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Badaga is a southern Dravidian language spoken by the Badaga people of the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. The language is closely related to the Kannada language with heavy influence from the Tamil language.<ref> Template:Citation</ref> Of all the tribal languages spoken in Nilgiris (Badaga, Toda language, Kota language (India)), Badaga is the most spoken language.
OriginsEdit
Badaga, like modern Kannada, likely originates from Old Kannada. This is suggested by the fact that Badaga shares many common features with modern Kannada. One such feature shared by both Badaga and Kannada is initial {{#invoke:IPA|main}} where other Dravidian languages, and Old Kannada, have an initial {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, a process which began around the 13th century.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
PhonologyEdit
Badaga has five vowel qualities, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, where each of them may be long or short, and until the 1930s they were contrastively half and fully retroflexed, for a total of 30 vowel phonemes.Template:Efn Current speakers only distinguish retroflection of a few vowels.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
IPA | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| main}} | disease | |
| main}} | scar | |
| main}} | sprout | |
| main}} | tiger's den | |
| main}} | to spread out | |
| main}} | to remove | |
| main}} | seven | |
| main}} | tamarind | |
| main}} | bangle | |
| main}} | banana | |
| main}} | to strike | |
| main}} | chisel |
Note on transcription: rhoticity Template:Angbr IPA indicates half-retroflexion; doubled Template:Angbr IPA it indicates full retroflexion.
Writing systemEdit
Several attempts have been made at constructing an orthography based on English, Kannada and Tamil. The earliest printed book using Kannada script was a Christian work, "Anga Kartagibba Yesu Kristana Olleya Suddiya Pustaka" by Basel Mission Press of Mangaluru in 1890.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
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Badaga can also be written in the Kannada script and Tamil script.
Linguistic documentationEdit
Badaga has been studied and documented by linguists. Several Badaga-English Dictionaries have been produced since the latter part of the nineteenth century.<ref name="dictionary">Template:Cite book</ref>
A collection of proverbs and other traditional sayings of the Badaga has been collated and edited by Paul Hockings.<ref>Hockings, Paul. "Counsel from the Ancients." A study of Badaga proverbs, prayers, omens and curses. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter (1988).</ref> It is the result of the work of many people, collecting material over many decades.
ReferencesEdit
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Relevant literatureEdit
- Hockings, Paul. Counsel from the ancients: A study of Badaga proverbs, prayers, omens, and curses. Mouton de Gruyter, 1988. Archive.org
- Hockings, Paul, and Christiane Pilot-Raichoor. A Badaga and English dictionary — glossary and gazetteer. Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2023. [ISBN 978-93-91928-17-9]
External linksEdit
- Online community of Badagas worldwide
- Badaga literature
- A website on the Badaga
- Audio recordings in Badaga, with annotations in trilingual format (Badaga, English, French) Template:Webarchive – transcribed and translated by C. Pilot-Raichoor – site of the Pangloss Collection, CNRS-LACITO