File:Planetarium in Putnam Gallery 2, 2009-11-24.jpg
A 1766 Benjamin Martin mechanical model, or orrery, on display at the Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments
Solar System models, especially mechanical models, called orreries, that illustrate the relative positions and motions of the planets and moons in the Solar System have been built for centuries. While they often showed relative sizes, these models were usually not built to scale. The enormous ratio of interplanetary distances to planetary diameters makes constructing a scale model of the Solar System a challenging task. As one example of the difficulty, the distance between the Earth and the Sun is almost 12,000 times the diameter of the Earth.
If the smaller planets are to be easily visible to the naked eye, large outdoor spaces are generally necessary, as is some means for highlighting objects that might otherwise not be noticed from a distance. The Boston Museum of Science had placed bronze models of the planets in major public buildings, all on similar stands with interpretive labels.<ref>"Boston Community Solar System" at Waymarking.com.</ref> For example, the model of Jupiter was located in the cavernous South Station waiting area. The properly-scaled, basket-ball-sized model is 1.3 miles (2.14 km) from the model Sun which is located at the museum, graphically illustrating the immense empty space in the Solar System.
The objects in such large models do not move. Traditional orreries often did move, and some used clockworks to display the relative speeds of objects accurately. These can be thought of as being correctly scaled in time, instead of distance.
Permanent true scale modelsEdit
Many towns and institutions have built outdoor scale models of the Solar System. Here is a table comparing these models with the actual system.
| Name | Location | Scale: 1 : … |
Sun dia. | Earth dia. | Sun–Earth | Sun–Pluto | Description | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actual Solar System | 1 | 1.392 Gm | 12.76 Mm | 149.6 Gm | 5.914 Tm | ||||||
| Sweden Solar System<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Flag icon Stockholm, Sweden | 20,000,000 | 71 m | 65 cm | 7,600 m | 300 km | permanent; country-wide (begun 1998) | |||
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}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon Coonabarabran, Australia | 38,000,000 | 37 m | 34 cm | 4,100 m | 205 km | permanent; drivable; non-geodetic (est. 1997) | ||
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}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon | 40,000,000 | 34.8 m | 32 cm | 3,730 m | 147 km | permanent; country wide; non-scale sculptures (est. 2004) | |||
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}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon Presque Isle, Maine | 93,000,000 | 15 m | 13.7 cm | 1,600 m | 64 km | permanent; drivable (est.2003) | ||
| Mont Megantic Dark Sky Reserve Great Solar System | Template:Flagicon Parc national du Mont-Mégantic, Canada | 100,000,000 | 14 m | 12.4 cm | 1,450 m | 57 km | permanent; drivable (est.2018) | ||||
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}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon Otago Central Rail Trail, New Zealand | 100,000,000 | 13.91 m | 12 cm | 1,496 m | 59.06 km | permanent; cyclable (est.2017) | |
| citation | CitationClass=web
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Template:Flagicon Peoria, Illinois | 99,000,000 | 11 m | 10.0 cm | 1,200 m | 47 km | permanent; drivable (est. 1992?) |
| Vienna Solar System | Template:Flagicon Vienna, Austria | 163,764,706 | 8.5 m | 7.78 cm | 913 m | 36 km | under construction since 2018. Physical + Augmented Reality | ||||
| Planet Lofoten<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon Lofoten, Norway | 200,000,000 | 7 m | 6.4 cm | 750m | 30 km | under construction | |||
| Planet Trek Dane County | Template:Flagicon Madison, Wisconsin | 200,000,000 | 7 m | 6.6 cm | 777 m | 38.3 km | permanent; fully accessible by foot and bike paths (est. 2009) | ||||
| citation | CitationClass=web
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Template:Flagicon Sunspot, New Mexico | 250,000,000 | 5.6 m | 5.1 cm | 1.5 m | 23.6 km | permanent, drivable |
| Lethbridge Solar System Model | Template:Flagicon Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada | 254,000,000 | 5.5 m | 5 cm | 500 m | 14.7 km (Neptune) | permanent, drivable, walkable (est. 2022) | ||||
| El Sistema Solar de la comarca de Ciudad Rodrigo | Template:Flagicon Ciudad Rodrigo, Spain | 290,000,000 | 4.8 m | 4.4 cm | 1.2 m | 25 km | permanent, Walk & Drive | ||||
| If the Earth were a Ping-Pong ballTemplate:Cn | Template:Flagicon Westminster, London | 318,905,000 | 4.36 m | 4 cm | ? | ? | In construction; Walk & Drive (est. 2018) Centered around Deans Yard, Westminster | ||||
| citation | CitationClass=web
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Template:Flagicon Moab, Utah | 385,937,677 | 3.6 m | 2.4 cm | ? | 15.3 km | permanent; Walk and Drive (est. 2007) | |||
| citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon Anchorage, Alaska | 390,000,000 | ? | ? | ? | 16.6 km | permanent; drivable (est. 2005) | |||
| citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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Template:Flagicon Boston, Massachusetts | 400,000,000 | 3.5 m | 3.2 cm | 380 m | 15.3 km | permanent; drivable (established in 1997, removed in 2015) | ||
| The Solar System to Scale | Template:Flagicon Estremoz, Portugal | 414,000,000 | 3.4 m | 3.1 cm | 361 m | 14.3 km | permanent; drivable; bikeable | ||||
| citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon Bratislava, Slovakia | 464,000,000 | 3 m | 2.7 cm | 322 m | 13 km | permanent; bikeable, drivable; under construction since 2024 | |||
| Somerset Space Walk | Template:Flagicon Bridgwater Canal, Somerset, England | 530,000,000 | 2.5 m | ? | ? | 11 km | permanent; bikeable (est. 1997) | ||||
| York's Solar System model | Template:Flagicon York, England | 575,872,239 | 2.4 m | 2.2 cm | 260 m | 10.3 km | permanent; bikeable (est. 1999) | ||||
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}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon Traverse City, Michigan | 592,763,356 | 0.9 m | ? | 209 m | 10.0 km | permanent; bikeable (est. 2004) | |||
| citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon Coleman, Michigan | 608,000,000 | 2.3 m | 2.1 cm | 324 m | 9.8 km | permanent; bike trail Sun and Pls. Spheres (2017) | |||
| Solar System | Template:Flagicon Opava, Czech Republic | 627,000,000 | 2.2 m | 2.0 cm | 239 m | 9.42 km | permanent; bikeable; walkable; drivable (est. 2006) | ||||
| Nine Views | Template:Flagicon Zagreb, Croatia | 680,000,000 | 2.0 m | 1.9 cm | 225 m | 8.7 km | permanent; bikeable (est. 2004) | ||||
| Walk the Solar System | Template:Flagicon Fort St. John, British Columbia, Canada | 682,353,000 | 2.0 m | 1.9 cm | 219 m | 8.6 km | under construction | ||||
| citation | CitationClass=web
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Template:Flagicon New Milford, Connecticut | 761,155,000 | 1.8 m | 1.7 cm | 195 m | 7.1 km | permanent; bikeable (est. 2009) | |||
| citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon Glen Burnie, Maryland. | 781,000,000 | ? | ? | 191.5 m | 7.56 km | Walkable, bikeable (est. 2008). Part of the permanent Baltimore & Annapolis Trail. | |||
| Trilho do Sistema Solar | Template:Flagicon Paredes de Coura, Portugal | 831,000,000 | 1.675 m | 1.533 cm | 180 m | 5.42 km (Neptune) | permanent; walkable; bikeable (est. 2016) | ||||
| Planetenpad Utrecht | Template:Flagicon Utrecht, The Netherlands | 1,000,000,000 | 1.3 m | 1.3 cm | 150 m | 7.4 km (Neptune) | Leads from Centre Utrecht to Rhijnauwen, on foot, on bike or on kayak | ||||
| Model of the Solar System | Template:Flagicon Helsinki, Finland | 1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.2 cm | 149.6 m | 6.1 km | permanent; bikeable | ||||
| Planetenmodell Hagen | Template:Flagicon Hagen, Germany | 1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.3 cm | 150 m | 5.9 km | permanent; bikeable (est. 1959) | ||||
| Planetenweg Schwarzbach | Template:Flagicon Kriftel, Germany | 1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.3 cm | 150 m | 5.9 km | permanent; bikeable (est. 1998) | ||||
| Uetliberg Planetenweg | Template:Flagicon Zürich, Switzerland | 1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.3 cm | 150 m | 5.9 km | permanent; bikeable | ||||
| Planetenwanderweg | Template:Flagicon Ehrenfriedersdorf, Germany | 1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.3 cm | 150 m | 5.9 km | permanent; bikeable | ||||
| Planetary Trail | Template:Flagicon Hradec Králové, Czech Republic | 1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.3 cm | 150 m | 5.9 km | permanent; bikeable (est. 2005) | ||||
| Planetary Trail | Template:Flagicon Prague, Czech Republic | 1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.3 cm | 150 m | Template:Nowrap 5.9 km (Pluto) |
permanent; bike & walk; all objects above 1000km; (est. 13.5.2018) | ||||
| citation | CitationClass=web
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Template:Flagicon Melbourne, Australia | 1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.3 cm | 150 m | 5.9 km (Pluto) 40 140 km (Proxima Centauri) |
citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
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Template:Flagicon Eugene, Oregon | 1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.2 cm | 150 m | 5.9 km | permanent; bikeable (est. 1997) | |||
| Planetstien, Sandnes | Template:Flagicon Sandnes, Norway | 1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.2 cm | 150 m | 5.9 km | permanent; walkable, bikeable (est. 2010) | ||||
| Planetstien, Lemvig | Template:Flagicon Lemvig, Denmark | 1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.2 cm | 150 m | 5.9 km | permanent; walkable | ||||
| Grand Trunk Pathway Solar System Model | Template:Flagicon Terrace, British Columbia | 1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.3 cm | 150 m | 6 km | permanent; walkable/bikeable (est. 2018) | ||||
| Planet Walk | Template:Flagicon Munich, Germany | 1,290,000,000 | 1.1 m | 1.0 cm | 116 m | 4.6 km | permanent; walkable (est. 1995) | ||||
| Strolling at the speed of light | Template:Flagicon La Malbaie, Quebec, Canada | 1,500,000,000 | 0.9 m | 0.8 cm | 100 m | 3 km (Neptune) | permanent; walkable (est. 2009) (temp?) | ||||
| citation | CitationClass=web
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Template:Flagicon Bellingham, Washington | 1,826,770,000 | 0.762 m | 0.6858 cm | 82 m | ? | permanent; walkable (est. 2016) | |
| Meteoria Söderfjärden | Template:Flagicon Vaasa, Finland | 2,000,000,000 | 0.7 m | ? | ? | ? | permanent; walkable | ||||
| Planetenweg Göttingen | Template:Flagicon Göttingen, Germany | 2,000,000,000 | 0.70 m | 0.65 cm | 75 m | 3.2 km | permanent; walkable/bikeable (est. 2013) | ||||
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Template:Flagicon Gainesville, Georgia | 2,000,000,000 | 0.7 m | 0.6 cm | 75 m | 2.9 km | permanent; walkable (est. 2000) | |
| Rymdpromenaden ("Spacewalk") | Template:Flagicon Gothenburg, Sweden | 2,000,000,000 | 0.7 m | 0.6 cm | 75 m | 3 km | permanent; walkable (est. 1978) | ||||
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Template:Flagicon Norwich, Vermont | 2,200,000,000 | 0.6 m | 0.6 cm | 68 m | 2.7 km | permanent; walkable | |||
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Template:Flagicon Boise Greenbelt, Boise, Idaho | 2,200,000,000 | 0.5 m | ? | ? | 2.4 km | permanent; walkable & bikeable | |||
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Template:Flagicon Longview, Washington | 2,240,000,000 | 0.6 m | 0.6 cm | 56.94 m | 2.7 km | permanent; walkable (est. 2001) | ||
| Akaa Solar System Scale Model | Template:Flagicon Akaa, Finland | 3,000,000,000 | 0.46 m | 0.4 cm | 49.9 m | 1.958 km (Pluto) 13 370 km (Proxima Centauri) |
permanent; walkable (est. 2017), Proxima Centauri in Yulara, Australia | ||||
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Template:Flagicon Elmhurst, Illinois | 3,044,620,000 | 0.5 m | 0.4 cm | 49.1 m | 1.929 km | permanent; walk & drive (est. 2013) | ||
| Solar System model group of sculptures | Template:Flagicon Kecskemét, Hungary | 3,300,000,000 | 0.418 m | 0.4 cm | 45 m | 1.8 km | permanent; walkable (est. 2002) | ||||
| Milky Way path | Template:Flagicon Westerbork, The Netherlands | 3,700,000,000 | ? | ? | ? | 2.5 km | permanent; walkable | ||||
| Solar Walk | Template:Flagicon Gainesville, Florida | 4,000,000,000 | 0.3 m | 0.3 cm | 37.4 m | 1.5 km | permanent; walkable (est. 2002) | ||||
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Template:Flagicon Otford, England | 4,595,700,000 | 0.3 m | 0.3 cm | 32 m | 900 m | permanent; walkable; Includes: Proxima Centauri in Los Angeles, USA; Barnard's Star in Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; Sirius in Sydney, Australia; and Ross 154 in Christchurch, New Zealand | |||
| Wooster Planet Walk | Template:Flagicon Wooster, Ohio | 5,000,000,000 | 0.3 m | 0.3 cm | 30 m | 1.2 km | permanent; walkable (est. 2014) | ||||
| The Sagan Planet Walk | Template:Flagicon Ithaca, New York | 5,000,000,000 | 0.3 m | 0.3 cm | 30 m | 1.2 km | permanent; walkable (est. 1997) | ||||
| Delmar Loop Planet Walk | Template:Flagicon University City, Missouri | 5,000,000,000 | 0.3 m | 0.2 cm | 30 m | 870 m (Neptune) | permanent; walkable (est. 2009) | ||||
| The Solar Walk | Template:Flagicon Cleveland, Ohio | 5,280,000,000 | 0.3 m | 0.2 cm | 28.4 m | 1.1 km | permanent; walkable | ||||
| Solar System Walk
An Exploration of Scale |
Template:Flagicon Carlsbad, California | 5,280,000,000 | ? | ? | 28 m | 1.119 km | Located near Lake Calavera | ||||
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Template:Flagicon Natal, Brazil | 7,000,000,000 | 0.2 m | 1.8 mm | 22 m | 875 m | permanent; walkable/bikeable (est. June 3rd, 2016) | |||
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Template:Flagicon Cookeville, Tennessee | 10,000,000,000 | 0.14 m | 0.12 cm | 15 m | 590 m | permanent; walkable (est. 2017) | ||
| Voyage National Program [1] | Template:Flagicon Template:Ubl
National Mall, Washington, D.C. (2001) Kansas City, Missouri (2008)Space Center Houston, Texas (2008) Corpus Christi, Texas (2009)Boulder, Colorado (2021) Palo Alto, California (2022)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Broken Arrow, Oklahoma (2022) Ocala, Florida (2022) Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana (2022) Dover, New Hampshire (2023) Spokane, Washington (2022) Memphis, Tennessee (2023) Chalmette, Louisiana (2023) Jonesboro, Arkansas (2023) Troy, New York (2024) |
10,000,000,000 | 0.1 m | 0.1 cm | 15 m | 600 m | permanent; walkable; US national program | |||
| Lake Innitou Thousand Yard Interplanetary Walk | Template:Flagicon Woburn, Massachusetts | 10,000,000,000 | 0.23 m (bowling ball) | N/A (stone plaque) | 24 m | 932 m (1019 yd) | permanent; walkable (est. 2004); along the sidewalk by Horn Pond. | ||||
| NJ Botanical Garden | Template:Flagicon Ringwood, New Jersey | 10,000,000,000 | 0.2 m | 2.0 cm | 23.8 m | 927 m | walkable | ||||
| Colorado Scale Model Solar System | Template:Flagicon Fiske Planetarium, Boulder, Colorado | 10,000,000,000 | 0.1 m | 0.1 cm | 15 m | 600 m | permanent; walkable (est. 1987) | ||||
| Anstruther Model Solar System | Template:Flagicon Anstruther, Scotland | 10,000,000,000 | 0.1 m | 0.1 cm | 15 m | 600 m | permanent; walkable (est. 2014) | ||||
| Le Chemin Solaire | Template:Flagicon La Couyère, Brittany | 10,000,000,000 | 1 m | 0.1 cm | ? | 450 m | permanent; walkable (est. 2011) | ||||
| Solar Walk UofT Scarborough | Template:Flagicon Toronto, Ontario and Eureka, Nunavut | 10,000,000,000 | 0.14 m | 0.13 cm | 15 m | 591 m | permanent; walkable/bikeable (est. 2017) | ||||
| citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref name=Binzel>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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}}</ref><ref name="Keller">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon Cambridge, Massachusetts | 30,000,000,000 | 4.6 cm | 0.43 mm | 5.0 m | 200 m | permanent; walkable (est. 2018); along "Infinite Corridor" | |
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Template:Flagicon Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California | 105,000,000,000 | 1.32 cm | 0.12 mm | 1.42 m | 56 m | permanent; walkable; engraved in the front sidewalk | |||
Other models of the Solar System: historic, temporary, virtual, or dual-scaleEdit
| Name | Location | Scale | Sun dia. | Earth dia. | Sun-Earth | Sun-Pluto | Description | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kirkhill model 1776Template:Efn | Template:Flagicon Scotland | 1:778,268,620.8 | 1.8 m | 1.6 cm | 197 m | - | decayed | ||
| Planetenpad Utrecht | Template:Flagicon Utrecht, Netherlands | 1:1,000,000,000 | 1.3 m | 1.3 cm | 150 m | 7.4 km (Neptune) | Leads from Centre Utrecht to Rhijnauwen, on foot, on bike or by kayak | ||
| Planet Walk Malta[1] | Template:Flagicon Buġibba, Malta | 1:2,956,760,000 (distance) / 695,000,000 (sizes) | 2.0 m | 1.84 cm | 50.60 m | 2.0 km (Neptune) | Leads from Malta Aquarium west along promenade | ||
| Sorghvliet | Template:Flagicon The Hague, Netherlands | 1:696,000,000 | 2.0 m | 1.8 cm | 215 m | 6.5 km (Neptune) | (temporary) | ||
| citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
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}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon Illinois, Chicago | 1:73,660,000 | 19 m | 17.3 cm | 2,050 m | 61 km (Neptune) | (temporary) proposed |
| Le Chemin des planètes | Template:Flagicon Template:Nowrap | 1:1,000,000,000 | 1.4 m | 1.3 cm | 150 m | 5.9 km | uses two different scales for distance and size | ||
| citation | CitationClass=web
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Template:Flagicon Madison, Wisconsin | 1:4,000,000,000 | 0.3 m | 0.3 cm | 37 m | 1.5 km | (virtual) | |
| Solar System Stroll | Template:Flagicon Perth, Western Australia | 1:5,000,000,000 | 0.3 m | 0.3 cm | 30 m | 1.2 km | permanent; walkable (est. 2016) | ||
| citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}} </ref> |
(virtual) | 1:6,336,000,000 | 0.2 m | 0.2 cm | 25 m | 1 km | The scale of the planets is the same as the scale between them, and the planets are represented by everyday objects; the Earth is a peppercorn, Jupiter is a walnut, and Neptune is a coffee bean. |
| (dismantled) | Template:Flagicon Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!, Quebec | 1:10,000,000,000 | 0.1 m | 0.1 cm | 15 m | 0.6 km | (dismantled) (est. 1985) | ||
| Lafayette Walk | Template:Flagicon Detroit, Michigan | 1:6,336,000,000 | 23 cm | 0.2 cm | 25 m | 983 m | A walking demonstration of (un)imaginable distances. "It's nowhere near Graham's Number." | ||
| Planets on the Path | Template:Flagicon Chicago, Illinois | 1:2,195,000,000 | 457 m | 13.5 miles | (2015, temporary) | ||||
| The Solar System, to scale, for a school yard | PDF for printing | 1:11,945,400,000 | 11.6 cm | 0.1 cm | 12.5 m | 492 m | PDFs, A4 and 8½″×11″, to be printed, affixed to cards which are affixed to sticks; then to be held by children standing in a school yard. Includes major moons and asteroids. | ||
| Naas Virtual Solar System | Template:Flagicon Naas, County Kildare | 1 : 154,557,330 | 9 m | 82 mm | 968 m | 29 km (Neptune) | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> maps out the planetary orbits and shows everyday objects to scale the planets (e.g. a golf ball for Mars) | |
| Saskatoon Solar Walk | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan | 1 : 1,275,600,000 | 109 cm | 1 cm | 110 m | 4,500 m | Personal and public art installation. | ||
| citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Flagicon Visvliet, The Netherlands | 1: 870,000,000 | 160 cm | 1.5 cm | 172 m | n/a | Permanent installation honouring Eise Eisinga, the creator of the world famous Planetarium in Franeker, who lived in Visviet in 1700. As the original Planetarium only includes the planets up to Saturn, so does this one. |
Several sets of geocaching caches have been laid out as Solar System models.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Template:Notelist Template:Reflist
External linksEdit
- A list of websites related to Solar System models
- The Otford Solar System
- An accurate web-based scroll map of the Solar System scaled to the Moon being 1 pixel
- An online scale model Template:Webarchive (does not work in some browsers)
- An online 3D model
- An article on the Solar System in Maine Template:Webarchive
- An article about a temporary exhibit in Melbourne, Australia
- A map with Solar System models in Germany
- A tool to calculate the diameters and distances needed for an accurate scale model
- To Scale: The Solar System - video of model built in desert with Earth as the size of a marble.