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Magadha

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Kingdom of Magadha
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Kingdom of Magadha and other Mahajanapadas during the second urbanisation

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Territorial expansion of Magadha-based rulers 6th century BCE onwards

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Magadhi Prakrit
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit


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Magadha was a region and kingdom in ancient India, based in the eastern Ganges Plain. It was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas during the Second Urbanization period. The region was ruled by several dynasties, which overshadowed, conquered, and incorporated the other Mahajanapadas. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism<ref name="Keown2004">Template:Cite book</ref> and formed the core of the Maurya Empire (ca. 320–185 BCE).

GeographyEdit

The territory of the Magadha kingdom proper before its expansion was bounded to the north, west, and east respectively by the Gaṅgā, Son, and Campā rivers, and the eastern spurs of the Vindhya mountains formed its southern border. The territory of the initial Magadha kingdom thus corresponded to the modern-day Patna and Gaya districts of the Indian state of Bihar.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The region of Greater Magadha also included neighbouring regions in the eastern Gangetic plains and had a distinct culture and belief.

HistoryEdit

Vedic period (semi-legendary) (ca. 1700 BCE-6th cent. BCE)Edit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

In the Atharvaveda (5.22) (ca. 1200-900 BCE) the Magadhas are listed along with the Angas, Gandharis and Mujavats as non-Vedic tribes located outside of the Kuru-Panchala cultural sphere.<ref>Michael Witzel (1987), "On the localisation of Vedic texts and schools (Materials on Vedic Śākhās, 7)" in G. Pollet (ed.), India and the Ancient world. History, Trade and Culture before A.D. 650</ref><ref name="Majumdar_1977"/>

Kikata kingdomEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Some scholars have identified the Kīkaṭa tribe—mentioned in the Rigveda (3.53.14) with their ruler Pramaganda—as the forefathers of Magadhas because Kikata is used as synonym for Magadha in the later texts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Like the Magadhas in the Atharvaveda, the Rigveda speaks of the Kikatas as a hostile tribe, living on the borders of Brahmanical India, who did not perform Vedic rituals, but Witzel argues that it is "misplaced" to locate the Kikatas within Magadha, as in the Rigveda "their [Kikata] territory is clearly described as being to the south of Kurukshetra, in eastern Rajasthan or western Madhya Pradesh, and Magadha is beyond the geographical horizon of the Rigveda".<ref name="Witzel1995">M. Witzel. "Rigvedic history: poets, chieftains, and polities," in The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. ed. G. Erdosy (Walter de Gruyer, 1995), p. 333</ref>

Brihadratha dynastyEdit

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According to the Puranas, the legendary<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Brihadratha dynasty was the first ruling dynasty of Magadha.

Mahajanapada (6th-4th cent. BCE)Edit

File:Cyclopian wall, Rajgir. (5457385482) (cropped).jpg
Cyclopean Wall of Rajgir which encircled the former capital of Magadha, Rajgir. Among the oldest pieces of cyclopean masonry in the world

Second urbanisationEdit

Much of the Second Urbanisation took place in Greater Magadha from Template:Circa onwards, and it was here that Jainism and Buddhism arose.Template:Sfn

Haryanka dynasty (544 BCE–413 BCE)Edit

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There is little certain information available on the early rulers of Magadha. The most important sources are the Buddhist Pāli Canon, the Jain Agamas and the Hindu Puranas. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is also mentioned in the Ramayana, the Mahabharata. Based on Jain and Buddhist sources, it appears that Magadha was ruled by the Haryanka dynasty for some 130 years, c. 543 to 413 BCE,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> although dates are uncertain, and could be significantly later.<ref name="Bechert"/>

Two notable Haryanka dynasty rulers of Magadha were Bimbisara (also known as Shrenika) and his son Ajatashatru (also known as Kunika), who are mentioned in Buddhist and Jain literature as contemporaries of the Buddha and Mahavira. Later, the throne of Magadha was usurped by Mahapadma Nanda, the founder of the Nanda Dynasty (Template:Circa), which conquered much of north India. The Nanda dynasty was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire (Template:Circa–185 BCE).

There is much uncertainty about the succession of kings and the precise chronology of Magadha prior to Mahapadma Nanda; the accounts of various ancient texts (all of which were written many centuries later than the era in question) contradict each other on many points. Furthermore, there is a "Long Chronology" and a contrasting "Short Chronology" preferred by some scholars, an issue that is inextricably linked to the uncertain chronology of the Buddha and Mahavira.<ref name="Bechert">Template:Cite book</ref> According to historian K. T. S. Sarao, a proponent of the Short Chronology wherein the Buddha's lifespan was c.477–397 BCE, it can be estimated that Bimbisara was reigning c.457–405 BCE, and Ajatashatru was reigning c.405–373 BCE.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> According to historian John Keay, a proponent of the "Long Chronology," Bimbisara must have been reigning in the late 5th century BCE,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Ajatashatru in the early 4th century BCE.<ref name="Keay 2010, p.149">Template:Cite book</ref> Keay states that there is great uncertainty about the royal succession after Ajatashatru's death, probably because there was a period of "court intrigues and murders," during which "evidently the throne changed hands frequently, perhaps with more than one incumbent claiming to occupy it at the same time" until Mahapadma Nanda was able to secure the throne.<ref name="Keay 2010, p.149"/>

The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern day Rajgir), then Pataliputra (modern Patna).<ref name="Majumdar_1977">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. Template:ISBN.</ref> Rajagriha was initially known as 'Girivrijja' and later came to be known as so during the reign of Ajatashatru. Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Vajjika League and Anga, respectively.<ref>Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Expansion (413 BCE-28 BCE)Edit

Shaishunaga dynasty (413 BCE–345 BCE)Edit

File:Magadha Expansion (6th-4th centuries BCE).png
The approximate extent of the Haryanka dynasty and the Shaisunaga dynasty between the 6th and 5th century BCE.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

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Nanda dynasty (c. 345 BCE–c. 322 BCE)Edit

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Maurya Empire (322 BCE – 185 BCE)Edit

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Shunga Empire (185 BCE–73 BCE)Edit

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Kanva dynasty (73 BCE–28 BCE)Edit

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Extraneous rule (28 BCE-c.240 CE)Edit

Mitra dynasty (Kosambi) ( 1st cent. BCE - 2nd cent. CE)Edit

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Mahameghavahana dynasty (2nd-3rd cent. CE)Edit

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GuptasEdit

Gupta Empire (c. 240–c. 579)Edit

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Later Guptas (c. 6th century CE–c. 8th century CE)Edit

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Later historyEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} From the 11th century until the late 13th century, a group of Buddhist kings known as the Pithipatis ruled parts of the Magadha region. These kings referred to themselves as Magadhādipati which translates to "Lords of Magadha".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Buddhism and JainismEdit

Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, lived much of his life in the kingdom of Magadha. He attained enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, gave his first sermon in Sarnath and the first Buddhist council was held in Rajgriha.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Several Śramaṇic movements had existed before the 6th century BCE, and these influenced both the āstika and nāstika traditions of Indian philosophy.<ref name=reginaldray247>Template:Cite book</ref> The Śramaṇa movement gave rise to diverse range of heterodox beliefs, ranging from accepting or denying the concept of soul, atomism, antinomian ethics, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, idealisation of extreme asceticism to that of family life, strict ahimsa (non-violence) and vegetarianism to the permissibility of violence and meat-eating.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Magadha kingdom was the nerve centre of this revolution.

Jainism was revived and re-established after Mahavira, the last and the 24th Tirthankara, who synthesised and revived the philosophies and promulgations of the ancient Śramaṇic traditions laid down by the first Jain tirthankara Rishabhanatha millions of years ago.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Buddha founded Buddhism which received royal patronage in the kingdom.

File:Magadha kingdom Circa 430-320s BC AR Karshapana.jpg
Magadha kingdom coin, Template:Circa–320 BCE, Karshapana
File:Magadha kingdom coin Circa 350 BC AR Karshapana.jpg
Magadha kingdom coin, Template:Circa, Karshapana
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According to Indologist Johannes Bronkhorst, the culture of Magadha was in fundamental ways different from the Vedic kingdoms of the Indo-Aryans. According to Bronkhorst, the śramana culture arose in "Greater Magadha," which was Indo-Aryan, but not Vedic. In this culture, Kshatriyas were placed higher than Brahmins, and it rejected Vedic authority and rituals.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He argues for a cultural area termed "Greater Magadha", defined as roughly the geographical area in which the Buddha and Mahavira lived and taught.Template:Sfn <ref name=Witzel>Template:Cite journal</ref>

With regard to the Buddha, this area stretched by and large from Śrāvastī, the capital of Kosala, in the north-west to Rājagṛha, the capital of Magadha, in the south-east".Template:Sfn According to Bronkhorst, "there was indeed a culture of Greater Magadha which remained recognizably distinct from Vedic culture until the time of the grammarian Patañjali (ca. 150 BCE) and beyond".Template:Sfn The Buddhologist Alexander Wynne writes that there is an "overwhelming amount of evidence" to suggest that this rival culture to the Vedic Aryans dominated the eastern Gangetic plain during the early Buddhist period. Orthodox Vedic Brahmins were, therefore, a minority in Magadha during this early period.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Magadhan religions are termed the sramana traditions and include Jainism, Buddhism and Ājīvika. Buddhism and Jainism were the religions promoted by the early Magadhan kings, such as Srenika, Bimbisara and Ajatashatru, and the Nanda Dynasty (345–321 BCE) that followed was mostly Jain. These Sramana religions did not worship the Vedic deities, instead of practising some form of asceticism and meditation (jhana) and tending to construct round burial mounds (called stupas in Buddhism).Template:Sfn These religions also sought some type of liberation from the cyclic rounds of rebirth and karmic retribution through spiritual knowledge.

Religious sites in MagadhaEdit

File:Bodh gaya before restoration.jpg
The ancient Mahabodhi temple at Bodh Gaya prior to its restoration

Among the Buddhist sites currently found in the Magadha region include two UNESCO World Heritage Sites such as the Mahabodhi temple at Bodh Gaya<ref name="Sarao2020">Template:Cite book</ref> and the Nalanda monastery.<ref name="Kumar2018">Template:Cite book</ref> The Mahabodhi temple is one of the most important places of pilgrimage in the Buddhist world and is said to mark the site where the Buddha attained enlightenment.<ref name="GearySayers2012">Template:Cite book</ref>

LanguageEdit

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Beginning in the Theravada commentaries, the Pali language has been identified with Magadhi, the language of the kingdom of Magadha, and this was taken to also be the language that the Buddha used during his life. In the 19th century, the British Orientalist Robert Caesar Childers argued that the true or geographical name of the Pali language was Magadhi Prakrit, and that because pāḷi means "line, row, series", the early Buddhists extended the meaning of the term to mean "a series of books", so pāḷibhāsā means "language of the texts".<ref>A Dictionary of the Pali Language By Robert Cæsar Childers</ref> Nonetheless, Pali does retain some eastern features that have been referred to as Māgadhisms.<ref name="Gethin2008">Template:Cite book</ref>

Magadhi Prakrit was one of the three dramatic prakrits to emerge following the decline of Sanskrit. It was spoken in Magadha and neighbouring regions and later evolved into modern eastern Indo-Aryan languages like Magahi, Maithili and Bhojpuri.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Historical figures from MagadhaEdit

File:Mahavir.jpg
The 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, Mahavira, who was born in Magadha to a royal family

Important people from the region of Magadha include:

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

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Timeline and
cultural period 		Indus plain
(Punjab-Sapta Sindhu-Gujarat) 		Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India
Upper Gangetic Plain
(Ganga-Yamuna doab) 		Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain
IRON AGE
Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period
Painted Grey Ware culture 		Late Vedic Period
Northern Black Polished Ware 		Pre-history
 6th century BCE Gandhara Kuru-Panchala Magadha Adivasi (tribes) Assaka
Culture Persian-Greek influences "Second Urbanisation"
Rise of Shramana movements
Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga 		Pre-history
 5th century BCE (Persian conquests) Shaishunaga dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Assaka
 4th century BCE (Greek conquests) Nanda empire
HISTORICAL AGE
Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history
 3rd century BCE Maurya Empire Satavahana dynasty
Sangam period
(300 BCE – 200 CE)
Early Cholas
Early Pandyan kingdom
Cheras
Culture Preclassical HinduismTemplate:Efn - "Hindu Synthesis"Template:Efn (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)Template:EfnTemplate:Efn
Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition
Mahayana Buddhism
 2nd century BCE Indo-Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire
Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty 		Satavahana dynasty
Sangam period
(300 BCE – 200 CE)
Early Cholas
Early Pandyan kingdom
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 1st century BCE
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Indo-Scythians
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Puranas
Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire
Varman dynasty 		Andhra Ikshvakus
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Kalabhra dynasty
Culture Late-Classical Hinduism (ca. CE 650-1100)Template:Efn
Advaita Vedanta - Tantra
Decline of Buddhism in India
 7th century Indo-Sassanids Vakataka dynasty
Empire of Harsha 		Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Badami Chalukyas
Eastern Chalukyas
Pandyan kingdom (revival)
Pallava
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 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Eastern Chalukyas
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Chera Perumals of Makkotai
10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty
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