Murmansk Oblast

Revision as of 06:06, 22 May 2025 by 84.15.223.137 (talk) (→‎Politics: Fixed a typo)
(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox Russian federal subject

Murmansk OblastTemplate:Efn is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country, with a total land area of Template:Convert. Its only internal border is the Republic of Karelia to the south, and it is bordered internationally by Finland to the west and Norway to the northwest and the Barents Sea lies to the north and White Sea lies to the south and east. Its administrative center is the city of Murmansk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 795,409,<ref name="2010Census">Template:Ru-pop-ref</ref> but at the 2021 Census this had declined to 667,744.<ref>Federal State Statistics Service Russia (web).</ref>

GeographyEdit

Geographically, Murmansk Oblast is located mainly on the Kola Peninsula almost completely north of the Arctic Circle<ref name="Atlas2007">2007 Atlas of Murmansk Oblast, p. 2</ref> and is a part of the larger Sápmi (Lapland) region that spans over four countries.<ref name="Lapland">Ratcliffe, p. 1</ref> The oblast borders with the Republic of Karelia in Russia in the south, Lapland Region in Finland in the west, Finnmark County in Norway in the northwest, and is bounded by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the south and east.<ref name="Atlas2007" /> Arkhangelsk Oblast of Russia lies across the White Sea.<ref name="Atlas2007" />

Much of the oblast's relief is hilly, with the Khibiny and Lovozero ranges rising as high as Template:Convert above sea level and stretching from west to east.<ref name="Atlas2007" /> The highest point of Murmansk Oblast is Yudychvumchorr, a flat-topped peak of the Khibiny.<ref name="PGSR">Физико-географическая статистика России (Physical and geographical statistics of Russia) – Yudychvumchorr</ref> The north of the oblast is mostly covered by tundra; forest tundra prevails further south, while the southern regions are in the taiga zone.<ref name="Atlas2007" /> There are over 100,000 lakes and 18,000 rivers in the oblast.<ref name="Atlas2007" /> The coast contains the Rybachy Peninsula and the Cape Svyatoy Nos peninsulas.

The climate is harsh and unstable, due to the proximity of the Gulf Stream on one side and Arctic cold fronts on the other.<ref name="Atlas2007" /> Sharp temperature changes, high winds, and abundant precipitation are common throughout the year, with the heating season lasting for ten straight months.<ref name="Atlas2007" /> However, the waters of the Murman Coast in the south remain warm enough to remain ice-free even in winter.<ref name="Field">Field</ref>

There is also a large number of islands belonging to the oblast, the main ones being (west to east) the Aynovy Islands, Bolshoy Oleny Island, Kildin Island Malyy Oleniy Island, Kharlov Island, Vesknyak Island, Litskiye Island, Nokuyev Island, Vitte Island, Lumbovskiy Island, Goryainov Island and Sosnovets Island.

LakesEdit

ClimateEdit

Most areas of the Kola Peninsula are subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfc). The nearby islands usually belong to tundra (Köppen climate classification: ET).

Template:Sort under

Monthly average highs and lows for various cities and towns in Murmansk Oblast in Celsius and Fahrenheit
City Template:Tooltip Template:Tooltip Template:Tooltip Template:Tooltip May Template:Tooltip Template:Tooltip Template:Tooltip Template:Tooltip Template:Tooltip Template:Tooltip Template:Tooltip
Murmansk Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
Kandalaksha Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
Vayda-Guba Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert
Sosnovets Island Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert

HistoryEdit

Template:See also

The Saami, now a very small minority, are the indigenous people of the region. Russians started exploring the shores of the White Sea as early as in the 12th century, and in 1916 during World War I founded the Russian city of Murmansk as an ice-free supply port.<ref> Template:Cite book </ref> As of 2010, Murmansk had Template:Ru-census2010 people – nearly 40% of the oblast's population. Many Finns also immigrated to Murmansk during the Finnish famine, around the year 1860.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The oblast was established on May 28, 1938 from Murmansk Okrug of Leningrad Oblast (comprising the city of Murmansk, Kirovsky, Kolsky, Lovozersky, Polyarny, Saamsky, Teribersky, and Tersky Districts) and Kandalakshsky District of the Karelian ASSR.<ref name="Established">Decree of May 28, 1938</ref>

The area of Pechengsky District (Petsamo in Finnish), which was ceded to Finland by the 1920 Treaty of Tartu and gave Finland access to the Barents Sea, became once again part of the RSFSR in 1940. After the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947, the local Saami population was given the choice either of staying in Soviet Russia or resettling in Finland.Template:Citation needed Most of them chose the second option.Template:Citation needed On 30 October 1997, Murmansk, alongside Astrakhan, Kirov, Ulyanovsk, and Yaroslavl signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, gaining autonomy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The autonomous status operated until 31 May 2003.<ref>Template:Cite journal </ref>

PoliticsEdit

File:Здание городской и областной администрации в Мурманске..JPG
Oblast Administration (right) and City Administration (left) buildings on Lenin's Avenue, Murmansk

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Murmansk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Murmansk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Murmansk Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter by the Constitution of Russia.

Governors of Murmansk OblastEdit

Name Period
Yury Yevdokimov December 1997 – March 21, 2009
Dmitry Dmitriyenko March 21, 2009 – April 4, 2012
Marina Kovtun April 4, 2012 – March 21, 2019
Andrey Chibis March 21, 2019 – incumbent

Chairmen of the Murmansk Oblast DumaEdit

Name Period
Pavel Sazhinov 1994–2007
Yevgeny Nikora 2007–2011
Vasily Shambir 2011–2014
Mikhail Ilinykh 2014 – Incumbent

Source:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Administrative divisionsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

DemographicsEdit

Template:Historical populations Population: Template:Ru-census

The indigenous people of the area, the Saami, are only a tiny minority today. As of the 2002 Census, 92.2% of the oblast's population live in urban areas.<ref name="Population">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The most populous city is the Oblast's administrative center, Murmansk, with 270,000 inhabitants in 2021.<ref name="Population" /> Other large cities and towns include Severomorsk, Apatity, Kandalaksha, Monchegorsk, and Kirovsk.

citation
CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Ethnicity Population Percentage
Russians 515,521 89.9%
Ukrainians 13,353 2.3%
Belarusians 4,529 0.8%
Tatars 3,328 0.6%
Azerbaijanis 3,132 0.5%
Sami 1,363 0.2%
Other Ethnicities 32,015 5.7%
Ethnicity not stated 94,503

Vital statistics for 2024:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Births: 5,108 (7.8 per 1,000)
  • Deaths: 8,068 (12.3 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2024):<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1.38 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):<ref name="rosstat">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Total — 68.29 years (male — 63.72, female — 72.85)

In 2009, the urban areas were marked by natural population decline (−0.16% per year) and the rural areas were marked by natural population growth (+0.35% per year).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ReligionEdit

Template:Bar box

According to a 2012 survey<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas" /> 41.7% of the population of Murmansk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches, 1% are adherents of Islam, 0.4% are adherents of Rodnovery (Slavic native faith) and other indigenous folk religions, and 1% are members of the Catholic Church. In addition, 28% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 12% is atheist, and 12.5% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas" />

EconomyEdit

The Murmansk Oblast is very rich in natural resources and has deposits of over 700 minerals.<ref name="fas">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The main industries of the region are in the sphere of raw material extraction and basic processing.<ref name="globalsecurity">Murmansk Oblast Globalsecurity.org</ref> The largest industries are metallurgy (36,6%), electric power-production (22,9%) and food-industry, including fishing (13,7%).<ref name="amk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="rustradeuk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The icefree port of Murmansk plays an important role in marine transportation in Russia, and the oblast has a 41% share of the total Russian marine transport market.<ref name="barentsinfo" /><ref name="economyreport">Economic Development in the Murmansk Region in 2007</ref> The fishing industry is among the most profitable in the region, supplying 16% of Russia's total fish production. Murmansk is a key base for three fishing fleets, including Russia's largest, the Murmansk Trawl Fleet.<ref name="globalsecurity" />

The economy of the region is export-oriented. Main export items are nickel products, apatite concentrate, copper and copper products, aluminium and ferrous metals.<ref name="barentsinfo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> The Murmansk Region produces almost 100 percent of Russia's apatite concentrate (3.7 million tons in 1998), 43 percent of nickel, 15 percent of copper, 12 percent of iron ore and iron ore concentrate (17.7 million and 6.4 million tons in 1998), and 40 percent of cobalt.<ref name="fas" /><ref name="amk" /> Template:Further

The largest companies of the region – constituting 90% of the oblast's production – are Pechenganickel, Olcon, the Kola Nuclear Power Plant, Sevrybkholodflot, Murmanrybprom, Murmansk Trawl Fleet and Murmansk Shipping Company.<ref name="fas" />

Large oil and gas resources have been discovered on the shelf of the Barents sea, including the massive Shtokman field – one of the world's largest gas fields with estimated reserves of 3.8 trillion cubic meters.<ref name="fas" /><ref name="economyreport" /><ref name="reuters_gas">Template:Cite news</ref> Prospective oil fields could potentially yield up to 40 million tons in the next 10–15 years.<ref name="fas" /> However, the development of the oil and gas resources will require considerable investment.<ref name="fas" />

In 2006, the Murmansk Oblast's gross regional product was 141.9 billion rubles, which amounts to about 0.4% of the Russian GDP.<ref name="barentsinfo" /> Unemployment in 2006 was 3,4%.<ref name="barentsinfo" /> GRP per capita in 2007 was 225,044 rubles.<ref name="grpc2007">Валовой региональный продукт на душу населения Федеральная служба государственной статистики</ref> Regional automobile code is 51.

TransportEdit

MilitaryEdit

The Murmansk Oblast plays an important role for the Russian Navy, the Northern Fleet having its headquarters in Severomorsk, 25 km north of Murmansk. The Navy has several other bases and shipyards in the Murmansk Oblast.

The 200th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade is stationed at Pechenga.

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

NotesEdit

Template:Reflist Template:Notelist

SourcesEdit

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project

{{#invoke:Navbox|navbox |name = Subdivisions of Russia |title = Subdivisions of Russia |state = autocollapse |bodyclass = hlist

|list1 = child

|1_above = Federal subjects
|1_groupstyle = text-align:left;
|1_group1 = Oblasts (48)
|1_list1  = 
|1_group2 = Republics (24)
|1_list2  = 
|1_group3 = Krais (9)
|1_list3  = 
|1_group4 = Autonomous okrugs (4)
|1_list4  = 
|1_group5 = Federal cities (3)
|1_list5  = 
|1_group6 = Autonomous oblast (1)
|1_list6  = 
|1_below = 
  • 1Considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine.


|list2 = child

|2_above = Non-constitutional official divisions by various institutions
|2_list1 = 


}} Template:Murmansk Oblast Template:Authority control