Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:IPA notice Labial–velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips, such as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. They are sometimes called "labiovelar consonants", a term that can also refer to labialized velars, such as the stop consonant {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and the approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Labial-velars are often written as digraphs. In the Kâte language, however, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is written Q q, and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as Ɋ ɋ.
Globally, these types of consonants are quite rare, only existing in two regions: West and Central Africa on the one hand, Eastern New Guinea<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and northern Vanuatu<ref>See p.31 of Template:Cite journal</ref> on the other. There are 2 other isolated cases, allophonically in Vietnamese and in the Adu dialect of Nuosu (Yi).
Plain labial-velar stopsEdit
Truly doubly articulated labial-velars include the stops {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, the nasal {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and the implosive {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. To pronounce them, one must attempt to say the velar consonants but then close their lips for the bilabial component, and then release the lips. While 90% of the occlusion overlaps, the onset of the velar occurs slightly before that of the labial, and the release of the labial occurs slightly after that of the velar so the preceding vowel sounds as if it were followed by a velar, and the following vowel sounds as if it were preceded by a labial. The order of the letters in Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA is therefore not arbitrary but motivated by the phonetic details of the sounds.
Phonemic labial–velars occur in the majority of languages in West and Central Africa (for example in the name of Laurent Gbagbo, former president of Ivory Coast; they are found in many Niger–Congo languages as well as in the Ubangian, Chadic and Central Sudanic families), and are relatively common in the eastern end of New Guinea. The rare implosive is only found in Lese, a Nilo-Saharan language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In Southeast Asia, they occur in the Adu dialect of Nuosu (Yi), which aside from its isolated location, is unusual in having a relatively large inventory of labial-velar consonants, including the rare aspirated version: {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Labial–velar stops can also occur as an ejective {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (unattested) and a voiceless implosive {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Floyd (1981) and Clark (1990) report that voiced and voiceless implosives {{#invoke:IPA|main}} occur in Central Igbo. As stated above, the voiced implosive has been confirmed in Lese.
The Yele language of Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea, has both labial–velars and labial–alveolar consonants. Labial–velar stops and nasals also occur in Vietnamese but only word-finally.
| IPA | Description | Example | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
| main}} | voiceless labial–velar stop | Logba | ò-kpàyɔ̀ | main}} | 'God' |
| main}} | voiced labial–velar stop | Ewe | Èʋegbe | main}} | 'the Ewe language' |
| ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ | voiceless labial–velar implosive | Central Igbo | kpọ́ | main}} | 'call' |
| main}} | voiced labial–velar implosive | Lese | {{#invoke:IPA|main}} | 'in' | |
| main}} | labial-velar nasal | Vietnamese | cung | main}} | 'sector' |
| main}} | prenasalized voiced labial–velar stop | Nen<ref name="Nen">See p.332 of: Template:Cite journal.</ref> | dénḡ | main}} | 'old-style bamboo pipe or container' |
These sounds are clearly single consonants rather than consonant clusters. For example, Eggon contrasts {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The following possibilities are possible if tone is ignored:
| Single consonant | Two-consonant sequence | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| main}} | to pound | main}} | to dig |
| main}} | a dog | main}} | to beat, to kill |
| main}} | a room | main}} | a stomach |
| main}} | to break | main}} | to grind |
| main}} | to die | main}} | to kneel |
| main}} | to arrive | main}} | to divide |
Allophonic labial-velars are known from Vietnamese, where they are variants of the plain velar consonants {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
Labialized labial-velarsEdit
Some languages, especially in Papua New Guinea and in Vanuatu, combine the labial–velar consonants with a labial–velar approximant release: {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The extinct language Volow had a prenasalised labial-velar stop with labialization {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="LingTyp">See p.116 of: Template:Citation.</ref><ref>Presentation of the Volow language, by linguist A. François.</ref>
| IPA | Description | Example | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
| main}} | voiceless labial–velar stop with labialization | Dorig | rqa | main}}<ref name="dorig">See pp.429-430 of: Template:Citation</ref> | 'woman' |
| main}} | labial-velar nasal with labialization | Mwesen | ēm̄ | main}} | 'house' |
| main}} | prenasalized voiced labial–velar stop with labialization | Volow | n-leq̄evēn | main}} | 'woman' |
Velar labial clicksEdit
{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Bilabial clicks are stops that involve closure at both the lips and the soft palate. Treatments often analyze the dorsal articulation as part of the airstream mechanism, and so consider such stops to be labial. However, there may be a distinction between the velar labial clicks {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and the uvular labial clicks {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which is not captured if they are described as simply labial.