Open-mid back unrounded vowel

Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

File:Spectrogram of open-mid back unrounded vowel (IPA ʌ).png

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The open-mid back unrounded vowel or low-mid back unrounded vowel<ref>Template:Vowel terminology</ref> is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, graphically a rotated lowercase "v" (called a turned V but created as a small-capital Template:Angbr without the crossbar, even though some vendors display it as a real turned v). Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as a "wedge", "caret" or "hat". In transcriptions for English, this symbol is commonly used for the near-open central unrounded vowel and in transcriptions for Danish, it is used for the open back rounded vowel.

FeaturesEdit

Template:Open-mid vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Unrounded vowel

OccurrenceEdit

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Ajië<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation		CitationClass=web }}</ref>	lang}}	main}}]	'pot'	main}}
Catalan	Solsonès<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'afternoon'	main}}
Danish		lang}}	main}}	'castle'	main}} but more mid-centralized {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.
Emilian	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Bulåggna	main}}	'Bologna'	main}} to {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}; written ò in some spellings
English	Cape Town Template:Sfnp	lot	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'lot'	It corresponds to a weakly rounded Template:IPAblink in all other South African dialects. See South African English phonology
	Natal Template:Sfnp	lot	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'lot'
	Cardiff Template:Sfnp	thought	main}}	'thought'	For some speakers it may be rounded and closer. See English phonology
	General South African Template:Sfnp	no	main}}	'no'	main}} instead.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology
	General American Template:Sfnp	gut	Template:Audio-IPA	'gut'	In some dialects, fronted to Template:IPAblink, or fronted and lowered to Template:IPAblink. In Standard Southern British English, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} is increasingly heard in place of Template:IPAblink to avoid the trap-strut merger.Template:Sfnp See English phonology and Northern Cities Vowel Shift
	Inland Northern American<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
	Multicultural London Template:Sfnp
	Newfoundland Template:Sfnp
	Northern East Anglian Template:Sfnp
	Philadelphia Template:Sfnp
	Scottish Template:Sfnp
	Some Estuary English speakersTemplate:Sfnp
	Some Standard Southern British speakersTemplate:Sfnp
French	Picardy<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>\|\| {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} \|\| {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} \|\| 'so' \|\| Corresponding to {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} in standard French.
German	Chemnitz dialect Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'to do'	main}} (which phonetically are central {{#invoke:IPA\|main}})Template:Sfnp before and after {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}. Exact backness varies; it is most posterior before {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.Template:Sfnp
Haida Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'the rock'	main}} (sometimes also {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}) after uvular and epiglottal consonants.Template:Sfnp
Irish	Ulster dialect Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'oil'	See Irish phonology
Kaingang Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}		'mark'	main}} and central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
Kashmiri		lang}}	main}}	'today'	Allophone of Template:IPAblink. Used only in monosyllables. Typical of the Srinagar variety.
Kensiu Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}		'stream'
Korean Template:Sfnp		lang}} / neo	main}}	'you'	See Korean phonology
Lillooet		Template:Example needed			main}}.
Mah Meri Template:Sfnp		Template:Example needed			main}}; can be mid central Template:IPAblink or close-mid back Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp
Nepali		असल/asal	main}}	'good'	See Nepali phonology
Norwegian	Solør Template:Sfnp	fäss	main}}	'waterfall'	main}}. This is because ⟨ä⟩ has evolved from an unrounding of short ⟨o⟩. ⟨ä⟩ has morphed to {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} with younger speakers.
Portuguese	Greater Lisbon area Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'milk'	main}} before {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} (forming a phonetic diphthong {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}). Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other accents.Template:Sfnp See Portuguese phonology
Russian	Standard Saint Petersburg Template:Sfnp	lang}}/golová	main}}	'head'	Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in standard Moscow pronunciation;Template:Sfnp occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic	Barra Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'person'	Dialectal allophone of Template:IPAblink in word-final position.
Tamil Template:Sfnp		Template:Example needed			main}}, may be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Tamil phonology
Xavante Template:Sfnp			main}}	'seed'	main}} also occurs.Template:Sfnp

Before World War II, the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} of Received Pronunciation was phonetically close to a back vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which has since shifted forward towards Template:IPAblink (a near-open central unrounded vowel). Daniel Jones reported his speech (southern British) as having an advanced back vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} between his central {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and back {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; however, he also reported that other southern speakers had a lower and even more advanced vowel that approached cardinal Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp In American English varieties, such as in the West, the Midwest, and the urban South, the typical phonetic realization of the phoneme {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is an open-mid central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Truly backed variants of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} that are phonetically {{#invoke:IPA|main}} can occur in Inland Northern American English, Newfoundland English, Philadelphia English, some of African-American English, and (old-fashioned) white Southern American English in coastal plain and Piedmont areas.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp However, the letter Template:Angbr IPA is still commonly used to indicate this phoneme, even in the more common varieties with central variants Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink. That may be because of both tradition and some other dialects retaining the older pronunciation.Template:Sfnp

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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