Template:Rape sidebar In scholarly literature and criminology, gang rape, also called serial gang rape, party rape, group rape, or multiple perpetrator rape,<ref name=ullman>Ullman, S. E. (2013). 11 Multiple perpetrator rape victimization. Handbook on the Study of Multiple Perpetrator Rape: A Multidisciplinary Response to an International Problem, Miranda A.H Horvath, Jessica Woodhams (Editors), 4, Chapter 11; Template:ISBN</ref> is the rape of a single victim by two or more violators.<ref name="autogenerated4">Neumann, Stephani. Gang Rape: Examining Peer Support and Alcohol in Fraternities. Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Hickey, Eric W., 397-407</ref> Gang rapes are forged on shared identity, religion, ethnic group, or race.<ref name=rape1/><ref name=rape2/><ref name=rape3/> There are multiple motives for serial gang rapes, such as for sexual entitlement,<ref name=lancetrapestudy/> asserting sexual prowess,<ref name=lancetrapestudy/> war,<ref name=rape7/><ref name=rape9/><ref name=rape11/><ref name=rape16/> punishment,<ref name=lancetrapestudy/><ref name=rape4/><ref name=rape5/><ref name=rape6/> and, in up to 30% of cases, for targeting racial minorities, religious minorities, or ethnic groups.<ref name=rape12/>
Gang rapes can be part of genocidal rape or ethnic cleansing campaigns.
Gang rape in literatureEdit
Hebrew BibleEdit
The Hebrew Bible documents two narratives of gang rapes: the infamous account of Sodom and the story of the Levite Concubine in Gibeah (presented as a doublet with mimicking literary structure to the former). Both instances result in the judgement of God through destruction and war respectively.
Perpetrator characteristicsEdit
Gang rapes are typically perpetrated by two or more men, and tend to have somewhat different characteristics than rapes by individuals. For instance, gang rapists tend to be younger<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and are more often repeat offenders, and the gang is more likely to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
Gang rapes are more violent on average compared to its individual counterpart, with significantly more severe sexual and non-sexual injuries to the victim. The gang members also typically dehumanize the victim more before and during the rape.<ref name=rape1>Ullman, Sarah (1999). A comparison of gang and individual rape incidents. Violence and victims, 14(2), pp. 123–133</ref><ref name=rape2>Porter, L. E., & Alison, L. J. (2001). A Partially Ordered Scale of Influence in Violent Group Behavior An Example From Gang Rape. Small Group Research, 32(4), pp. 475–497</ref><ref name=rape3>Template:Cite journal</ref> Gang rapes are almost always premeditated in their intent, target victim(s), social proof, and psychological causes.<ref>Smith, Merril (Ed.). (2004). Encyclopedia of rape. Greenwood Publishing Group.</ref><ref>Ellis, Lee (Ed.). (1989). Theories of Rape: Recent Inquiries Into the Causes of Sexual Aggression. Taylor & Francis.</ref>Template:Clarify Social factors such as civil wars, hate propaganda, and ethnic conflicts increase the rate of gang rape.<ref>Thompson, Allan (Ed.) (2007), The media and the Rwanda genocide. IDRC, Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Barnes, A. (Ed.). (2005). The handbook of women, psychology, and the law. John Wiley & Sons</ref>
Rape gang members often have a binding force such as the same race, or place of residence thereby forming a close-knit peer pressure group, encouraged by the behavior of their fellow criminals.<ref name=rape1/><ref name=rape2/><ref name=rape3/> Gang rape can result from a group form of criminal spin, in which the group starts with less serious offenses which ultimately lead them to go well beyond their initial intention.
In a 2013 study based on 25-year crime data from US and Europe, between 10% and 20% of all rapes were gang rapes. Less than one in three gang rapes are reported, while less than 1 in 20 attempted but failed gang rapes are reported.<ref name=ullman/>
MotivesEdit
Sexual entitlement and entertainmentEdit
A 2013 Lancet report found that among the motives for rape were sexual entitlement and seeking of entertainment. Associated factors in the crime included alcohol misuse, poverty, personal history of childhood victimization, need to prove heterosexual performance, dominance over women, and participation in gangs and related activities. Template:As of, according to the report, most cases were not reported to law enforcement, and just 23% of single or multiple perpetrator rapes that were reported by the victims ended in prison sentence.<ref name=lancetrapestudy/> The 1886 Mount Rennie rape case in Sydney, Australia falls in this category.
As an act of warEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Gang rapes during civil wars and ethnic riots take added dimension of becoming a means of revenge, sending a message to the victims' community, inducing fear in the opponent, and creating a sense of solidarity among the soldiers or militants or the violent group.<ref name=rape7>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=rape8>Miller, Jody, & Glassner, Barry (1997). The ‘inside’and the ‘outside’: finding realities in interviews. Qualitative research, pp. 99–112, chapter 8</ref> At least 20,000 women were raped or gang raped and afterwards killed during the Nanjing Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanjing, during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
Major ethnic conflicts and wars within the last 50 years have witnessed a campaign of gang rapes.<ref>Card, Claudia, Rape as a Weapon of War, Hypatia 11.4 (1996), pp. 5–18</ref> Rapes by Soviet soldiers and the Mahmudiyah rape and killings by American soldiers are examples of such war crimes.
The Congo war saw thousands of gang rapes every week, with each relief center reporting 10 or more daily victims of gang rape with battering of women.<ref name=rape9>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=rape10>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Rwandan genocide of 1994 witnessed numerous gang rapes by soldiers.<ref>Morris, M. (1996). By force of arms: Rape, war, and military culture. Duke Law Journal, 45, pp. 651–699</ref> The Bosnian war during the 1990s saw a similar campaign of gang rapes.<ref name=rape11>Stiglmayer, A. (Ed.). (1994). Mass rape: The war against women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, University of Nebraska Press</ref> In the 1990s, the Kashmir region which was a battlefield between Jihadists and the Indian armed forces also saw a number of gang rapes which were perpetrated by both sides of the conflict to instill fear in the population of each side.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the 2000s, civil war-torn countries such as Sudan, Afghanistan and Syria reported high rates of gang rapes by government soldiers, security forces, insurgents, and militias.<ref name=rape16>Farr, Kathryn. "Extreme war rape in today’s civil-war-torn states: A contextual and comparative analysis." Gender Issues 26.1 (2009): pp. 1–41</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Similar incidents have been recorded in Libya,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Mali.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
During the recent Russian-Ukrainian war, especially after the start of the full-scale Russian invasion, numerous cases of gang rapes of Ukrainian women and men, including children, by Russian soldiers were recorded.<ref>Ukraine: Rape and torture by Russian forces continuing, rights experts report</ref><ref>Russian troops gang-rape 12-year-old girl in eastern Ukraine - intercept</ref><ref>Sexual violence by Russian forces is genocide against Ukrainian people</ref><ref>Reuters: Russian soldiers sexually abused 4-year-old child, raped her mother in Kyiv Oblast</ref><ref>UN Commission publishes report on rape and torture in Russian-occupied territories</ref>
It is alleged that there were several cases of rape and sexual assault on the October 7th attack by Hamas soldiers. In the aftermath in which Israel began arresting Palestinian civilians and bombing the Gaza Strip, dozens of alleged cases of sexual assault and rape by IDF soldiers against Palestinian detainees of all ages—both male and female—were recounted by prisoners.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
As punishmentEdit
Template:See also A 2013 Lancet report on rape and gang rape in Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Sri Lanka found that the crime was committed for various motives, including as a means to inflict punishment on the victim.<ref name=lancetrapestudy/>
Traditionally, the Cheyenne people of North America used gang rape as punishment for female transgressions.<ref name=rape4>Template:Cite book</ref> A similar practice existed among the Munduruku people of South America.<ref name=rape5>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the Mpumalanga province of South Africa, there are instances of gang rape as punishment.<ref name=rape6>Template:Cite book</ref> In Argentina and Pakistan,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> gang rape has been reported to have been ordered as punishment.
Religious or racial factorsEdit
Though having the same race or religion often acts as a binding force for creating a close-knit serial rape gangs,<ref name=rape1/><ref name=rape2/><ref name=rape3/> studies reported that 30% of these shared-identity rape gangs specifically targeted people of another religion or race.<ref name=rape12>Template:Cite book</ref>
Gang rape by countryEdit
- This is an incomplete list of countries, where government or media have acknowledged the problem of gang rape.
A study found that gang rapes involved more alcohol and drug use, night attacks and severe sexual assault outcomes and less victim resistance and fewer weapons than individual rapes.<ref name=Ullman1999>Template:Cite journal</ref> Another study found that group sexual assaults were more violent and had greater resistance from the victim than individual sexual assaults and that victims of group sexual assaults were more likely to seek crisis and police services, to contemplate suicide and seek psychotherapy than those involved in individual assaults. The two groups were about the same in the amount of drug use and drinking during the assault.<ref name=Gidycz1990>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Porter and Alison have analyzed 739 gang rape cases from US and UK, and found over 20% of the gang rape victims died from injuries from the gang rape.<ref name="Porter L. E., Alison L. J. 2006 357–381">Template:Cite journal</ref> Gang rape is sometimes stereotyped in media as a crime of poor, minorities, or culture; however, gang rape incidence rates are high in wealthy college campuses, among non-minorities and every culture.<ref name="Sanday, P. 2007">Sanday, P. (2007). Fraternity gang rape: Sex, brotherhood, and privilege on campus. New York University Press, Template:ISBN</ref>
BangladeshEdit
A 2013 Lancet study reports 1.9% of all rural men in Bangladesh have committed multiple perpetrator rape (gang rape) of a woman who was not a partner, compared to 1.4% urban men. 35% of those who have committed gang rapes against women have also committed additional rapes where the victim was a man. The motives of rape included a combination of reasons. Two thirds of the gang rape perpetrators claimed entertainment as their motive, 30% claimed they participated in gang rape out of anger and to inflict punishment on the victim, while 11% indicated the crime followed alcohol consumption.<ref name=lancetrapestudy>Template:Cite journal</ref>
BrazilEdit
Template:Update In the state of Rio de Janeiro alone, over 6,000 rapes are reported every year (or about 37 per 100,000 people).<ref name=ipsbrasil/> Nationwide, the rape rate varied between 26 and 32 per 100,000 women in 2009.<ref>Joseph Murray, Crime and violence in Brazil: Systematic review of time trends, prevalence rates and risk factors, Aggressive Violent Behavior, Sep 2013; 18(5): 471–483</ref> The arrest rates on rape complaints, was 4% in Rio.<ref name=ipsbrasil>Rape in Brazil still an invisible crime, Fabiola Ortiz, Inter Press Service (June 24 2013) Template:Webarchive; Quote "The civil police reported that in the first four months of 2013 there were 1,822 rapes committed in the state, while only 70 persons were arrested for these crimes."</ref> About 19.6% of 2011 rapes were gang rapes.<ref>Pablo Lira, Índice de violência criminalizada (IVC), II Congresso Consad de Gestão Pública, Gestão em segurança pública, Government of Brasil (2013); pp. 17–23</ref> In 2016, more than 30 men drugged and gang raped a 16-year-old girl and later posted photos and a video to boast about it online.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
CanadaEdit
Peer pressure and sexual aggression are among the cited reasons for the crime.<ref>De Keseredy & Kelly (1995), Sexual abuse in Canadian university and college dating relationships: The contribution of male peer support, Journal of Family Violence, 10(1), 41–53</ref><ref>Horvath & Kelly (2009), Multiple perpetrator rape: Naming an offence and initial research findings, Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15(1), 83-96</ref> Since 1983, Canada does not track rape or gang rape statistics separately, but tracks and reports Sexual Assault Tier 3 which includes both rape and gang rape. The average Sexual Assault Tier 3 victim rate in Canada was 15 per 100,000 women, according to a 2013 Statistics Canada article about violence against women.<ref>Maire Sinha, Measuring violence against women: Statistical trends Template:Webarchive Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada, Govt of Canada (February 2013)</ref>
ChinaEdit
A Lancet study reports, in an online survey of 980 Chinese men, 2.2% of them admitted to having committed gang rape (multiple perpetrator rape) of a non-partner woman. About 36% of the perpetrators had raped more than one woman, 50% of those who had committed gang rape had raped both one partner as a single perpetrator as well as a non-partner during a gang rape, while 32% had gang raped a woman and raped a man. The study also found that 90% of the rapists were in the 15–29 age group at the time they perpetrated the first rape.<ref name=lancetrapestudy/>
In July 2013, Li Tianyi, the son of Chinese general Li Shuangjiang, was charged with four other men to being part of a gang rape. This case raised significant public anger over seemingly privileged treatment of elite gang rape criminals.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EgyptEdit
Template:See also Over two dozen gang rapes were reported during civil protests in Egypt from January to March 2013; however, activists claim that many more gang rapes often go unreported because most women are too ashamed to go to the police or even tell their relatives.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
During July 2013 at Tahrir Square, mobs assaulted and gang raped at least 46 women in 4 days.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A Dutch journalist was also gang-raped in Tahrir Square.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A similar gang rape and gang beating was reported by an American journalist in 2011. In a separate survey, over 90% of Egyptian women claimed to have experienced sexual violence in their lifetime.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
FranceEdit
Template:Further Between 5000 and 7000 gang rapes are reported in France every year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In banlieues organised gang-rapes are referred to as tournantes, or "pass-arounds".<ref name="Ireland 131–141">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Hron 2010">Template:Cite book</ref> One of the first people to bring public attention to the culture of gang rape was Samira Bellil, who published a book called Dans l'enfer des tournantes ("In Gang Rape Hell").<ref name="Ireland 131–141"/><ref name="Hron 2010"/>
In October 2012, two girls in Fontenay-sous-Bois on the outskirts of Paris reported experiencing daily gang rapes in the high-rise tower blocks, sometimes by scores of boys. One witness described 50 boys "queuing" to rape her.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 10 of the 14 defendants who were minors at the time of gang rape were acquitted, while the remaining 4 adults found guilty were given 0 to 12 months in prison. This case shocked the country.<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2014, the case of a Canadian tourist allegedly gang raped by four police officers in Paris received international attention.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2024, during the Summer Olympics, an Australian woman was raped on a Paris street by five men. The 25-year-old woman with a partially torn dress took refuge in a kebab shop in the Pigalle district after the incident.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
GermanyEdit
IndiaEdit
As with other countries, India does not collect separate data on gang rapes.Template:Citation needed Rapes are also suggested to be underreported.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="BabuKar2009">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The gang rape of a 23-year-old student on a public bus, on 16 December 2012 has focused international attention on India's legal system, especially laws pertaining to the protection of women. It sparked large protests across the capital of India, Delhi.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Several other case of child gang rapes have been also reported, such as the Kathua rape case.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">Template:Cite news</ref> The large scale protests resulted in amendments in rape laws in India by way of Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 and formation of "The Nirbhaya Fund", designed to be used for schemes by different states to ensure women's safety and security at public places, a one-stop centre for their grievances, a helpline and other measures.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There have been reports of gang rape of tourists in India like the Jharkhand tourist rape case.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
During the instability of the heavily political and wartime era of the Maratha Empire in the 18th century, the soldiers of the large Maratha armies engaged in wartime sexual violence against women during their campaigns in all corners of India.Template:Efn Upon the spotting of a beautiful woman, up to five or six soldiers would violate her. Women threw themselves to suicide to avoid such a fate and those who resisted had their breasts cut off.<ref>The Portuguese and the Marathas: Articles of Dr. Pandurang S. Pissurlenkar's Portugueses e Maratas Sambandha ii. 49 (1983) Pissurlencar, P. S. </ref><ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1932) Fall of the Mughal Empire: Vol 1 Santiniketan Biswa Bharati Library pg. 49
"The Marātha soldiers were notorious for their practice of gang-rape in invaded territories from a very early time. In 1683 when they invaded the Goa districts under the eyes of their king Shambhuji, they committed this kind of outrage. A contemporary Portuguese account of that war states "These enemies were so barbarous that when a women appeared very beautiful (lit., best) to them, five or six of them violated her by lying with that woman alone. Up to now nowhere else in India has such barbarity been seen. nor among the Kafris (Negroes). For this reason, many women of Margaon . . . threw themselves into pools where they died of drowning. Others who bravely resisted the lewd intentions of some of the enemy soldiers were killed with strokes of the broadsword and of some others the breasts were cut off..." for similar outrages in Tanjore, Betrand's Mission du Madure, iii. 270"</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
IndonesiaEdit
Reported cases of gang rape include Jakarta International School gang rape of a six-year-old,<ref>Ont. teacher detained in Indonesia as gang-rape witness Template:Webarchive Toronto News, July 17, 2014</ref> gang rape of a Malaysian student in Indonesia,<ref>22-Year-Old Malaysian Student Gang Raped In Indonesia Template:Webarchive Malaysia, May 2014</ref> and the Aceh gang rape case where the victim was charged with adultery when she reported the crime.<ref>Indonesian woman gang-raped, faces caning for adultery Template:Webarchive May 6, 2014</ref>
A Lancet study<ref name=lancetrapestudy/> of Jakarta and Jayapura city on New Guinea island, found gang rape prevalence rate to be 2% and 6.8% of all Indonesian men respectively who, at some point in their lifetime, have committed multiple perpetrator rape. About 52% of the perpetrators had raped more than one woman, 64% of those who had committed gang rape had raped both partner as single perpetrator as well as non-partner during a gang rape, while 12% had gang raped a woman and raped a man. The study also found that 90% of the rapists in Indonesia were in the 15–29 age group when they committed their first rape.<ref name=lancetrapestudy/>
IranEdit
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Many incidents of gang rapes have been reported in Iran. In several cases, the police officials have blamed the victim for not wearing hijab, and in one case arresting the victim and two activists, who were trying to bring attention to the gang rape.<ref>Iranian Women call for action on gang-rapes Template:Webarchive Amnesty International (1 August 2011)</ref><ref>Gang rapes in Iran cause fear and religious controversy Template:Webarchive BBC News (15 June 2011)</ref>
While official statistics on reported and pending gang rapes in Iran are not published by the Iranian government, public hangings for gang rapes are routinely reported in Iranian newspapers.<ref>Four convicted rapists hanged Template:Webarchive Parvand Iran News (12 October 2011)</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Six men hanged for gang rape Template:Webarchive August 2013</ref>
MalaysiaEdit
A 15-year-old schoolgirl in Ketereh, Kelantan, was gang raped by more than 30 men.<ref name="in.reuters.com">T Leong, Malaysian teenager gang-raped by 38 men Template:Webarchive Reuters</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Malaysia reported about 3,000 rape cases in 2012, a rape incidence rate of about 10.7 rapes per 100,000 people. About 52% of these victims were less than 16 years old.<ref name="in.reuters.com"/> Like other nations, Malaysia does not segregate rape and gang rape cases.
NigeriaEdit
Nigeria reports thousands of gang rapes every year.<ref>Onyejekwe, Chineze J. (2008). Nigeria: The Dominance of Rape. Journal of International Women's Studies, 10(1), pp. 48–63</ref><ref>Akinade, E. A., Adewuyi, T. D. O., & Sulaiman, A. (2010). Socio-legal factors that influence the perpetuation of rape in Nigeria. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, pp. 1760–1764</ref> In 2011, the ABSU gang rape, in which the gang videotaped their crime, drew widespread attention and protests inside Nigeria.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The prevalence of group rape has been proposed as a significant contributor to spread of sexual diseases and AIDS.<ref>Dartnall, E., & Jewkes, R. (2012). Sexual violence against women: The scope of the problem. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology.</ref>
PakistanEdit
The 2013 National Crime Data report for Pakistan suggest a current rape rate of 8.4 women per 100,000 population, of which about 10% were gang rapes.<ref>Crime report Template:Webarchive Shakeel Anjum, The News (Pakistan)</ref>
In some cases, such as Mukhtar Mai gang rape in Muzaffargarh, village elder's council (jirga) in Pakistan have ordered that the girl in a family is gang-raped as a means of punishing her brother, and this punishment was then carried out in public with everyone watching.<ref>Pakistan: Girl gang-raped as local punishment Template:Webarchive IRIN, United Nations News Service (2 July 2002)</ref> In 2011, Pakistan's Supreme Court freed 5 men who committed the gang-rape because their action was on orders of the village council.<ref>Pamela Constable, Pakistan Supreme Court frees five in gang-rape case that received global attention, Washington Post (April 21, 2011)</ref><ref>Pakistan Supreme Court frees 5 accused of gang rape Alex Rodriguez, Los Angeles Times (April 22, 2011)</ref> Other gang rape cases reported in 2013 include a Bahawalpur gang rape,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a Lahore gang rape,<ref>13 being grilled over gang rape The Nation, Pakistan (June 22, 2013)</ref> a Peshawar gang rape,<ref>Alleged Pakistan gag-rape victim to appeal acquittals Template:Webarchive Radio Free Europe (February 1, 2013)</ref> and the Karachi gang rape of a girl with polio,<ref>Template:Usurped CNBC (July 18, 2013)</ref> among others.
In 2018, a trans woman from Peshawar was kidnapped and raped by eleven men, who filmed the assault and shared it on social media.<ref name=express-trib>Template:Cite news</ref>
Papua New GuineaEdit
A Lancet study reports 14.1% of all men admitted to having committed gang rape (multiple perpetrator rape) of a non-partner woman sometime in their lifetime. 44% of these perpetrators had raped more than 1 woman over their lifetime.<ref name=lancetrapestudy/> In Papua New Guinea, 25% of the first rape was committed at a juvenile age less than 15, while in 70% of the cases the perpetrator's age was 15–29 at the time of first crime.
Saudi ArabiaEdit
The Qatif rape case was a 2006 gang rape of a teenage girl by seven men. The case attracted international attention because the victim was initially ordered to receive 200 lashes but the ruling was overturned by the monarch after backlash.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
South AfricaEdit
Gang rapes occur frequently in South Africa,<ref>South Africa, once called ‘the world’s rape capital,’ is running out of rape kits Template:Webarchive Caitlin Dewey, Washington Post, March 5, 2013</ref> and in certain parts it is called jackrolling.<ref name=bbcsa>Template:Cite news</ref> South Africa reported over 64,000 rapes in 2012, or about 127.5 women per 100,000 population.<ref>Crime Research and Statistics, South African Police Service (2013) Template:Webarchive</ref> With one woman raped every 4 minutes, South Africa has world's highest rape incidence rate per 100,000 women. Between 10% and 33% of all rapes are gang rapes involving three or more people. About 25% of youth near Johannesburg described gang rape as recreational and fun.<ref name=bbcsa/><ref>Swart L et al. Rape surveillance through district surgeons’ offices in Johannesburg, 1996–1998: findings, evaluation and prevention implications.South African Journal of Psychology, 2000, 30:1–10.</ref>
In certain parts of South Africa where boys are often involved in gang rapes, rape rates are higher.<ref name="bbcsa"/> 40% of reported rape cases are on children below the age of 12.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Vogelman and Lewis report 44% of rapists in South Africa have engaged in gang rape.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The National Institute of Crime Rehabilitation of South Africa claims only 1 out of 20 rapes are reported in South Africa, suggesting 1,300 women are raped every day.<ref name="csvr.org.za">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A 2010 nationwide survey reported that about 27% of all South African men above the age of 18 have raped a woman in their lifetime one or more times, while 8.9% of all adult men have participated in a gang rape.<ref name=rachelj>Rachel Jewkes et al, Why, when and how men rape: understanding rape perpetration in South Africa Template:Webarchive, South African Crime Quarterly, Vol. 34, December 2010, pp. 23–31</ref> The gang rape prevalence rate varied significantly in different provinces of South Africa; for example, in Eastern Cape, 13.9% of men had gang raped a woman who was not a partner.<ref name=rachelj/>
In February 2013, a 17-year-old girl was gang raped, mutilated and left to die in a town near Cape Town. This led to widespread protests.
SpainEdit
Reported gang rape cases include gang rape of a British tourist in Spain where one of the rapists (described by the victim as Arabic) was a 70-year-old man,<ref>Spain: 70-Year-Old 'Leads Gang Rape' of British Tourist in Malaga Template:Webarchive International Business Times (2013)</ref> and gang rape in Huelva of a 13-year-old girl with a mental disability.<ref>Múltiple violación infantil en Huelva Template:Webarchive La Razon, Spain</ref> The La Manada rape case in 2016 led to significant public outcry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SwedenEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also In 2013, Forskning & Framsteg (FoF), a Swedish popular science magazine, published an article reporting that "The evidence suggests that gang rapes in Sweden is increasing - despite the decline in violent crime in general."<ref name="Dramatic increase in the number of reported gang rape. Author: Henrik Hojer">Dramatisk ökning av antalet anmälda gruppvåldtäkter Template:Webarchive. Forskning & Framsteg (2013-10-09). Retrieved on 2017-01-25.</ref> FoF went on to report that, "The increase, which primarily occurred in the 2000s, may have to do with "rape with multiple perpetrators" from 2004, classified as "serious crime", which means that more obscure cases fall into this category." FoF further reports that "National Council's investigator, Klara Hradilova-Selin, said that "developments could at least partly be interpreted in terms of an actual increase."<ref name="Dramatic increase in the number of reported gang rape. Author: Henrik Hojer"/> Although there are a number of other important reasons why we are seeing more reports, such as, Klara Hradilova-Selin goes on to say, "more women dare to go the police" and an "increased alcohol consumption".<ref name="Dramatic increase in the number of reported gang rape. Author: Henrik Hojer"/> Finally FoF goes on to report that in the 1990s "In the gang rape of three or more perpetrators 39 percent are foreign born."<ref name="Dramatic increase in the number of reported gang rape. Author: Henrik Hojer"/> The statistics for gang rapes were not investigated by Swedish authorities after 2006.<ref name="Dramatic increase in the number of reported gang rape. Author: Henrik Hojer"/>
On 21 January 2017, in Uppsala, Sweden, a group of Arab Facebook users allegedly gang-raped an unconscious woman for several hours.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The crime was stopped when viewers of the Facebook live feed realized what was happening and phoned the police, who entered the apartment and interrupted the crime still in progress.<ref name="UppsalaLiveRape">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In March 2018, newspaper Expressen investigated gang rape court cases from the two preceding years and found that there were 43 men having been convicted. Their average age was 21 and 13 were under the age of 18 when the crime was committed. Of the convicted, 40 out of the 43 were either immigrants (born abroad) or born in Sweden to immigrant parents.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Another investigation by newspaper Aftonbladet found that of 112 men and boys convicted for gang rape since July 2012, 82 were born outside Europe. The median age of the victims was 15, while 7 out of 10 perpetrators were between 15 and 20.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
United Arab EmiratesEdit
In several cases in 2013, the courts of the UAE have sentenced the gang raped woman to prison under its laws. For example, a British woman, after she reported being gang raped by three men, was charged with the crime of drinking alcohol in UAE; an Arab woman was sentenced to one year in prison for illicit sex after she complained of gang rape; an Australian woman was similarly sentenced to jail after she reported gang rape in the UAE, while a Norwegian woman was jailed for illicit sex when she reported rape by Arab men.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In another case, an 18-year Arab woman withdrew her complaint of gang rape inside a car by six men when the prosecution threatened her with a long jail term for consensual sex with multiple men.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
According to ABC News, a French teenage boy was gang raped by three Dubai men. The authorities demanded that the tourist confess he is gay and that he asked for sex. The boy insisted he was raped and diplomatic pressure led to the arrest and conviction of the gang members.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
United KingdomEdit
A number of gang rapes have taken place in the United Kingdom,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> although the UK authorities had not separately collected data on gang rapes until the 2011 Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre report on localised grooming entitled "Out of Mind, Out of Sight",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but which only deals with adolescent victims. However, Scotland Yard expressed concern in 2009 over the rise of 'gang sex attacks' in London, detailing an increase of 71 cases in 2003/2004 to 93 cases in 2008/2009.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Media reports of gang rapes in the UK are often racially charged since late 2000.<ref name="Gang rape race issue">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This due to a particular pattern of repeated non-white perpetrated gang rapes in the metropolitan areas.<ref name="Gang rape race issue"/> The Rochdale sex trafficking gang would later epitomise the phenomenon.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Home Office report of 2013 described these cases as '[showing] a particular model... of organised, serious exploitation and abuse that involves predominantly Pakistani-heritage men grooming and abusing predominantly white British girls.'<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The report stresses that the Government does not believe 'localised grooming' is intrinsic of any culture, religion, and or race, despite acknowledging the phenomenon.
In March 2014, Crime Prevention Minister Norman Baker described "ground breaking work" to identify women and girls who can get drawn into gangs. "Girls associated with gangs can face sexual violence and we have provided £1.2m for 13 Young People's Advocates to support those at risk," he said on the launch of a report by the Centre for Social Justice (CSJ), a think-tank established in 2002 by Iain Duncan Smith, another Cabinet minister. Baker said the government had set up a network of more than 70 people with experience of dealing with gangs to work with 33 of the worst affected areas of the country, including 20 in London. In one case cited by the CSJ report, a schoolgirl was abducted and sexually assaulted by nine males because she criticised a gang member. The report found that girls as young as eight were being used to carry drugs while female gang members in their teens were being pressured to have sex with boys as young as 10 to initiate males into gangs. A 2014 report by the Office of the Children's Commissioner suggested that almost 2,500 children had been known to be victims of child sexual exploitation by gangs and groups.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
In July 2018 Home Secretary Sajid Javid ordered research into the particular characteristics of grooming gangs.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, as of March 2020 this report has not been released with the Home Office claiming it is ‘not in public interest’ to release the findings.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
United StatesEdit
The US reports about 85,000 rapes a year, or an average of 27.3 rapes per 100,000 population.<ref name="unodc.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is a rape in the US every 6.2 minutes.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> As with other countries, the US does not collect separate data on gang rapes; Vogelman and Lewis estimate 25% of all rapes in the US are gang rapes.<ref name="csvr.org.za"/> Another source indicates 21.8% of American rapes are gang rapes.<ref>Horvath, Miranda et al. Handbook on the Study of Multiple Perpetrator Rape. Routledge 2013, p. 15.</ref> A Roger Williams University study estimates from survey of crime data that 16% of all male rapists in the US participated in a gang rape crime.<ref>Rape Myths and Facts, RW University (2012) Template:Webarchive</ref>
A 15-year-old girl in Chicago was gang raped on Facebook live in 2017 while watched by over 40 people.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On a separate occasion, two teenage girls, one aged 15, the other aged 16, in La Crosse, Wisconsin, were gang raped by at least 11 men.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Some examples of gang rapes reported in local media in 2013 include the Cleveland, Texas gang rape,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Richmond gang rape,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Vanderbilt University gang rape,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> New Orleans gang rape,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> St Paul gang rape,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Miami gang rape/murder,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> among others.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
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