Ideophone

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An ideophone (also known as a mimetic or expressive) is a member of the word class of words that depict sensory imagery or sensations,<ref name=dingemanse23>Template:Cite book</ref> evoking ideas of action, sound, movement, color, or shape. The class of ideophones is the least common syntactic category cross-linguistically; it occurs mostly in African, Australian, and Amerindian languages, and sporadically elsewhere. Ideophones resemble interjections but are different owing to their special phonetic or derivational characteristics, and based on their syntactic function within the sentence. They may include sounds that deviate from the language's phonological system, imitating—often in a repetitive manner—sounds of movement, animal noises, bodily sounds, noises made by tools or machines, and the like.<ref name="Sasse">Template:Cite book</ref>

It is globally the only known word class that does not appear in English. While English does have ideophonic or onomatopoetic expressions, it does not contain a proper class of ideophones because any English onomatopoeic word can be included in one of the classical categories. For example, la-di-da functions as an adjective while others, such as zigzag, may function as a verb, adverb or adjective, depending on the clausal context. In the sentence "The rabbit zigzagged across the meadow", the verb zigzag takes the past -ed verb ending. In contrast, the reconstructed example *"The rabbit zigzag zigzag across the meadow" emulates an ideophone but is not idiomatic to English.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Dictionaries of languages like Japanese, Korean, Xhosa, Yoruba, and Zulu list thousands of ideophones.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sometimes ideophones are called phonosemantic to indicate that it is not a grammatical word class in the traditional sense of the word (like verb or noun), but rather a lexical class based on the special relationship between form and meaning exhibited by ideophones. In the discipline of linguistics, ideophones have sometimes been overlooked or treated as a subgroup of interjections.<ref name="Sasse2">Template:Cite book</ref>

CharacteristicsEdit

The word ideophone was coined in 1935 by Clement Martyn Doke, who defined it in his Bantu Linguistic Terminology as follows.<ref name=":1">Doke 1935 as cited in Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001</ref> Template:Quote

Ideophones evoke sensory events. A well known instance of ideophones are onomatopoeic words—words that imitate the sound (of the event) they refer to. Some ideophones may be derived from onomatopoeic notions. In many languages, however, ideophones do not solely represent sound.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, in Gbaya, kpuk 'a rap on the door' may be onomatopoeic, but other ideophones depict motion and visual scenes: loɓoto-loɓoto 'large animals plodding through mud', kiláŋ-kiláŋ 'in a zigzagging motion', pɛɗɛŋ-pɛɗɛŋ 'razor sharp'.<ref name=":2" />

Ideophones are often characterized as iconic or sound-symbolic words, meaning that there can be a resemblance between their form and their meaning. For instance, in West-African languages, voiced consonants and low tone in ideophones are often connected to largeness and heaviness, whereas voiceless consonants and high tones tend to relate to smallness and lightness.<ref>Westermann 1927</ref> Reduplication figures quite prominently in ideophones, often conveying a sense of repetition or plurality present in the evoked event.<ref>Watson in Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001</ref> The iconicity of ideophones is shown by the fact that people can guess the meanings of ideophones from various languages at a level above chance.<ref>Iwasaki et al. 2007, Dingemanse et al. 2015</ref> However, the form of ideophones does not completely relate to their meaning; as conventionalized words, they contain arbitrary, language-specific phonemes just like other parts of the vocabulary.Template:Cn

GrammarEdit

The grammatical function of ideophones varies by language. In some languages (e.g. Welayta, Yir-Yiront, Semai, Korean), they form a separate word class, while in others, they occur across a number of different word classes (e.g. Mundang, Ewe, Sotho, Hausa).<ref>Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001</ref>

Despite this diversity, ideophones show a number of robust regularities across languages. One is that they are often marked in the same way as quoted speech and demonstrations.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref> Sometimes ideophones can form a complete utterance on their own, as in English "ta-da!" or Japanese Template:Nihongo.<ref name=":0">Diffloth 1972</ref> However, in such cases the word ideophone is used as a synonym to interjection. Proper ideophones may occur within utterances, depicting a scene described by other elements of the utterance, as in Japanese Taro wa sutasuta to haya-aruki o shita "Taro walked hurriedly' (literally 'Taro did haste-walk sutasuta').<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Ideophones are more like illustrations of events than responses to events. An ideophone like Gbaya kiláŋ-kiláŋ 'in a zigzagging motion' displays a certain resemblance to the event (for instance, its irregular vowels and tones depicting the irregularity of the motion).Template:Cn

RegistersEdit

Languages may differ in the context in which ideophones are used. In some languages, ideophones are primarily used in spoken language (e.g. narrative contexts) and are rarely encountered in written language.<ref name=":2">Noss in Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001</ref> In other languages (e.g. Ewe, Japanese), ideophones can be freely used in all registers. In general, however, ideophones tend to occur more extensively in spoken language because of their expressive or dramaturgic function.<ref name="ReferenceA">Kunene in Voeltz & Kilian-Hatz 2001</ref>

ExamplesEdit

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JapaneseEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Japanese language has thousands of ideophones, often called mimetics. The constructions are quite metrical 2-2, or 3-3, where morae play a role in the symmetry. The first consonant of the second word of the reduplication may become voiced if phonological conditions allow. Japanese ideophones are used extensively in daily conversations as well as in the written language.Template:Cn

doki doki ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – heart-pounding
kira kira ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – glittery
shiin ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – silence
niko niko ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – smile
jii ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – stare
run run ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – cheerful

TamilEdit

The Tamil language uses many ideophones, both in spoken (colloquial) and in formal usage. Ideophones are called irattaik kilavi (இரட்டைக் கிளவி) in Tamil grammar.Template:Cn

sora sora ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – rough (the sound produced when rubbing back and forth on a rough surface)
vazha-vazha ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – smooth, slippery
mozhu-mozhu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – smooth (surface)
kozhu-kozhu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – plump
kozha-kozha ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – slimy, gooey
busu-busu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – soft and bushy
kaNa-kaNa ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) - warm, hot
giDu-giDu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – quickly, fast
Tak-Tak ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) - quickly, rapidly
maDa-maDa ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – quickly, fast
masa-masa ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – sluggish, lethargic
viru-viru ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – energetically (also, spicy)
choda-choda ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – marshy, waterlogged
paLa-paLa ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – glittering, shiny
veDa-veDa ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – shaking, trembling
chuDa-chuDa ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – piping hot
mAngu-mAngu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – laboriously
gara-gara ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) – crunchy (as in food), gravely (as in voice)
gaba-gaba ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) - wolfing down food
doLa-doLa ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) - hanging loose (as in loose fitting)
taLa-taLa ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) - lush (as in a lush plant/orchard)
toNa-toNa ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) - annoyingly incessant

XhosaEdit

In Xhosa, as in closely related Zulu, ideophones can convey very complex experiential impressions or can just strengthen meanings of other words. The ideophone is often introduced using the verb {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Gloss.Template:Cn

Using {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: