinations.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Medical tourismEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure, particularly in Southeast Asia, India, Sri Lanka, Eastern Europe, Cuba<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Canada<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to particular medical procedures (e.g. dentistry), travelling to take advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".
Educational tourismEdit
Template:More citations needed section Educational tourism is developed because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment. Brent W. Ritchie, publisher of Managing Educational Tourism, created a study of a geographic subdivision to demonstrate how tourism educated high school students participating in foreign exchange programs over the last 15 years.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the culture, study tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.<ref>Seraphin, H., Bah, M., Fyall, A., & Gowreesunkar, V. (2021). Tourism education in France and sustainable development goal 4 (quality education). Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes.</ref> In 2018, one impact was many exchange students traveled to America to assist students financially in order to maintain their secondary education.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Event tourismEdit
This type of tourism is focused on tourists coming into a region to either participate in an event or to see an organized event put on by the city/region.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> This type of tourism can also fall under sustainable tourism as well and companies that create a sustainable event to attend open up a chance to not only the consumer but their workers to learn and develop from the experience. Creating a sustainable atmosphere creates a chance to inform and encourage sustainable practices. An example of event tourism would be the music festival South by Southwest that is hosted in Austin, Texas annually. Every year people from all over the world flock to the city for one week to sit in on technology talks and see bands perform. People are drawn here to experience something that they are not able to experience in their hometown, which defines event tourism.
Creative tourismEdit
Creative tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism, since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the Grand Tour, which saw the sons of aristocratic families travelling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences. More recently, creative tourism has been given its own name by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards,<ref name="ct">Template:Cite book</ref> who as members of the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS), have directed a number of projects for the European Commission, including cultural and crafts tourism, known as sustainable tourism. They have defined "creative tourism" as tourism related to the active participation of travellers in the culture of the host community, through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences.<ref name="ct"/>
Meanwhile, the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high-profile organizations such as UNESCO, who through the Creative Cities Network, have endorsed creative tourism as an engaged, authentic experience that promotes an active understanding of the specific cultural features of a place. UNESCO wrote in one of its documents: "'Creative Tourism' involves more interaction, in which the visitor has an educational, emotional, social, and participative interaction with the place, its living culture, and the people who live there. They feel like a citizen."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Saying so, the tourist will have the opportunity to take part in workshops, classes and activities related to the culture of the destination.
More recently, creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism, drawing on active participation by travellers in the culture of the host communities they visit. Several countries offer examples of this type of tourism development, including the United Kingdom, Austria, France, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Spain, Italy, New Zealand and South Korea.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The growing interest of tourists<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in this new way to discover a culture regards particularly the operators and branding managers, attentive to the possibility of attracting a quality tourism, highlighting the intangible heritage (craft workshops, cooking classes, etc.) and optimizing the use of existing infrastructure (for example, through the rent of halls and auditoriums).
Experiential tourismEdit
Experiential travel (or "immersion travel") is one of the major market trends in the modern tourism industry. It is an approach to travelling which focuses on experiencing a country, city or particular place by connecting to its history, people, food and culture.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The term "experiential travel" has been mentioned in publications since 1985,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but it was not discovered as a meaningful market trend until much later.
Dark tourismEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> as "dark" tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of horrific crimes or acts of genocide, for example concentration camps. Its origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Social tourismEdit
Social tourism is making tourism available to poor people who otherwise could not afford to travel for their education or recreation. It includes youth hostels and low-priced holiday accommodation run by church and voluntary organisations, trade unions, or in Communist times publicly owned enterprises. In May 1959, at the second Congress of Social Tourism in Austria, Walter Hunziker proposed the following definition: "Social tourism is a type of tourism practiced by low-income groups, and which is rendered possible and facilitated by entirely separate and therefore easily recognizable services".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Doom tourismEdit
Also known as "tourism of doom," or "last chance tourism", involves travelling to places that are environmentally or otherwise threatened (such as the ice caps of Mount Kilimanjaro, the melting glaciers of Patagonia, or the coral of the Great Barrier Reef) before it is too late. The trend emerged in the 21st century, identified in 2007 by travel trade magazine in 2007<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and explored in The New York Times,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This type of tourism has been on the rise. Some see the trend as related to sustainable tourism or ecotourism due to the fact that a number of these tourist destinations are considered threatened by environmental factors such as global warming, overpopulation or climate change. Others worry that travel to many of these threatened locations increases an individual's carbon footprint and only hastens problems threatened locations are already facing.<ref>Lemelin, H., Dawson, J., & Stewart, E.J. (Eds.). (2013). Last chance tourism: adapting tourism opportunities in a changing world. Routledge.</ref><ref>Frew, E. (2008). Climate change and doom tourism: Advertising destinations 'before they disappear'. In J. Fountain & K. Moore (Chair), Symposium conducted at the meeting of the New Zealand Tourism & Hospitality Research Conference.</ref><ref>Hall, C.M. (2010). Crisis events in tourism: subjects of crisis in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), 401–17.</ref> As of 2024, climate change has been making Last Chance Tourism more popular, and riskier. In August 2024, an American was killed visiting an ice cave at the foot of the Breidamerkurjokull glacier.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Religious tourismEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Religious tourism, in particular pilgrimage, can serve to strengthen faith and to demonstrate devotion.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Religious tourists may seek destinations whose image encourages them to believe that they can strengthen the religious elements of their self-identity in a positive manner. Given this, the perceived image of a destination may be positively influenced by whether it conforms to the requirements of their religious self-identity or not.<ref>Compare: Template:Cite journal</ref>
DNA tourismEdit
DNA tourism, also called "ancestry tourism" or "heritage travel", is tourism based on DNA testing. These tourists visit their remote relatives or places where their ancestors came from, or where their relatives reside, based on the results of DNA tests. DNA tourism became a growing trend in 2019.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sleep tourismEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Sleep tourism focuses on medical treatments or other approaches, and may focus on people who have difficulty falling asleep, people who experience interrupted sleep, people who don't feel rested after sleeping, snoring, breathing difficulties, and dreaming.<ref name=":02">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Impacts on destinationsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Excerpt
Tourism industry growthEdit
.JPG){kind=link}
In 2004 the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4 percent.<ref name="predict">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With the advent of e-commerce, tourism products have become prominent traded items on the internet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.), including small-scale operators, can sell their services directly.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
As a result of the late-2000s recession, international arrivals experienced a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008. Growth from 2007 to 2008 was only 3.7 percent during the first eight months of 2008. This slowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry, with negative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic through September. The hotel industry also reported a slowdown, with room occupancy declining. In 2009 worldwide tourism arrivals decreased by 3.8 percent.<ref name="UNWTO">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By the first quarter of 2009, real travel demand in the United States had fallen 6 percent over six quarters. While this was considerably milder than what occurred after the September 11 attacks, the decline was at twice the rate, as real GDP has fallen.<ref>Template:Cite news JournalistsResource.org. Retrieved 22 June 2012</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, evidence suggests that tourism as a global phenomenon shows no signs of substantially abating in the long term.<ref>Spencer, A., Tarlow, P. E., Gowreesunkar, V. G., Maingi, S. W., Roy, H., Micera, R., ... & Lane, W. (2021). Tourism Destination Management in a Post-Pandemic Context, New York, Emerald.</ref> The UNWTO has noted, that tourists increasingly view vacations and travel as a necessity rather than a luxury, and that this shift in attitudes may explain tourist numbers recovering globally in 2009.<ref name="UNWTO" />
It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global context.<ref name="correl">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Not only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their local economies. This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.
Liabilities and insuranceEdit
After the September 11 attacks the tourism industry operators had to consider the health and safety of tourists because it became increasingly difficult to obtain liability insurance. The organisations willing to provide insurance to tourism industry operators required, that operators put in place best practice risk management structures. This included, that whatever was promised in the contract about the holiday was really delivered by the operator.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Space tourismEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
There has been a limited amount of orbital space tourism, with only the Russian Space Agency providing transport to date. A 2010 report into space tourism anticipated that it could become a billion-dollar market by 2030.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Cohen, E. (2017). The paradoxes of space tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 42(1), 22-31.</ref> The space market has been around since 1979, however, there has been a limited amount of orbital space tourism, with only the Russian Space Agency providing transport on its Soyuz and the Chinese Shenzhou being the only two spacecrafts suitable for human travel . In April 2001, Dennis Tito, a customer of the Russian Soyuz became the first tourist to visit space. In May 2011, Virgin Galactic launched its SpaceShipTwo plane that allows people to travel 2 hours space at the advertised price of $200,000 per seat. A challenge that the commercial space tourism industry faces is to be able to have fundings from private investments needed to lower the cost of access to space in addition to being able to encourage both private and public sector support to increase capacity to allow commercial passengers. With space tourism still being new concept, there are many factors that needs to be considered for the industry. From its actual demand to its risk factor to its liabilities and insurance issues, there are still a lot of research that needs to be conducted. A 2010 report into space tourism anticipated that the industry is expected to grow by 18% - 26% per year during 2020 to 2030.
Sports tourismEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Sports tourism that attracts spectators is associated with negative impacts such as traffic congestion, vandalism, and anti-social behaviour. Sports tourist destinations may therefore be subject public displays of resentment and antagonism even though the host community benefits substantially. Sports tourism growth and decline can be subject to international commercial sporting events. For example, the irreversible environmental damage caused by the 1992 Winter Olympics is cited as a reason for stagnating ski tourism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Security in TourismEdit
Security in Tourism is a sub-discipline of tourist studies that explores the factors that affect the ontological security of tourists. Risks are evaluated by their impact and nature.<ref>Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (Eds.). (2006). Tourism, security and safety. Routledge.</ref> Tourism security includes methodologies, theories and techniques oriented to protect the organic image of tourist destinations.<ref>Tarlow, P. (2014). Tourism security: strategies for effectively managing travel risk and safety. Elsevier.</ref> Three academic waves are significant in tourism security: risk perception theory, disaster management, and post-disaster consumption.<ref>Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar et al. 2020. Tourism Destination Management in a Post-Pandemic Context: Global Issues and Destination Management Solutions, Emerald</ref>
Andrew Spencer & Peter Tarlow argue that tourism security is not an easy concept to define. It includes a set of sub-disciplines, and global risks different in nature which cause different effects in the tourism industry. The rise of tourism security and safety as a consolidated discipline coincides with the globalization and ultimate maturation of the industry worldwide. Some threats include, for example, terrorist groups looking to destabilize governments affecting not only the local economies but killing foreign tourists to cause geopolitical tensions between delivery-country and receiving-tourist countries. Today, island destinations are more affected by terrorism and other global risks than other continent destinations <ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemicEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
In 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic travel bans and a substantial reduction in passenger travel by air and sea contributed to a sharp decline in tourism activity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The World Tourism Organization (WTO) reported a 70% decrease in international travel in 2020, where 165 of 217 worldwide destinations completely stopped international tourism by April 2020. Since every country imposes different travel restrictions, it makes traveling plans complicated and often too difficult to figure out, thus the willingness to travel for the general population decreases. It is estimated that the United States lost 147 billion U.S. dollars in revenue from tourism between January and October 2020. Spain had the next highest loss of revenue at around 46.7 billion U.S dollars, and countries in Africa collectively lost about 55 billion dollars during April and June 2020.Template:Citation needed
See alsoEdit
Template:Portal Template:Div col
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
Template:See also Template:Refbegin
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite journal
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite thesis
- Template:Cite journal
- Antje Monshausen, Sustainable and development friendly In: D+C Vol.42.2015:4
External linksEdit
Template:Tourism Template:Tourism in Africa Template:Tourism in Asia Template:Tourism in Europe Template:Tourism in North America Template:Tourism in Oceania Template:Tourism in South America Template:Industries Template:Authority control