1968

Template:Events by month Template:About year Template:Use mdy dates Template:Multiple image Template:Year nav Template:Sidebar Template:Year in various calendars Template:Sister project Template:Year article header Template:TOC limit

EventsEdit

January–FebruaryEdit

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File:USS Pueblo (AGER-2).jpg

January 23: North Korea seizes USS Pueblo (AGER-2)

File:Captain Franklin P. Eller during Tet Offensive Vietnam.jpg

January 30: Tet Offensive begins

January – The I'm Backing Britain campaign starts spontaneously.
January 5 – "Prague Spring": Alexander Dubček is chosen as leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
January 10 – John Gorton is sworn in as 19th Prime Minister of Australia, taking over from John McEwen after being elected leader of the Liberal Party the previous day, following the disappearance of Harold Holt. Gorton becomes the only Senator to become Prime Minister, though he immediately transfers to the House of Representatives through the 1968 Higgins by-election in Holt's vacant seat.
January 15 – The 1968 Belice earthquake in Sicily kills 380 and injures around 1,000.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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January 21
- Vietnam War: Battle of Khe Sanh – One of the most publicized and controversial battles of the war begins, ending on April 8.
- 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash: A U.S. B-52 Stratofortress crashes in Greenland, discharging 4 nuclear bombs.
January 23 – North Korea seizes the Template:USS, claiming the ship violated its territorial waters while spying.
January 25 – Israeli submarine Template:INS sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 69.
January 28 – French submarine Minerve sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 52.
January 30 – Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive begins as Viet Cong forces launch a series of surprise attacks across South Vietnam.
January 31
- Viet Cong soldiers attack the Embassy of the United States, Saigon.
- Nauru president Hammer DeRoburt declares independence from Australia.
February 1
- Vietnam War: Execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém – A Viet Cong officer is summarily executed by Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, a South Vietnamese National Police Chief. The event is photographed by Eddie Adams. The photo makes headlines around the world, eventually winning the 1969 Pulitzer Prize, and sways U.S. public opinion against the war.
- The Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York Central Railroad merge to form Penn Central, the largest ever corporate merger up to this date.
February 6–18 – The 1968 Winter Olympics are held in Grenoble, France.
February 8 – Civil rights movement in the United States: Orangeburg Massacre – A civil rights demonstration on a college campus to protest racial segregation in South Carolina is broken up by highway patrolmen; three African American students are killed, the first instance of police killing student protestors at an American campus.
February 12 – Vietnam War: Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre.
February 24 – Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive is halted; South Vietnam recaptures Huế.
February 25 – Vietnam War: Hà My massacre.

March–AprilEdit

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File:Martin Luther King, Jr..jpg

April 4: Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated in Memphis

March 1
- Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 further reduces right of entry for citizens from the British Commonwealth to the United Kingdom.
- First performance of an Andrew Lloyd Webber–Tim Rice musical, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat in its original form as a "pop cantata", by pupils of a private school in London.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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March 2 – Baggeridge Colliery closes marking the end of over 300 years of coal mining in the Black Country of England.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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March 3 – Air France Flight 212, a Boeing 707, crashed in Guadeloupe while approaching an airport. As a result, 63 people die.
March 6 – Un-recognized Rhodesia executes 3 black citizens, the first executions since UDI, prompting international condemnation.
March 7 – Vietnam War: The First Battle of Saigon ends.
March 8
- The first student protests spark the 1968 Polish political crisis.
- The Soviet ballistic missile submarine K-129 sinks with all 98 crew members, about 90 nautical miles (104 miles or 167 km) southwest of Hawaii.<ref>Paul E. Fontenoy, Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact (ABC-CLIO, 2007) p60</ref><ref name=Times171092>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref>
March 10–11 – Vietnam War: Battle of Lima Site 85, the largest single ground combat loss of United States Air Force members (12) during the (at this time) secret war later known as the Laotian Civil War.
March 11 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson mandates that all computers purchased by the federal government support the ASCII character encoding.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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March 12
- Mauritius achieves independence from British rule.
- U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson barely edges out antiwar candidate Eugene McCarthy in the New Hampshire Democratic primary, a vote which highlights the deep divisions in the country, and the party, over Vietnam.
March 13 – The first Rotaract club is chartered in North Charlotte, North Carolina.
March 14
- The London Gold Pool is suspended by the U.K. government at the request of the U.S.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> George Brown is forced to resign as British Foreign Secretary after appearing drunk at a meeting to discuss the issue.

- Nerve gas leaks from the U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground near Skull Valley, Utah.
March 16
- Vietnam War – My Lai Massacre: American troops kill scores of civilians. The story will first become public in November 1969 and will help undermine public support for the U.S. efforts in Vietnam.
- U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy enters the race for the Democratic Party presidential nomination.
March 18 – Gold standard: The United States Congress repeals the requirement for a gold reserve to back U.S. currency.
March 19–23 – Afrocentrism, Black Power, Vietnam War: Students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., signal a new era of militant student activism on college campuses in the U.S. Students stage rallies, protests and a 5-day sit-in, laying siege to the administration building, shutting down the university in protest over its ROTC program and the Vietnam War, and demanding a more Afrocentric curriculum.
March 22 – Daniel Cohn-Bendit ("Danny the Red") and 7 other students occupy the administrative offices of the University of Nanterre, setting in motion a chain of events that lead France to the brink of revolution in May.
March 24 – Aer Lingus Flight 712 crashes en route from Cork to London near Tuskar Rock, Wexford, killing 61 passengers and crew.
March 28 – Brazilian high school student Edson Luís de Lima Souto is shot by the police in a protest for cheaper meals at a restaurant for low-income students. The aftermath of his death is one of the first major events against the military dictatorship.
March 31 – In a televised address, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces that he will not be a candidate for re-election.
April 2 – Bombs explode at midnight in two department stores in Frankfurt-am-Main; Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin are later arrested and sentenced for arson.
April 4
- Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.: Martin Luther King Jr. is shot dead at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray. King-assassination riots erupt in major American cities, lasting for several days afterwards.
- Apollo program: Apollo-Saturn mission 502 (Apollo 6) is launched, as the second and last uncrewed test-flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle.
- AEK Athens wins the FIBA European Cup Winners Cup Final in basketball against Slavia Prague, in front of a record attendance of 80,000 spectators. It is the first major European trophy won at club level of any sport in Greece.
April 6
- 13th Eurovision Song Contest is held in the Royal Albert Hall, London. The winning song, Spain's "La, la, la" (music and lyrics by Manuel de la Calva and Ramón Arcusa) is sung in Spanish by Massiel after Spanish authorities refuse to allow Joan Manuel Serrat to perform it in Catalan. The United Kingdom finishes in second place, one point behind, with the song "Congratulations" sung by Cliff Richard, which goes on to outsell the winning Spanish entry throughout Europe.
- A shootout between Black Panthers and police in Oakland, California, results in several arrests and deaths, including 17-year-old Panther Bobby Hutton.
- Richmond, Indiana explosion: A double explosion in downtown Richmond caused by a methane leak kills 41 and injures 150.
April 7 – British racing driver Jim Clark is killed in a Formula 2 race at Hockenheim.
April 10 – The ferry Template:Ship strikes a reef at the mouth of Wellington Harbour, New Zealand, with the loss of 53 lives, in Cyclone Giselle, which has created the windiest conditions ever recorded in New Zealand.
April 11
- Josef Bachmann tries to assassinate Rudi Dutschke, leader of the left-wing movement (APO) in Germany, and tries to commit suicide afterwards, failing in both, although Dutschke dies of his brain injuries 11 years later.
- German left-wing students blockade the Springer Press headquarters in Berlin and many are arrested (one of them Ulrike Meinhof).
April 18 – London Bridge is sold to U.S. entrepreneur Robert P. McCulloch for reconstructiion at Lake Havasu City, Arizona.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">Template:Cite book</ref>
April 20
- Pierre Elliott Trudeau becomes the 15th Prime Minister of Canada.<ref>"Pierre Elliott Trudeau." Prime Minister of Canada. August 26, 2013. Accessed April 8, 2015.</ref>
- Conservative British politician Enoch Powell makes a controversial "Rivers of Blood" speech in Birmingham deploring the effects of immigration; he is dismissed from the Shadow Cabinet the following day.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- South African Airways Flight 228 an Boeing 707 crashed shortly after take-off killing 123 people on board
April 23
- President Mobutu releases captured mercenaries in the Congo.
- Surgeons at the Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, perform Europe's first heart transplant, on Clovis Roblain.
- The United Methodist Church is created by the union in Dallas, Texas, of the former Methodist and Evangelical United Brethren churches.
April 23–30 – Vietnam War: Columbia University protests of 1968 – Student protesters at Columbia University in New York City take over administration buildings and shut down the university.
April 26 – The nuclear weapon "Boxcar" is tested at the Nevada Test Site in the biggest detonation of Operation Crosstie.

May–JuneEdit

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File:1968-05 Évènements de mai à Bordeaux - Rue Paul-Bert 2.jpg

May 2–June 23: Protests in France grow and demonstrators barricade the streets

May 2 – The Israel Broadcasting Authority commences television broadcasts.
May 3 – Braniff Flight 352 crashes near Dawson, Texas, United States, killing all 85 people on board.
May 13
- Paris student riots: One million march through the streets of Paris.
- Manchester City wins the 1967–68 Football League First Division by 2 clear points, over English club rivals Manchester United.
May 16 – Ronan Point, a 23 floor tower block in Canning Town, east London, partially collapses after a gas explosion, killing 5.
May 17 – The Catonsville Nine enter the Selective Service offices in Catonsville, Maryland, take dozens of selective service draft records, and burn them with napalm as a protest against the Vietnam War.
May 18
- Mattel's Hot Wheels toy cars are introduced in the United States.
- West Bromwich Albion win the English Football Association Cup, defeating Everton 1–0 after extra time. The winning goal is scored by Jeff Astle.
May 19
- 1968 Italian general election.
- Nigerian forces capture Port Harcourt and form a ring around the Biafrans. This contributes to a humanitarian disaster as the surrounded population already suffers from hunger and starvation.
May 22 – The U.S. nuclear-powered submarine Scorpion sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 miles southwest of the Azores.
May 29 – Manchester United wins the European Cup Final, becoming the first English team to do so.
May 30 – Bobby Unser wins the Indianapolis 500.
June 2 – Student demonstrations in Yugoslavia start in Belgrade.
June 3 – Radical feminist Valerie Solanas shoots Andy Warhol at his New York City studio, The Factory; he survives after a 5-hour operation.
June 4 – The Standard & Poor's 500 index in the United States closes above 100 for the first time, at 100.38.
June 5 – Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy: Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a leading 1968 Democratic presidential candidate, is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Palestinian-born Sirhan Sirhan is arrested.
June 7 – Ford sewing machinists strike for equal pay starts at the Ford Dagenham plant in London.
June 10 – Italy beats Yugoslavia 2–0 in a replay to win the 1968 European Championship in Association football. The original final on June 8 ended 1–1.
June 12 – The horror film Rosemary's Baby premieres in the U.S.
June 17 – The Malayan Communist Party launches a second insurgency and the state of emergency is again imposed in Malaysia.
June 20 – Austin Currie, Member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, along with others, squats in a house in Caledon to protest discrimination in housing allocations.
June 21 – A student demonstration in front of the Jornal do Brasil ("JB") building in Rio de Janeiro ends with 28 dead and over a thousand arrested.
June 23
- Puerta 12 tragedy: A football stampede in Buenos Aires leaves 74 dead and 150 injured.
- The first round of voting takes place in the French legislative elections scheduled following the public unrest of May.
June 26
- The Bonin Islands are returned to Japan after 23 years of occupation by the United States Navy.
- The "March of the One Hundred Thousand" takes place in Rio de Janeiro as crowds demonstrate against the Brazilian military government.

July–AugustEdit

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File:František Dostál Srpen 1968 3.jpg

August 20–21: Warsaw Pact invades Czechoslovakia

July 1 – The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opens for signature.
July 4 – British yachtsman Alec Rose, 59, receives a hero's welcome as he sails into Portsmouth, after his 354-day solo round-the-world trip.
July 17 – Saddam Hussein becomes Vice Chairman of the Revolutionary Council in Iraq after a coup d'état.
July 18 – The semiconductor company Intel is founded in what becomes known as the Silicon Valley of California.
July 20 – The first International Special Olympics Summer Games are held at Soldier Field in Chicago, Ill, with about 1,000 athletes with intellectual disabilities.
July 23–28 – Black militants led by Fred (Ahmed) Evans engage in a fierce gunfight with police in the Glenville Shootout of Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States.
July 25 – Pope Paul VI publishes the encyclical Humanae vitae, reaffirming the Catholic Church's opposition to artificial birth control.
July 26 – Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Trương Đình Dzu is sentenced to 5 years hard labor for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war.
July 29 – Arenal Volcano erupts in Costa Rica for the first time in centuries.
August 1 – The Municipal University of São Caetano do Sul is established in São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo.
August 2 – The magnitude (Template:M) 7.6 Casiguran earthquake affects the Aurora province in the Philippines with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing at least 207 and injuring 261.
August 5–8 – The Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida nominates Richard Nixon for U.S. president and Spiro Agnew for vice president.
August 11 – The last steam passenger train service runs in Britain. A selection of British Rail steam locomotives make the 120-mile journey from Liverpool to Carlisle and return – the journey is known as the Fifteen Guinea Special.
August 18 – Two charter buses are forced into the Hida River on National Highway Route 41 in Japan in an accident caused by heavy rain; 104 are killed.
August 20–21 – Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia: The 'Prague Spring' of political liberalization ends, as 750,000 Warsaw Pact troops and 6,500 tanks with 800 aircraft invade Czechoslovakia, the largest military operation in Europe since the end of World War II.
August 24 – Canopus (nuclear test): France explodes its first hydrogen bomb in a test at Fangataufa atoll in French Polynesia.
August 22–30 – 1968 Democratic National Convention protests: Police clash with anti-Vietnam War protesters in Chicago outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention, which nominates Hubert Humphrey for U.S. president and Edmund Muskie for vice president. The riots and subsequent trials are an essential part of the activism of the Youth International Party.
August 29 – Crown Prince Harald of Norway marries Sonja Haraldsen, the commoner he has dated for 9 years.

September–OctoberEdit

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File:1968 Mexico emblem.svg

October 12–27: 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City

September 6 – Swaziland (later known as Eswatini) becomes independent of the United Kingdom.
September 7 – The crash of Air France Flight 1611 kills 95 people, including French Army General René Cogny, as the Caravelle jetliner plunges into the Mediterranean Sea following a fire while making its approach to Nice following its departure from the island of Corsica.
September 11 – The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) is founded.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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September 11 – John Eliot Gardiner conducts Monteverdi's Vespro della Beata Vergine with the Monteverdi Choir at the Proms.<ref>"Prom 49", BBC, London. Archive from 11 September 1968.</ref>
September 13 – Albania officially withdraws from the Warsaw Pact upon the Soviet Union-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, having already ceased to participate actively in Pact activity since 1962.
September 17 – The D'Oliveira affair: The Marylebone Cricket Club tour of South Africa is cancelled when the South Africans refuse to accept the presence of Basil D'Oliveira, a Cape Coloured, in the England side.
September 21 – The Soviet Zond 5 uncrewed lunar flyby mission returns to Earth, with its first-of-a-kind biological payload intact.
September 23 – Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive comes to an end in South Vietnam.
September 27 – Marcelo Caetano becomes prime minister of Portugal.
September 29 – A referendum in Greece gives more power to the military junta.
October 2 – Tlatelolco massacre: A student demonstration ends in bloodbath at La Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco, Mexico City, Mexico, 10 days before the inauguration of the 1968 Summer Olympics. 300-400 are estimated to have been killed.
October 3 – In Peru, Juan Velasco Alvarado takes power in a revolution.
October 8 – Vietnam War: Operation Sealords – United States and South Vietnamese forces launch a new operation in the Mekong Delta.
October 11
- Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 7, the first crewed Apollo mission (Wally Schirra, Donn Eisele, Walter Cunningham). Mission goals include the first live television broadcast from orbit and simulating lunar module rendezvous and docking, using the S-IVB rocket stage as a test target.
- In Panama, a military coup d'état, led by Col. Boris Martinez and Col. Omar Torrijos, overthrows the democratically elected (but highly controversial) government of President Arnulfo Arias. Within a year, Torrijos ousts Martinez and takes charge as de facto Head of Government in Panama.
October 12–27 – The 1968 Summer Olympics are held in Mexico City, Mexico.
October 12 – Equatorial Guinea receives its independence from Spain.
October 14 – Vietnam War: The United States Department of Defense announces that the United States Army and United States Marines will send about 24,000 troops back to Vietnam for involuntary second tours.
October 16
- 1968 Olympics Black Power salute: In Mexico City, African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their fists in a Black Power salute after winning, respectively, the gold and bronze medals in the Olympic men's 200 metres (with the support of Australian silver medallist Peter Norman).
- Kingston, Jamaica is rocked by the Rodney Riots, provoked by the banning of Guyanese-born academic and activist Walter Rodney from the country.
October 18 – U.S. athlete Bob Beamon breaks the long jump world record by 55 cm / 21Template:Frac ins at the Olympics in Mexico City. His record stands for 23 years, and remains the second longest jump in history.
October 25 – Rock band Led Zeppelin make their first live performance, at Surrey University in England<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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October 31 – Vietnam War: Citing progress in the Paris peace talks, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam" effective November 1.

November–DecemberEdit

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File:NIXONcampaigns.jpg

November 5: Richard Nixon elected United States President

November 5
- 1968 United States presidential election: Republican candidate Richard Nixon defeats the Democratic candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace.
- Luis A. Ferré of the newly formed New Progressive Party is elected Governor of Puerto Rico by beating incumbent governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella of the People's Party, Luis Negrón López of the Popular Democratic Party and Antonio J. Gonzalez of the Puerto Rican Independence Party; he also becomes the first "statehooder" governor of the Island.
November 7 – Start of the 1968 movement in Pakistan, which leads to the resignation of General Ayub Khan, and ultimately the split of the country and formation of Bangladesh.
November 8 – The Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals is signed and ratified.
November 11 – A second republic is declared in the Maldives.
November 15 – Vietnam War: Operation Commando Hunt is initiated to interdict men and supplies on the Ho Chi Minh trail, through Laos into South Vietnam. By the end of the operation, 3 million tons of bombs are dropped on Laos, slowing but not seriously disrupting trail operations.<ref>"Commando Hunt, Operation", in Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam, by Ronald B. Frankum Jr. (Scarecrow Press, 2011) p123-124</ref><ref>"Ho Chi Minh Trail", by William M. Leary, in The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (ABC-CLIO, 2010) p506</ref>
November 17
- British European Airways introduces the BAC One-Eleven into commercial service.
- The "Heidi Game": NBC cuts off the final 1:05 of an Oakland Raiders–New York Jets football game to broadcast the pre-scheduled Heidi. Fans are unable to see Oakland (which had been trailing 32–29) score 2 late touchdowns to win 43–32; as a result, thousands of outraged football fans flood the NBC switchboards to protest.
November 19 – In Mali, President Modibo Keïta's regime is overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by Moussa Traoré.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
November 20 – The Farmington Mine disaster in Farmington, West Virginia, kills seventy-eight men.
November 22
- The Beatles ("The White Album") and The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society are released.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Japan Air Lines Flight 2, flying from Tokyo to San Francisco International Airport ditches in San Francisco Bay due to pilot error; all 107 on board survive without injury.
November 24 – 4 men hijack Pan Am Flight 281 from JFK International Airport, New York to Havana, Cuba.
December 9 – Douglas Engelbart publicly demonstrates his pioneering hypertext system, NLS, in San Francisco, together with the computer mouse, at what becomes retrospectively known as "The Mother of All Demos".
December 10 – Japan's biggest heist, the never-solved "300 million yen robbery", occurs in Tokyo.
December 11 – The film Oliver! based on the hit London and Broadway musical, opens in the U.S. after being released first in the UK. It goes on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.
December 13 – Prompted by growing unrest and a perceived proliferation of "pro-communist" violent actions, Brazilian president Artur da Costa e Silva enacts the so-called AI-5, the fifth of a series of non-constitutional emergency decrees allegedly to help "stabilize" the country after the turmoils of the early 1960s.
December 22 – Mao Zedong advocates that educated urban youth in China be sent for re-education in the countryside. It marks the start of the "Up to the mountains and down to the villages" movement.
December 24 – Apollo program: The crewed U.S. spacecraft Apollo 8 enters orbit around the Moon. Astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William Anders become the first humans to see the far side of the Moon and planet Earth as a whole, as well as having traveled further away from Earth than any people in history. Anders photographs Earthrise. The crew also give a reading from the Book of Genesis.
December 28 – 1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon: Israeli forces fly into Lebanese airspace, launching an attack on the airport in Beirut and destroying more than a dozen aircraft.

Dates unknownEdit

The Khmer Rouge is officially formed in Cambodia as an offshoot movement of the Vietnam People's Army from North Vietnam to bring communism to the nation. A few years later, they will become bitter enemies.
Drainage of the Flevopolder in the Netherlands is completed, creating by some definitions the largest artificial island in the world.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }} René-Levasseur Island in the Canadian province of Quebec is considerably larger; however, this was a natural landform that became an island after the completion of the Daniel-Johnson dam in the late 1960s created Manicouagan Reservoir.</ref>

1968

EventsEdit

January–FebruaryEdit

March–AprilEdit

May–JuneEdit

July–AugustEdit

September–OctoberEdit

November–DecemberEdit

Dates unknownEdit

BirthsEdit

JanuaryEdit

FebruaryEdit

MarchEdit

AprilEdit

MayEdit

JuneEdit

JulyEdit

AugustEdit

SeptemberEdit

OctoberEdit

NovemberEdit

DecemberEdit

Unknown dateEdit

DeathsEdit

JanuaryEdit

FebruaryEdit

MarchEdit

AprilEdit

MayEdit

JuneEdit

JulyEdit

AugustEdit

SeptemberEdit

OctoberEdit

NovemberEdit

DecemberEdit

Date unknownEdit

Nobel PrizesEdit

ReferencesEdit

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit