Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Infobox Russian inhabited locality
Kaluga (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It stands on the Oka River Template:Convert southwest of Moscow. Its population was 337,058 at the 2021 census.<ref name="2021Census">Template:Ru-pop-ref</ref>
Kaluga's most famous resident, the space travel pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, worked there as a school teacher from 1892 to 1935. The Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga is dedicated to his theoretical achievements and to their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city's coat of arms: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Kolybélʹ kosmonávtiki ("The Cradle of Space-Exploration").
HistoryEdit
Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as Koluga; the name comes from Old Russian kaluga is "bog, quagmire".<ref>E.M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow: Russkie slovari, 1998), p. 181.</ref> During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank defense line. The Great stand on the Ugra River was fought just to the west. In the Middle Ages Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes Vorotynsky. The ancestral home of these princes lies southwest of the modern city.
On 19 January 1777, the Kaluga drama theatre opened its first theatrical season, established with the direct participation of the Governor-General Mikhail Krechetnikov.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and by the ancient roadway, the Kaluga Road (now partly within Moscow (as the Old Kaluga Highway), partly the A101 road).<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This road offered Napoleon his favored escape route from the Moscow trap in the fall of 1812. But General Kutuzov repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the Old Smolensk Road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia.
On several occasions during the Russian Empire Kaluga was the residence of political exiles and prisoners such as the last Crimean khan Şahin Giray (1786), the Kyrgyz sultan Arigazi-Abdul-Aziz (1828), the Georgian princess Thecla (1834–1835), and the Avar leader Imam Shamil (1859–1868).<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The German army briefly occupied Kaluga during the climactic Battle of Moscow, as part of Operation Barbarossa. The city was under full or partial German occupation from October 12 to December 30, 1941. In 1944, the Soviet Government used its local military buildings to intern hundreds of Polish prisoners of war — soldiers of the Polish underground Home Army — whom the advancing Soviet front had arrested in the area around Vilnius.
DemographicsEdit
Template:Historical populationsAs of the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition of Kaluga was:<ref name="ВПН-2020">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Administrative and municipal statusEdit
Kaluga is the administrative center of the oblast.<ref name="Ref174">Charter of Kaluga Oblast</ref> Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with seventy-two rural localities, incorporated as the City of Kaluga—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.<ref name="Ref174" /> As a municipal division, the City of Kaluga, together with one rural locality in Ferzikovsky District (the selo of Novozhdamirovo), is incorporated as Kaluga Urban Okrug.<ref name="Ref274">Law #7-OZ</ref>
EconomyEdit
The Kaluga Turbine Plant is located here as is Kaluga Machine Works, which manufactures track machines for railways. In recent years, Kaluga has become one center of the Russian automotive industry, with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 28 November 2007, Volkswagen Group opened a new assembly plant in Kaluga, which further expanded by 2009. The investment has reached more than 500 million Euro. Template:Asof the plant assembled the Volkswagen Passat, Škoda Fabia and Škoda Rapid.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 15 October 2007, the Volvo Group broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, that was inaugurated on 19 January 2009,<ref>Volvo Truck starts production at Kaluga plant, Just-auto.com, 19 January 2009.</ref> with a yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 Renault trucks.<ref>New Volvo Group assembly plant in Kaluga, Volvo Group corporate news, 15 October 2007.</ref>
On 12 December 2007, PSA Peugeot Citroën announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga.<ref>PSA Peugeot Citroën to Build Plant in Kaluga, Russia Template:Webarchive, PSA Peugeot Citroën press release, 12 December 2007</ref>
TransportationEdit
The city is served by the Grabtsevo Airport. Since 1899, there has been a railway connection between Kaluga and Moscow.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Public transportation is represented by the trolleybuses, buses, and marshrutkas (routed taxis).
- Kaluga Lenina 96 02.jpg
ZiU-682 trolleybus
- Kaluga trolleybus 129 2013-07.jpg
ZiU-682 trolleybus
- Kaluga 2013 trolleybus 34.jpg
BKM-321 low-floor trolleybus
- Terminal of Grabtsevo Airport (Kaluga, Russia) KLF UUBC (33977439235).jpg
Kaluga Airport
- Kaluga-1 station 01.JPG
Kaluga Railway Station
ClimateEdit
Kaluga has a humid temperate continental (Köppen climate classification: Dfb), with warm and humid summers; and long, cold and snowy winters. Winter extreme records can be as low as Template:Convert, while summer heat may reach up Template:Convert, but normal variation is between Template:Convert and Template:Convert during winter and between Template:Convert and Template:Convert during summer in Kaluga. Template:Weather box
Notable peopleEdit
Template:More citations needed section Kaluga's most famous resident was rocket science pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.
Other notable people include:
- Sergei Avagimyan, former professional footballer. Born in Russia, he played for the Armenian national football team.
- Alexander Amfiteatrov
- Yuri Averbakh, chess grandmaster
- Mykola Azarov
- Pafnuty Chebyshev, mathematician
- Alexander Chizhevsky
- David Edelstadt
- Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian-American composer
- Jonah of Hankou
- Andrei Kalaychev
- Valery Kobelev, ski jumper
- Mikhail Linge
- Pavel Popovich, cosmonaut, the only person to receive two honorary citizenships of Kaluga (1962 and 1964)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Larisa Popugayeva
- Nikolai Rakov
- Imam Shamil
- Nikolay Skvortsov, swimmer
- Yuliya Tabakova
- Georgy Zhukov
- Olesya Zykina, 400m athlete
- Bulat Okudzhava, lived and taught Literature in public school in the 1950s.
- Serafim Tulikov
- Ivan Kuliak
- Stanislav Kunyaev
Twin towns – sister citiesEdit
Kaluga is twinned with:<ref name=twins>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col
- Template:Flagicon Suhl, Germany (1969)
- Template:Flagicon Tiraspol, Moldova (2005)
- Template:Flagicon Panorama, Greece (2011)
- Template:Flagicon Minsk, Belarus (2015)
- Template:Flagicon Binzhou, China (2015)
- Template:Flagicon Yalta, Ukraine (2016)
- Template:Flagicon Niš, Serbia (2017)
Partner citiesEdit
In addition to twin towns, Kaluga cooperates with:<ref name=twins/> Template:Div col
- Template:Flagicon Clearwater, United States (1992)
- Template:Flagicon Xianyang, China (2000)
- Template:Flagicon Tula, Russia (2002)
- Template:Flagicon Oryol, Russia (2003)
- Template:Flagicon Smolensk, Russia (2003)
- Template:Flagicon Makhachkala, Russia (2012)
- Template:Flagicon Tsiolkovsky, Russia (2016)
- Template:Flagicon Ryazan, Russia (2017)
- Template:Flagicon Tambov, Russia (2017)
GalleryEdit
- Kaluga 2012 MainSquare 03 1TM.jpg
Kaluga. Main Square
- Kaluga 2013 Lenina 70 03 1TM.jpg
Kaluga. Polman House
- Калуга. Театр драмы..JPG
Kaluga Region Drama Theatre building
- Kaluga01 0812 168g.jpg
Kaluga. Eastern archway at the Administration Building
- Mgtu-kaluga.jpg
Kaluga. Moscow State Technical University (local branch)
- Kaluga, Kirova Street and Plekhanova Street (16).jpg
Streetside stores in Kaluga
- Kaluga01 0812 170g.jpg
Kaluga. Region administration
- Kaluga 2013 trolleybus 34.jpg
Trolleybus in Kaluga
- Space museum (Kaluga).jpg
Astronautics Museum
ReferencesEdit
NotesEdit
SourcesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Commons category-inline
- Template:Cite EB1911
- Official website of Kaluga Template:Webarchive
- Kaluga Business Directory Template:In lang
- Article in German about Kaluga plant
- Template:JewishGen-LocalityPage
Template:Kaluga Oblast Template:Golden Ring Template:Authority control