Lofoten
Template:Short description Template:Infobox islands
Template:Native name (Norwegian, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; English pronunciation: Template:IPAc-en, Template:Respell), Template:Native name, or Template:Native name<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway. Lofoten has distinctive scenery with dramatic mountains and peaks, open sea and sheltered bays, beaches, and untouched lands. There are two towns, Svolvær and Leknes – the latter is approximately Template:Cvt north of the Arctic Circle and approximately Template:Cvt away from the North Pole. The archipelago experiences one of the world's largest elevated temperature anomalies relative to its high latitude.
EtymologyEdit
In Norway, the archipelago and the area are called Lofoten. There have been many attempts to research the backgrounds and meanings of both the names Lofoten and Ofoten, which have led to many theories, but no definite information. Critical examination has not reached any generally accepted and justified interpretation of the name.<ref name="arkiv-myrvang-skriveformer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref>
According to one explanation Lofoten (Template:Langx) was the original name of the island Vestvågøya. The first element is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (i.e., "lynx") and the last element is derived from Norse {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (i.e., "foot"), as the shape of the island must have been compared with that of a lynx's foot. (The old name of the neighbouring island Flakstadøya was {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "wolf's foot", from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "wolf".)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref> The explanation has at least been seen in an article about Lofoten published in The New York Times newspaper, for which the reporter had claimed to have heard the explanation from the locals. However, this interpretation of the name has also received criticism.<ref name="snl-lofoten">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref><ref name="lofottidende-hvabetyr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref> It is considered doubtful that the name Lófót itself meant the island of Vestvågøya from the beginning. Unlike, for example, the local names Værøya and Gimsøya, where the names clearly contain the endings meaning the island, the "i Lofot" appearing in the texts rather refers to the district, which nevertheless also included Vestvågøya.<ref name="arkiv-myrvang-skriveformer"/>
Alternatively, the name could derive from the word for light in reference to the presence of aurora borealis as the word for light itself is the root of the Old Norse word for lynx {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, although the earliest evidence suggests {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was first the name of the island of Vestvågøy and only later becoming the name of the chain of islands. Most parsimonious is the analogy with Aurora Borealis, as the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is typically not used to describe the feet of beasts of prey, instead using the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (paw) or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (also paw) for animals such as cats or dogs. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} can be used to describe legs, and as such, 'light leg' represents the most plausible etymology taking into account the geography of the archipelago, eventually morphing to describe only the island of Vestvågøy before once again describing the island chain from its main island.Template:Citation needed
Another name one might come across is "Lofotveggen" or the Lofoten wall. The archipelago looks like a closed wall when seen from elevated points around Bodø Municipality or when arriving from the sea, some Template:Convert long, and Template:Convert high.Template:Citation needed
HistoryEdit
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According to Robert M. D'Anjou and others: "There is evidence of human settlement extending back at least 11,000 years in Lofoten, and the earliest archaeological sites ... are only about 5,500 years old, at the transition from the early to late Stone Age". Iron Age agriculture, livestock, and significant human habitation can be traced back to Template:Nowrap
The town of Vågan (Template:Langx) is the first known town formation in northern Norway. It existed in the early Viking Age, maybe earlier, and was located on the southern coast on eastern Lofoten, near today's village Kabelvåg in Vågan Municipality. The Lofotr Viking Museum with the reconstructed Template:Convert longhouse (the largest known) is located near Borg on Vestvågøya, which has many archeological finds from the Iron Age and Viking Age.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The islands have for more than 1,000 years been the centre of great cod fisheries, especially in winter, when the cod migrate south from the Barents Sea and gather in Lofoten to spawn. Bergen in southwestern Norway was for a long time the hub for further export of cod south to different parts of Europe, particularly so when trade was controlled by the Hanseatic League. In the lowland areas, particularly Vestvågøy, agriculture plays a significant role, as it has done since the Bronze Age.
In March 1941 the islands were raided by British Commandos during Operation Claymore, and in a subsequent diversionary attack to support the Vaagso raid in December.
As of 2017, the islands attract one million tourists a year.<ref name="vecono">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
GeographyEdit
Lofoten is located at the 68th and 69th parallels north of the Arctic Circle in North Norway. Lofoten encompasses the municipalities of Vågan, Vestvågøy, Flakstad, Moskenes, Værøy, and Røst. The principal islands, running from north to south are:
- Southern tip of Hinnøya.
- Southern 60% (approx.) of Austvågøya (Template:Convert in total Template:Coord)
- Gimsøya (Template:Convert Template:Coord)
- Vestvågøya (Template:Convert Template:Coord)
- Flakstadøya (Template:Convert Template:Coord)
- Moskenesøya (Template:Convert Template:Coord)
Further to the south are the small and isolated islands of Værøy Municipality (Template:Coord) and Røst Municipality (Template:Coord). The total land area amounts to Template:Convert, and the population totals 24,500. Many will argue that Hinnøya, the northern part of Austvågøya and several hundred smaller islands, skerries, and rocks to the east of Austvågøya are also part of the Lofoten district. Historically, the territorial definition of Lofoten has changed significantly. Between the mainland and the Lofoten archipelago lies the vast, open Vestfjorden, and to the north is the Vesterålen district. The principal towns in Lofoten are Leknes in Vestvågøy Municipality and Svolvær in Vågan Municipality. The main islands are joined to each other and the mainland by road bridges.
The Lofoten Islands are characterised by their mountains and peaks, sheltered inlets, stretches of seashore and large virgin areas. The highest mountain in Lofoten is Higravstinden (Template:Convert) in Austvågøy; the Møysalen National Park just northeast of Lofoten has mountains reaching Template:Convert. The famous Moskstraumen (Malstrøm) system of tidal eddies is located in western Lofoten, and is indeed the root of the term maelstrom.
GeologyEdit
Lofoten is a horst ridge of bedrock.<ref name=Berghetal2018/> The rocks of Lofoten belong to the wider Western Gneiss Region of Norway.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some of the high relief and irregular surfaces of Lofoten has been attributed to etching that took place during the Mesozoic Era. Evidence of this would be the kaolinite found at some locations.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> To the northwest the Lofoten archipelago is bounded by the NE–SW-trending West Lofoten Border Fault. This is a normal fault whose fault scarp has been eroded, forming a strandflat.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In Vestvågøya, mountains have steep slopes towards the open sea in the northwest and southeast, while slopes pointing towards the interior of the island are more gradual. This is the result of erosion acting on a landscape that has been uplifted along NE–SW-trending faults in the margins of Lofoten while the interior axis has remained more stable.<ref name=Berghetal2018>Template:Cite journal</ref> In tectonic terms mountains are half-grabens and faults are of the dip-slip type.<ref name=Berghetal2018/>
The sea around Lofoten is known to host significant oil reserves: 1.3 bn barrels. Oil extraction in the Lofoten area is prohibited.<ref name="vecono" />
WildlifeEdit
The sea is rich with life, and the world's largest deep water coral reef, called the Røst Reef, is located west of Røst.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Approximately 70% of all fish caught in the Norwegian and Barents seas use its islands' waters as a breeding ground.<ref name="vecono" /> Otters are common, and there are elk on the largest islands. There are some woodlands with downy birch and rowan. There are no native conifer forests in Lofoten, but some small areas with private spruce plantations. Hedlundia hybrida<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Malus sylvestris occur in Lofoten, but not further north.
BirdsEdit
Some Template:Convert of marine waters along the north-western coasts and fjords of the Lofoten Islands have been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International (BLI) because it supports overwintering populations of common eiders and yellow-billed loons. The IBA contains or overlaps with the Seløya, Morfjorden, Laukvikøyene, Eggum and Borgværet nature reserves, as well as the Laukvikøyene Ramsar site.<ref name=bli>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lofoten has a high density of sea eagles and cormorants, and millions of other sea birds, among them the colourful puffin. It has mainland Europe's largest seabird colony.<ref name="vecono" /> The birds once mistaken for the extinct great auk turned out to be some of the nine king penguins released around Norway's Lofoten Islands in August 1936, there until at least 1944.<ref>Martin, Stephen. Penguin. Reaktion Books Ltd., 2009, p. 22.</ref>
ClimateEdit
Lofoten features a mostly subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) under the Köppen climate classification, although some parts like Skrova feature a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb). Winter temperatures in Lofoten are extremely mild considering its location north of the Arctic Circle – possibly the largest positive temperature anomaly in the world relative to latitude. The mild winters are a result of the temperate waters of the Norwegian Sea, which is warmed by the North Atlantic Current and the Norwegian Current. The mild air (Lows) from the Atlantic having a free path northwards even in winter is also very significant.
Strong winds can occur in late autumn and winter. Snow and sleet are not uncommon in winter. The mountains can have substantial amounts of snow, and avalanches may come down from the steep slopes.
In Svolvær, the sun is above the horizon continuously ("midnight sun") from 25 May to 17 July, and in winter the sun does not rise from 4 December to 7 January. In Leknes, the sun is above the horizon from 26 May to 17 July, and in winter the sun does not rise from 9 December to 4 January.
The temperature in the sea has been recorded since 1935. At Template:Convert depth in the sea near Skrova, water temperatures vary from a low of Template:Convert in March to Template:Convert in August, some years peaking above Template:Convert. November is around Template:Convert. At a depth of Template:Convert, the temperature is near Template:Convert all year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Skrova lighthouse on an island near Svolvær has the longest recording of air temperature in Lofoten. The warmest temperature recorded is Template:Convert in June 1972. The coldest temperature recorded is Template:Convert in February 1966. The last overnight freeze in June was in 1962, and the last freeze in September was in 1986. Skrova and nearby Svolvær are among those places in North Norway that can record what Norwegians know as "tropical nights" when the overnight low does not go below Template:Convert. The warmest night recorded in Lofoten was July 1 1972 at Skrova with low Template:Convert,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the earliest in summer was June 10th 2011 with low Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The wettest month recorded is December 1936 with 227 mm, and the driest is January 2014 with 0.9 mm.
Even if the islands are not that large, there are climatic differences. Værøy and Røst, which are furthest west, have the warmest winters, but summer highs are cooler. Vestvågøy with the town Leknes has lowland in the interior of the island with mountains nearby; winters here are slightly colder and much wetter than at Skrova, while summers are drier and comparable.
SportEdit
Mountaineering and rock climbingEdit
Lofoten offers many rock climbing and mountaineering opportunities. It has 24 hours of daylight in the summer and has Alpine-style ridges, summits, and glaciers, but at a height of less than Template:Convert. The main centre for rock climbing is Henningsvær on Austvågøya.
The main areas for mountaineering and climbing are on Austvågøya and Moskenesøya. Moskenesøya features remote and serious mountaineering whereas Austvågøya is a very popular area for rock climbing.Template:Cn
FootballEdit
Lofoten has one of the world's most noteworthy football pitches. Located in the village of Henningsvaer, the pitch at Henningsvaer Stadium rests on a rocky islet and has no actual seats.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SurfingEdit
Unstad is one of its better-known locations for surfing. Every September, surfers from around the world visit to compete in the Lofoten Masters.<ref name=NRK>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CyclingEdit
There is a well-marked cycling route that goes from Å in the south and continues past Fiskebøl in the north. The route is part public road, part cycle path with the option to bypass all of the tunnels by either cycle path (tunnels through mountains) or boat. Traffic is generally light, although in July there may be a lot of campervans. Some of the more remote sections are on gravel roads. There is a dedicated cycling ferry that sails between Ballstad and Nusfjord, allowing cyclists to avoid the long, steep Nappstraum tunnel. The route hugs the coastline for most of its length where it is generally flat. As it turns inland through the mountain passes there are a couple of Template:Convert climbs.Template:Cn
The Lofoten Insomnia Cycling Race<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Full takes place every year around midsummer, possible in the midnight sun, but certainly in 24-hour daylight, along the whole Lofoten archipelago.
The Arctic Race of Norway, the world's northernmost professional stage race on road bike which takes place every year in Northern Norway, crossed the Lofoten islands during its first edition in August 2013. Template:Asof, the race was planned to be back in 2019 from Thursday 15 August to Sunday 18 August. The first two stages will cross the Lofoten archipelago from west to east.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Full
TransportationEdit
The European road E10 connects the larger islands of Lofoten with bridges and undersea tunnels. The E10 road also connects Lofoten to the mainland of Norway through the Lofast road connection, which was officially opened on 1 December 2007. There are several daily bus services between the islands of Lofoten and between Lofoten and the mainland along E10. The Lofoten Islands are not serviced by any trains. However, the city of Narvik is connected to Stockholm and Oslo by train and connects directly to the Lofoten bus line.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Bodø is often used as a hub for travel to Lofoten. In addition to air travel there is a ferry connecting Bodø to Moskenes, Værøy and Røst, <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a speedboat connection to Svolvær. Bodø is connected by train to Trondheim and Oslo. There is also a ferry connecting Svolvær to Skutvik in Hamarøy Municipality, with a road connection east to E6. Hurtigruten calls at Stamsund and Svolvær.
Lofoten is also served by a number of small airports:
- Leknes Airport (101,757 passengers in 2014)
- Svolvær Airport, Helle (74,496 passengers in 2014)
- Røst Airport (9,889 passengers in 2014), which mainly offers flights to Bodø.
- Værøy Heliport (9,420 passengers in 2014)
- Stokmarknes Airport, Skagen (93,782 passengers in 2016) is located in Vesterålen.
- Harstad/Narvik Airport, Evenes has direct flights to Oslo and Trondheim.
CultureEdit
Visual artsEdit
Template:Ill (Lofoten internasjonale kunstfestival, LIAF) is a contemporary art biennale with no set venue or location on the archipelago.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Artists who have participated include Kjersti Andvig, Michel Auder, A K Dolven, Ida Ekblad, Elmgreen & Dragset, and Lawrence Weiner.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Template:Ill (Nordnorsk Kunstnersenter, NNKS) was established in Svolvær in 1979.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Ill is a privately-owned contemporary art space in Henningsvær.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Template:Ill (Nordland kunst- og filmhøgskole, NKFS) was established in Kabelvåg in 1997.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
LiteratureEdit
- Edgar Allan Poe's short story "A Descent into the Maelström" tells the story of a man who survived his ship being drawn into and swallowed by Moskstraumen.
- Many of the novels of Knut Hamsun are situated in the Lofoten.
- Jules Verne's novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (1870) concludes with the Nautilus having fallen into the Maelström, and Prof. Aronnax, Conseil and Ned Land, who had been attempting to escape when the Nautilus began its fall, washed up on an island in the Lofotens.
- Johan Bojer's novel The Last of the Vikings (1922) tells the story of the Lofoten cod fishermen.
- In Ole Edvart Rølvaag's novel Giants in the Earth, the Norwegian protagonists settling in Dakota Territory are immigrants from Lofoten.
- The poem "Pilot Nagel" from the Greek sailor-poet Nikos Kavvadias tells the story of the Norwegian sailor Nagel Harbor, who dies at the port of Colombo, while escorting a steamer tank on its way to his homeland, the Lofoten islands.
FilmsEdit
- In the film Maelström, Lofoten is where the ashes of Annstein Karson are distributed.
- In the film The Sunlit Night, Lofoten is where the protagonist Frances decides to aid a fellow critically reviled artist.
TelevisionEdit
- The Norwegian television crime drama series Twin, which premiered on 27 October 2019 on NRK, is set in the Lofoten Islands.
- The Grand Tour episode "A Scandi Flick Special" was filmed in Lofoten in 2022.
PaintingsEdit
Norwegian painter Gunnar Berg was known for his paintings of his native Lofoten. He principally painted scenes of the everyday life of the local fishermen. Other artists whose work has been associated with Lofoten include Adelsteen Normann, Otto Sinding, Christian Krohg, Theodor Kittelsen, Lev Lagorio,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ernst Wilhelm Nay and Ingo Kühl.
- Gunnar Berg Fiskebåter ved Reine.jpg
Fiskebåter ved Reine by Gunnar Berg (without year)
- Eilert Adelsteen Normann - Dampskipsanløp I Lofoten - IMG 9337.jpg
Dampskipsanløp i Lofoten by Adelsteen Normann (1885)
- 'Winter in Lofoten, 1886' by Otto Sinding, Bergen Kunstmuseum.JPG
Winter in Lofoten by Otto Sinding (1886)
- Kittelsen fra Lofoten.jpg
Fra Lofoten by Theodor Kittelsen (1890)
- Ingo Kühl "Moskstraumen I" Reine, Lofoten.jpg
Moskstraumen I, Reine, Lofoten, by Ingo Kühl (1999)
MusicEdit
In 2004, Nurse with Wound broadcast 24 unexpected radio transmissions from the Lofoten Islands,Template:Fact whose sounds were sourced from the environment and objects found in Lofoten. These recordings are included on their three releases entitled Shipwreck Radio.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Sister bar Template:Fishing history Template:Authority control