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Innsbruck

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}}Template:Main other Innsbruck ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is the capital of Tyrol and the fifth-largest city in Austria. On the River Inn, at its junction with the Wipp Valley, which provides access to the Brenner Pass Template:Convert to the south, it had a population of 132,493 in 2018.

In the broad valley between high mountains, the so-called North Chain in the Karwendel Alps (Hafelekarspitze, Template:Convert) to the north and Patscherkofel (Template:Convert) and Serles (Template:Convert) to the south, Innsbruck is an internationally renowned winter sports centre; it hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics as well as the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics. It also hosted the first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012 and is going to host the 2027 Winter Deaflympics.

The name means "bridge over the Inn".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

AntiquityEdit

The earliest traces suggest initial inhabitation in the early Stone Age. Surviving pre-Roman place names show that the area has been populated continuously. In the 4th century the Romans established the army station Veldidena (the name survives in today's urban district Wilten) at Oenipons (Innsbruck), to protect the economically important commercial road from Verona-Brenner-Augsburg in their province of Raetia.

The first mention of Innsbruck dates back to the name Oeni Pontum or Oeni Pons which is Latin for bridge (pons) over the Inn (Oenus), which was an important crossing point over the Inn river. The Counts of Andechs acquired the town in 1180.<ref> Template:Citation</ref> In 1248 the town passed into the hands of the Counts of Tyrol.<ref>Chizzali. Tyrol: Impressions of Tyrol. (Innsbruck: Alpina Printers and Publishers), p. 5.</ref> The city's arms show a bird's-eye view of the Inn bridge, a design used since 1267. The route over the Brenner Pass was then a major transport and communications link between the north and the south of Europe, and the easiest route across the Alps. It was part of the Via Imperii, a medieval imperial road under special protection of the king. The revenues generated by serving as a transit station on this route enabled the city to flourish.

Early historyEdit

File:Albrecht Dürer - View of Innsbruck - WGA7356.jpg
View of Innsbruck by Albrecht Dürer, 1495 (from the north)

Innsbruck became the capital of all Tyrol in 1429 and in the 15th century the city became a centre of European politics and culture as Emperor Maximilian I also resided in Innsbruck in the 1490s. The city benefited from the emperor's presence as can be seen for example in the Hofkirche. Here a funeral monument for Maximilian was planned and erected partly by his successors. The ensemble with a cenotaph and the bronze statues of real and mythical ancestors of the Habsburg emperor are one of the main artistic monuments of Innsbruck.Template:Cn A regular postal service between Innsbruck and Mechelen was established in 1490 by the Thurn-und-Taxis-Post.

File:Schloß Ambras (Merian).jpg
Ambras Castle, 1679

In 1564 Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria received the rulership over Tyrol and other Further Austrian possessions administered from Innsbruck up to the 18th century. He had Schloss Ambras built and arranged there his unique Renaissance collections nowadays mainly part of Vienna's Kunsthistorisches Museum. Up to 1665 a stirps of the Habsburg dynasty ruled in Innsbruck with an independent court. In the 1620s the first opera house north of the Alps was erected in Innsbruck (Dogana).

The university was founded in 1669. Also as a compensation for the court as Emperor Leopold I again reigned from Vienna and the Tyrolean stirps of the Habsburg dynasty had ended in 1665.Template:Clarify

File:Combat du Bergisel.jpg
Victory of Andreas Hofer at Bergisel, by Franz Defregger

During the Napoleonic Wars Tyrol was ceded to Bavaria, ally of France. Andreas Hofer led a Tyrolean peasant army to victory in the Battles of Bergisel against the combined Bavarian and French forces, and then made Innsbruck the centre of his administration. The combined army later overran the Tyrolean militia army, Hofer was fusilladed for his role and became a martyr for the locals, his remains were returned to Innsbruck in 1823 and interred in the Franciscan church.

File:Gustav Wilhelm Kraus Innsbruck 19Jh.jpg
View of Innsbruck in the 19th century

Afterwards, until 1814 Innsbruck was part of Bavaria. The Vienna Congress restored the Austrian rule over the city. Innsbruck played a part during the revolution of 1848 in Austria. In May of that year, riots in Vienna made Emperor Ferdinand to move the seat of government temporarily to the city. It remained part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867) as one of the 4 autonomous towns in Tyrol, the centre of the identically named district, one of the 21 Bezirkshauptmannschaften.<ref>Wilhelm Klein (1967), Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890.</ref>

During World War I, the only recorded action taking place in Innsbruck was near the end of the war. On 20 February 1918, Allied planes flying out of Italy raided Innsbruck, causing casualties among the Austrian troops there. No damage to the town is recorded.<ref>Reynolds, Churchill, et al. The Story of the Great War, vol. 14. (New York: Collier and Son, 1919)</ref> In November 1918 Innsbruck and all Tyrol were occupied by the 20 to 22 thousand soldiers of the III Corps of the First Italian Army.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1929, the first official Austrian Chess Championship was held in Innsbruck.

Annexation and World War IIEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1985-083-11, Anschluss Österreich, Innsbruck.jpg
Some residents of Innsbruck welcomed the German troops after the Anschluss on 13 March 1938

In 1938 Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in the Anschluss. During World War II, Innsbruck was the location of two subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp, including a special camp for prominent people from 16 countries and their families, who were held as hostages, including former Prime Minister of France Léon Blum, former regent of Hungary Miklós Horthy, former Chancellor of Austria Kurt Schuschnigg, Italian general Giuseppe Garibaldi II and a nephew of Winston Churchill.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Between 1943 and April 1945, Innsbruck experienced twenty-two air raids and suffered heavy damage.

Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-TrentinoEdit

In 1996, the European Union approved further cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province of Tyrol and the Italian autonomous provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino by recognizing the creation of the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino.

GeographyEdit

ClimateEdit

Innsbruck has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) since it has at least one month with a mean temperature below 0°C (32°F). Innsbruck has a larger annual temperature differences than most of Central Europe due to its location in the center of the Continent and its position around mountainous terrains. Winters are often cold or very cold (colder than those of all major Western European cities, as well as most central European cities) and snowy, although the foehn wind sometimes brings extreme thaws.

Spring is brief; days start to get warm, often over Template:Convert, but nights remain cool or even freezing.

Summer is highly variable and unpredictable. Days can be cool Template:Convert and rainy, or sunny and extremely hot, sometimes hitting Template:Convert. In summer, as expected for an alpine-influenced climate, the diurnal temperature variation is often very high as nights usually remain cool, being Template:Convert on average, but sometimes dipping as low as Template:Convert.

The average annual temperature is 10°C (50°F). Template:Weather box

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Boroughs and statistical divisionsEdit

File:Karte Innsbruck - Katastralgemeinden und Statistische Stadtteile.png
Cadastral settlements (red) and wards (grey) of Innsbruck

Innsbruck is divided into nine boroughs (cadastral settlements) that were formed from previously independent municipalities or villages.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These nine boroughs are further divided into twenty wards (cadastral districts). All wards are within one borough, except for the ward of Hungerburg (Upper Innsbruck), which is divided between two. For statistical purposes, Innsbruck is further divided into forty-two statistical units (Statistischer Bezirk) and 178 numbered blocks (Zählsprengel).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The following are the nine boroughs with the population as of 31 October 2011:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Innsbruck (inner city) (18.524), consisting of Oldtown (Altstadt), Dreiheiligen-Schlachthof, and Saggen
  • Wilten (15.772), consisting of Mentlberg, Sieglanger, and Wilten West
  • Pradl (30.890), consisting of Pradler-Saggen, Reichenau, and Tivoli
  • Hötting (31.246), consisting of Höttinger Au, Hötting West, Sadrach, Allerheiligen, Kranebitten, and part of Hungerburg
  • Mühlau (4.750), consisting of part of Hungerburg
  • Amras (5.403), consisting of Roßau
  • Arzl (10.293), consisting of Neuarzl and Olympisches Dorf
  • Vill (535)
  • Igls (2.204)

Places of interestEdit

MountainsEdit

Buildings and monumentsEdit

File:Innsbruck - Hofburg2.jpg
Imperial Hofburg (Kaiserliche Hofburg)
File:IA GoldenesDachl-A.jpg
Goldenes Dachl (Golden Roof)

MuseumsEdit

File:Hofkirche Innsbruck 2.jpg
Tyrolean Folk Art Museum next to the Hofkirche in Innsbruck

ChurchesEdit

File:Cathedral of St. James Facade 1.jpg
Innsbruck Cathedral (Dom zu St. Jakob)
  • Court Church (Hofkirche)
  • Innsbruck Cathedral (Dom zu St. Jakob)
  • Old Ursuline Church
  • Jesuit Church
  • Church of Our Lady
  • Church of Our Lady of Perpectual Succour
  • Servite Church
  • Hospital Church
  • Ursuline Church
  • Wilten Abbey (Stift Wilten)
  • Wilten Basilica (Wiltener Basilika)
  • Holy Trinity Church
  • St. John's Church
  • St. Theresa's Church (Hungerburg)
  • Pradler Parish Church
  • St. Paul's State Memorial Church in the Reichenau
  • Evangelical Church of Christ
  • Evangelical Church of the Resurrection
  • Old Höttingen Parish Church
  • Höttingen Parish Church
  • Parish Church of St. Nicholas
  • Parish Church of Neu-Arzl
  • Parish Church of St. Norbert
  • Parish Church of Maria am Gestade
  • Parish Church of the Good Shepherd
  • Parish Church of St. George
  • Parish Church of St. Paul
  • Parish Church of St. Pirminius
  • Church of the Guardian Angel

Parks and gardensEdit

GalleryEdit

  • Chateau ambras.jpg

    Ambras Castle

  • Zeughaus-innsbruck.jpg

    Armoury

  • Innsbruck 2 108.jpg

    City Tower (Stadtturm)

  • Helblinghaus3.JPG

    Helblinghaus

  • Innsbruck Flusspromenade.jpg

    Innsbruck from the Inn river (looking towards Nordkette)

  • Innsbruck 1 305.jpg

    Maximilian's Cenotaph and the Black Men in the Court Church

  • Goldenes Dachl 3950109736 571225b427 b.jpg

    Old Town (Altstadt) with the Goldenes Dachl

  • Innsbruck Siebenkreuzkapelle 2.jpg

    Siebenkreuzkapelle

  • IA TirolerLandesmuseum A.jpg

    Tyrolean State Museum (Tiroler Landesmuseum)

  • Innsbruck-Basilique de Wilten.jpg

    Wilten Basilica

File:Panorama insbruck4.jpg
Panoramic view looking north to the Nordkette

Government and politicsEdit

File:Innsbruck overlook with town.jpg
Panoramic view looking down with Serles in the background

The results of the 2018 local elections were:

CultureEdit

Cultural eventsEdit

File:Towelday-Innsbruck.jpg
Towel Day Innsbruck − Towels with a silkscreen print as homage to Douglas Adams. Next to the words 'DON'T PANIC' there are the GPS data from the city Innsbruck where Adams had the idea for the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.<ref>Erik van Rheenen (2017). 16 Fun Facts About The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</ref>

Innsbruck is a very popular tourist destination, organizing the following events every year:

In 1971, author Douglas Adams was inspired to write the internationally successful The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series while lying intoxicated in a field in Innsbruck.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> From 2003 onwards each year Towel Day is celebrated worldwide on 25 May.

SportsEdit

File:BergiselInnsbruck2.JPG
Bergiselschanze ski jumping facility

Due to its location between high mountains, Innsbruck serves as an ideal place for skiing in winter, ski-jumping and mountaineering in summer. There are several ski resorts around Innsbruck, with the Nordkette served by a cable car and additional chair lifts further up. Other ski resorts nearby include Axamer Lizum, Muttereralm, Patscherkofel, Igls, Seefeld, Tulfes and Stubai Valley. The glaciated terrain in the latter makes skiing possible even in summer months.

The Winter Olympic Games were held in Innsbruck twice, first in 1964, then again in 1976, when Colorado voters rejected a bond referendum in 1972 to finance the Denver games, originally awarded in 1970. The 1976 Winter Olympics were the last games held in the German-speaking Alps (Austria, Germany, or Switzerland).

Along with St. Moritz, Switzerland and Lake Placid, New York in the United States, it is one of three places which have twice hosted the Winter Games. It also hosted the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics.

Innsbruck hosted the 1st Winter Youth Olympic Games in 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other notable events held in Innsbruck include the Air & Style Snowboard Contest from 1994 to 1999 and 2008 and the Ice Hockey World Championship in 2005. Together with the city of Seefeld, Innsbruck organized the Winter Universiade in 2005. Innsbruck's Bergiselschanze is one of the hills of the famous Four Hills Tournament.

Innsbruck is home to football clubs WSG Tirol and FC Wacker Innsbruck, who play in the Austrian Bundesliga and the Austrian Landesliga respectively. Former teams include the FC Swarovski Tirol and FC Tirol Innsbruck. The teams' stadium, Tivoli Neu, is one of eight stadiums which hosted Euro 2008, which took place in Switzerland and Austria in June 2008.

The city is home to the American football team Raiders Tirol. Innsbruck hosted an American football final, Eurobowl XXII between the Swarco Raiders Tirol and the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna.

The city hosted opening round games in the 2011 IFAF World Championship, the official international American Football championship.

In 2018 Innsbruck hosted the IFSC Climbing World Championships 2018 from 6 to 16 September and the 2018 UCI Road World Championships from 22 to 30 September.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LanguageEdit

Innsbruck is part of the Austro-Bavarian region of dialects and, more specifically, Southern Bavarian (Südbairisch).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Irina Windhaber, professor for linguistics at the Universität Innsbruck, has observed a trend among young people to choose more often Standard German language structures and pronunciation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Economy and infrastructureEdit

Innsbruck is a substantial tourist centre, with more than a million overnight stays.

In Innsbruck, there are 86,186 employees and about 12,038 employers. 7,598 people are self-employed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nearly 35,000 people commute every day into Innsbruck from the surrounding communities in the area. The unemployment rate for the year 2012 was 4.2%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The national statistics office, Statistik Austria, does not produce economic data for the City of Innsbruck alone, but on aggregate level with the Innsbruck-Land District summarised as NUTS 3-region Innsbruck. In 2013, GDP per capita in the NUTS 3-region Innsbruck was €41,400 which is around 60% above the EU average.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The headquarters of Tiroler Wasserkraft (Tiwag, energy production), Bank für Tirol und Vorarlberg (financial services), Tiroler Versicherung (insurance) and MED-EL (medical devices) are located in Innsbruck. The headquarters of Swarovski (glass), Felder Group (mechanical engineering) and Swarco (traffic technology) are located within Template:Convert from the city.

Residential property is very expensive by national standards. The average price per square metre in Innsbruck is €4,430 (2015), which is the second highest per square meter price among Austrian cities surpassed only by Salzburg (€4,823), but followed by Vienna (€3,980).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

TransportEdit

File:12-06-05-innsbruck-by-ralfr-165.jpg
Innsbruck Airport

Innsbruck is located along the A12/A13 highway corridor (Inn Valley Autobahn and Brenner Autobahn respectively), providing freeway access to Verona, Italy and Munich, Germany. The A12 and A13 converge near Innsbruck, at which point the A13 terminates.

Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof, the most important railway station of Innsbruck and Tyrol, is one of the busiest railway stations in Austria. It is served by the Lower Inn Valley line to Germany and eastern Austria, the Arlberg line to the west and the Brenner line, which connects northern Italy with southern Germany via the Brenner Pass. Since December 2007 suburban services have been operated as the Innsbruck S-Bahn.

Innsbruck Airport is located in the suburb of Kranebitten, which is located in the west of the city. It provides services to airports including Frankfurt, London, Amsterdam and Vienna. It also handles regional flights around the Alps, as well as seasonal flights to other destinations. During the winter, activity increases significantly, due to the high number of skiers travelling to the region. The airport is approximately Template:Convert from the centre of Innsbruck.

File:Trambahn in Innsbruck.jpg
Trambahn in Innsbruck

Local public transport is provided by Innsbrucker Verkehrsbetriebe (IVB), a public authority operating a network of bus and tram routes. The metre-gauge tram network consists of four city lines, 1, 2, 3 and 5, and two lines serving the surrounding area: Template:Nowrap, the Innsbrucker Mittelgebirgsbahn to Igls, and line STB, the Stubaitalbahn running through the Stubai Valley to Fulpmes. The network is planned to be enlarged during the coming years to reach the neighboring village Rum in the east and Völs in the west. Numerous bus lines serve the inner city and connect it with surrounding areas. Until 2007 the bus network included two trolleybus routes, but these were abandoned in preparation for planned expansion of the tram network.

In December 2007, the Hungerburgbahn, a funicular service to the district of Hungerburg, was reopened after a two-year closure for extensive rebuilding, with partial realignment and a new extension under the Inn River and into central Innsbruck. The line was also equipped with new vehicles. Because of the unique design of the stations, drafted by the famous architect Zaha Hadid, the funicular evolves immediately to a new emblem of the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The line was rebuilt by the Italian company Leitner, and can now carry up to 1,200 persons per hour.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is operated by a private company, the 'Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen'.

EducationEdit

Innsbruck is a university city, with several locally based colleges and universities.

Innsbruck is home to the oldest grammar school (Gymnasium) of Western Austria, the "Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck". The school was founded in 1562 by the Jesuit order and was the precursor of the university, founded in 1669.

Innsbruck hosts several universities. The most well-known are the University of Innsbruck (Leopold-Franzens-Universität), the Innsbruck Medical University, and the university of applied sciences MCI Management Center Innsbruck.

OrganizationsEdit

Notable residentsEdit

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Margaret of Austria
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Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, 1561
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Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, 1703

Monarchy and aristocracyEdit

Public serviceEdit

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Josef Speckbacher, 1891
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Christian Schwarz-Schilling, 1993

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War figuresEdit

ArtsEdit

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Karl Schönherr
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Erwin Faber, 1976
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William Berger, 1967
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Alice Tumler, 2015

ScienceEdit

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Wilibald Swibert Joseph Gottlieb von Besser, 1830's
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Roderich Menzel, 1934
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Hermann Buhl, 1953

SportEdit

International relationsEdit

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Twin towns and sister citiesEdit

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PartnershipsEdit

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Austrian Service AbroadEdit

The Austrian Service Abroad is a NGO, which provides positions for an alternative Austrian national service at 85 organizations in 35 countries worldwide in the sectors Holocaust Memorial Service, Social Service and Peace Service. It was founded by Andreas Maislinger and Andreas Hörtnagl in 1998 and is based in Innsbruck.

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Citations

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Bibliography

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Further readingEdit

Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century

External linksEdit

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