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PZL Mielec (Polskie Zakłady Lotnicze - Polish Aviation Works), formerly WSK-Mielec (Wytwórnia Sprzętu Komunikacyjnego) and WSK "PZL-Mielec" is a Polish aerospace manufacturer based in Mielec. It is the largest aerospace manufacturer in postwar Poland. In 2007, it was acquired by Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, which retained the brand name. Between 1948 and 2014, the company manufactured approximately 15,600 aircraft.<ref name=grusz/>
HistoryEdit
Before 1945Edit
In 1938-1939, Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze ("State Aviation Works"; PZL), Poland's largest aviation company, built a factory in Mielec, designated PZL WP-2 (Wytwórnia Płatowców 2; "Airframe Factory no. 2"). Production there began just before the outbreak of World War II. In March 1939, the plant began manufacturing its first aircraft — PZL.37 Łoś bombers, assembled from components delivered from the PZL WP-1 factory in Warsaw.<ref name=grusz>Gruszczyński, J. (2014), pp. 8–10</ref> There were 700 workers at that time.<ref name=grusz/>
During World War II, Mielec was occupied by Nazi Germany, starting 13 September 1939.<ref name=bab>Babiejczuk, J.; Grzegorzewski. J. (1974)</ref> During the occupation, the factory became a part of Heinkel, among others producing tailfins of Heinkel He 111 bombers, and repairing Junkers Ju 52 aircraft. There were 5,500 workers in 1944.<ref name=grusz/> In July 1944, the withdrawing Germans took away all the machines and equipment. Mielec was seized by the Soviet Army on 6 August 1944. At first, the factory was used by the Soviets as a repair works. On 22 July 1945, it was handed back to Polish control.<ref name=bab/>
1945 to presentEdit
The factory in Mielec was renamed to Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze (PZL) - Zakład nr 1 (State Aviation Works, No.1 plant), and turned into a state-owned factory. At first, it undertook aircraft repair works, and produced mostly non-aviation items, such as bus bodies, scales, etc.<ref name=bab/> The first aircraft constructed in Mielec was a simple trainer PZL S-1, flown on 15 November 1945, of which only one unit was built (this was the second aircraft built in Poland after the war).
The factory in Mielec produced aircraft mostly under license, or designed in other Polish bureaus. In 1948, the factory built a small series of 10 utility aircraft LWD Szpak-4T, designed in the LWD (it was the first Polish post-war series-built aircraft).<ref name=grusz/> In the same year, the company started producing licensed Polikarpov Po-2 biplanes under the designation CSS-13, and 180 were built by 1950 (they were also produced by PZL Warszawa-Okęcie). In 1950, also a small series of pre-war Polish Salamandra gliders was built.
In 1949, the factory was renamed, like all Polish aerospace industry at that time, as Wytwórnia Sprzętu Komunikacyjnego – zakład nr 1 (Communication Equipment Factory, No. 1 plant), in short WSK-1 Mielec or just WSK-Mielec.<ref name=bab/> For a short time in 1970-1975, it bore a name WSK Delta-Mielec.<ref name=grusz/> In 1975, it returned to a traditional name Wytwórnia Sprzętu Komunikacyjnego "PZL-Mielec" (WSK "PZL-Mielec"), in an honor of the PZL brand.<ref name=grusz/> In the 1950s, there were 2600 workers; at its peak the number was 18,000.<ref name=grusz/>
From 1950, the factory developed significantly, and became the largest Polish aircraft producer. It was a licensed producer of the Soviet-designed jet fighters MiG-15 (produced as Lim-1), MiG-15bis (Lim-2), MiG-17 (Lim-5), and their Polish-developed variants (the SBLim-1 and SBLim-2 trainers and the Lim-6 attack aircraft).<ref name=grusz/> The first Lim-1s were manufactured from Soviet parts in 1952, and full-scale production started in 1953. About 1500 Lims were built by 1964. In 1957-1960, there were also produced 250 Polish-designed TS-8 Bies piston-engined trainers. From 1963, there was produced Polish-designed jet trainer TS-11 Iskra, being a basic trainer in Polish military aviation. Its successor, designed with a part of PZL Mielec, the PZL I-22 Iryda, appeared to be a failure for different reasons, mostly due to a lack of proper funding, and as such only a small series was built.
The most numerous aircraft built in Mielec was the licensed Soviet Antonov An-2 utility biplane, produced from 1960 in different variants. 11,954 of these aircraft were manufactured by 2002,<ref name=grusz/> mostly for the Soviets, but also used in Poland, and exported to other countries. Among them there were 7880 agricultural An-2R, 1640 transport-passenger An-2TP, 1344 transport An-2T, 816 passenger An-2P, 154 An-2M floatplanes, 52 An-2TD military paratroop transports, 44 executive An-2P Lux.<ref name=grusz/> From 1984, PZL Mielec became an exclusive producer of the Soviet Antonov An-28 STOL transport aircraft, of which 180 were built.<ref name=grusz/> It was subsequently developed in Mielec, and in a modernized variant PZL M-28 Skytruck/Bryza, with western avionics, was offered for the Polish Army, Polish Navy and services abroad, with some success, also as a maritime patrol aircraft.
Apart from license production, several aircraft were designed at Mielec in the 1950s and 1960s, but they did not enter production (e.g PZL S-4 Kania, PZL M-2, PZL M-4 Tarpan). More profitable was cooperation in design work. In 1973, with Soviet aid, Mielec designed the only jet agricultural aircraft in the world, the WSK-Mielec M-15 Belphegor, which was built between 1976 and 1981 for the Soviets. On the other hand, the factory started cooperation with American firms, and the result was the very successful agricultural aircraft M-18 Dromader, first flown in 1976, and produced and developed until now (as of 2012). Over 759 were produced,<ref name=grusz/> most exported to Western countries. WSK-Mielec also started production of the PZL M-20 Mewa utility aircraft (licensed Piper PA-34 Seneca), but a small number was built only. Partly based on the M-20, the factory developed a successful light trainer PZL M-26 Iskierka of 1988; however, only seven were built.
Non-aviation productionEdit
The factory produced also non-aviation items, like fire engines (1948), refrigerators (1954–1966), Mikrus MR-300 microcar (1956–1960, 1728 built), refrigerator car bodies (1962–1974), TV broadcast cars (from 1965), fuel injection equipment (from 1964), Leyland-licence diesel engines (from 1967), Melex electric utility vehicles and golf carts (from 1970, mostly for export to the USA, later separated as own brand). In 1993, a division Wytwórnia Aparatury Wtryskowej "PZL Mielec" (Fuel Injection Equipment Factory "PZL–Mielec") was separated as a limited liability company.
Present and futureEdit
On 19 October 1998, a state-owned factory WSK "PZL-Mielec" was converted into a state-owned company Polskie Zakłady Lotnicze Mielec Sp. z o.o. (Polish Aviation Works), in short: PZL Mielec (not to be confused with pre-war PZL - Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze).<ref name=grusz/> In May 1999, it was certified according to JAR-21.<ref name=grusz/> After a fall of export to Eastern Bloc countries, production volume decreased, and there remained 1200-1400 workers.<ref name=grusz/>
On 16 March 2007, PZL Mielec was acquired by the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, then a unit of United Technologies Corporation (UTX), now a unit of Lockheed Martin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=grusz/> From 2009, it manufactures fuselage sections of the parent firm's UH-60M Black Hawk helicopter, and from 2010 it serves as an additional final assembly line for S-70i Black Hawk helicopters.<ref name=grusz/>
The circumstances of this transaction and its aftermath were heavily criticized by the Polish military press, suggesting that the price was very low (56.1 million PLN), due to pro-American lobbying. It was also pointed out that the Polish military agreed in December 2008 to purchase 12 unnecessary M-28B aircraft from the new factory owners, for a price two or three times higher than their real value and export price.<ref>Hypki, Tomasz, (in Polish) Karmienie nowotworu ("Feeding of a cancer"), Skrzydlata Polska Nr. 1/2009, {{#if:0137-866X|Template:Catalog lookup link{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Template:Error-small}}, p.4</ref>
AircraftEdit
| Model name | First flight | Number built | Type | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSS-13 | 1948 | 180<ref name=grusz/> | License built single piston engine biplane utility airplane | |
| PZL Szpak-4T | 1948 | 10 | Single piston engine monoplane utility airplane | |
| PZL S-1 | 1945 | 1 | Single piston engine monoplane trainer | |
| PZL S-4 Kania | 1957 | 3 | Single piston engine monoplane trainer | |
| PZL TS-8 Bies | 1955 | 251 | Single piston engine monoplane trainer | |
| PZL M2 | 1958 | 2 | Single piston engine monoplane trainer | |
| PZL M3 Pliszka | 1959 | 3 | Glider | |
| PZL M7 | N/A | 0 | Two jet engine monoplane trainer<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| PZL M8 Pelikan | N/A | 0 | Glider<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| PZL M4 Tarpan | 1961 | 2 | Single piston engine monoplane trainer | |
| PZL An-2 | 1961 | 11,000+ | License built single piston engine biplane utility airplane | |
| PZL Lim-1 | 1952<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
227 | License built single jet engine monoplane fighter |
| PZL Lim-2 | 500 | License built single jet engine monoplane fighter | ||
| PZL Lim-5 | 1956<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
666 | License built single jet engine monoplane fighter |
| PZL Lim-6 | 110 | License built single jet engine monoplane attack airplane | ||
| PZL TS-11 Iskra | 1960 | 424 | Single jet engine monoplane trainer | |
| PZL TS-16 Grot | N/A | 0 | Single jet engine monoplane trainer | |
| PZL M12 | N/A | 0 | Two piston engine monoplane utility airplane<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| PZL M19 | N/A | 0 | Two jet engine monoplane trainer<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| PZL M14 | N/A | 0 | Single turboprop engine monoplane agricultural airplane<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| PZL M15 Belphegor | 1973 | 175 | Single jet engine biplane agricultural airplane | |
| PZL M16 | N/A | 0 | Two jet engine monoplane trainer<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| PZL M18 Dromader | 1976 | 759 | Single piston engine monoplane agricultural airplane | |
| PZL M17 | 1977 | 1 | Single piston engine monoplane utility airplane | |
| PZL M20 Mewa | 1979 | 33 | Two piston engine monoplane utility airplane | |
| PZL M19 | N/A | 0 | Two turboprop engine monoplane transport airplane<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| PZL M21 Dromader Mini | 1982 | 2 | Single piston engine monoplane agricultural airplane<ref name="Polot" /> | |
| PZL M24 Dromader Super | 1987 | 4 | Single piston engine monoplane agricultural airplane | |
| PZL M25 Dromader Mikro | N/A | 0 | Single piston engine monoplane agricultural airplane<ref name="Polot">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| PZL M26 Iskierka | 1986 | 9 | Single piston engine monoplane trainer | |
| PZL An-28 | 1984 | Two turboprop engine monoplane transport | ||
| PZL M28 Skytruck | 1993 | Two turboprop engine monoplane transport | ||
| PZL M30 | N/A | 0 | Single turboprop engine monoplane agricultural airplane<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| PZL M32 | N/A | 0 | Two turboprop engine monoplane utility aircraft<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| PZL M34 | N/A | 0 | Two turboprop engine monoplane transport<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
| PZL I-22 Iryda | 1985 | 17 | Two jet engine monoplane trainer | |
| PZL S-70i Blackhawk | 2010 | 100<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Two turboshaft engine utility helicopter |
ReferencesEdit
NotesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Janusz Babiejczuk, Jerzy Grzegorzewski (1974) Polski przemysł lotniczy 1945-1973 (Polish aviation industry...), Wydawnictwo MON, Warsaw (no ISBN)
- Jerzy Gruszczyński (2014) Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawk in "Nowa Technika Wojskowa - Polski przetarg śmigłowcowy", special issue for MSPO 2014 defence fair, ISSN 1230-1655, p. 8-9.
External linksEdit
Template:PZL aircraft Template:Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation Template:Automotive industry in Poland Template:Authority control