American Academy of Arts and Letters

File:WTM NewYorkDolls 011.jpg

Audubon Terrace in April 2008

The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 300-member honor society whose goal is to "foster, assist, and sustain excellence" in American literature, music, and art. Its fixed number membership is elected for lifetime appointments. Its headquarters is in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It shares Audubon Terrace, a Beaux Arts/American Renaissance complex on Broadway between West 155th and 156th Streets, with the Hispanic Society of America and Boricua College.

The academy's galleries are open to the public on a published schedule. Exhibits include an annual exhibition of paintings, sculptures, photographs and works on paper by contemporary artists nominated by its members, and an annual exhibition of works by newly elected members and recipients of honors and awards. A permanent exhibit of the recreated studio of composer Charles Ives was opened in 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The auditorium is sought out by musicians and engineers wishing to record live, as the acoustics are considered among the city's finest. Hundreds of commercial recordings have been made there.<ref>John Updike, ed. A Century of Arts & Letters, Columbia University Press (1998), p. 263.</ref><ref>Barbara S. Christen and Steven Flanders, eds. Cass Gilbert, Life and Work: Architect of the Public Domain, W. W. Norton and Company (2001), p. 12.</ref>

History

Early years

The American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters was formed from three parent organizations. The first, the American Social Science Association, was founded in 1865 in Boston. The second was the National Institute of Arts and Letters, which ASSA's membership created in 1898. The qualification for membership in the NIAL was notable achievement in art, music, or literature. The NIAL's membership was at first limited to 150 (all men). The third organization was the American Academy of Arts, which NIAL's membership created in 1904 as a preeminent national arts institution, styling itself after the French Academy.

The AAA's first seven academicians were elected from ballots cast by the NIAL membership. They were William Dean Howells, Samuel L. Clemens, Edmund Clarence Stedman, and John Hay, representing literature; Augustus Saint-Gaudens and John La Farge, representing art; and Edward MacDowell, representing music.<ref>"Aims of National Academy; Organization Formed to Promote Art, Music, and Literature", The New York Times. January 23, 1909.</ref> The NIAL membership increased in 1904, with the introduction of a two-tiered structure: 50 academicians and 200 regular members. Academicians were gradually elected over the next several years. The elite group (academicians) were called the "Academy", and the larger group (regular members) was called the "Institute". This strict two-tiered system persisted for 72 years (1904–1976).

In 1908, the poet Julia Ward Howe was elected to the AAA, becoming the first female academician.<ref>First woman elected to American Academy of Arts and Letters, Jan. 28, 1908.</ref>

In 1976, the NIAL and AAA merged, under the name American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. The combined Academy/Institute structure had a maximum of 250 living U.S. citizens as members, plus up to 75 foreign composers, artists, and writers as honorary members. It also established the annual Witter Bynner Poetry Prize in 1980 to support young poets. The election of foreign honorary members persisted until 1993, when it was abandoned.

Federally chartered corporation

The academy holds a Congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code (42 USC 20301 et seq.), making it one of the country's comparatively rare "Title 36" corporations.<ref>Moe, Ronald C. "Congressionally Chartered Nonprofit Organizations ("Title 36 Corporations"): What They Are and How Congress Treats Them," Template:Webarchive Congressional Research Service, CRS Report to Congress. Order Code RL30340 (April 8, 2004).</ref> The 1916 statute of incorporation established this institution among a small number of other similarly chartered patriotic and national organizations.<ref>"What is a congressional charter?", Knight Ridder Newspapers, December 12, 2007.</ref> The federal incorporation was originally construed primarily as an honor. The special recognition neither implies nor accords Congress any special control over the academy, which functions independently.<ref>Kosar, Kevin R. "Congressional or Federal Charters: Overview and Current Issues." Template:Webarchive Congressional Research Service, CRS Report to Congress. Order Code RS22230 (January 23, 2007).</ref>

Active sponsors of Congressional action were Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts and former President Theodore Roosevelt.<ref>"Slur on the 'Immortals'; Lodge's Proposed Institutions Shorn of Glory", The New York Times. January 19, 1909.</ref> The process that led to the creation of this federal charter was controversial<ref>"Official Action Just Taken Contemplates American Federation.; The Movement to Advance Arts and Letters in America", The New York Times. January 24, 1909.</ref> and the first attempt to gain the charter in 1910 failed.<ref>"A Charterless Academy", The New York Times. February 28, 1910.</ref> Lodge reintroduced legislation, which passed the Senate in 1913.<ref>"Two New Art Societies; Senator Lodge Introduces Bills Providing for Their Incorporation", The New York Times. January 19, 1913.</ref> The academy was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York in 1914,<ref>"Arts Academy Chartered; Membership Never to Exceed 50 — William Dean Howells President", The New York Times. June 11, 1914.</ref> which resulted in Congressional approval in 1916.<ref>Walnerth, Charles et al. "Greetings to the American Academy of Arts and Letters", The New York Times. August 25, 1916.</ref>

Buildings

File:Audubon Terrace American Academy of Arts and Letters West 155th Street entrance.jpg

The bronze entrance doors to the administration building on West 155th Street were designed by Academy member Adolph Alexander Weinman and are dedicated to the memory of Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman and to the women writers of the United States.<ref name=desrep />

The academy occupies three buildings on the west end of the Audubon Terrace complex created by Archer M. Huntington, the heir to the Southern Pacific Railroad fortune and a noted philanthropist. To help convince the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the National Institute of Arts and Letters, which were separate but related organizations at the time, to move to the complex, Huntington established building funds and endowments for both.<ref name=desrep>New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission "Audubon Terrace Historic District Designation Report" Template:Webarchive (January 9, 1979).</ref>

The first building, on the complex's south side, along West 155th Street, was designed by William M. Kendall of McKim, Mead & White; Kendall was also a member of the academy. This Anglo-Italian Renaissance<ref name=aia>Template:Cite aia5</ref> administration building was designed in 1921 and opened in 1923.<ref name=desrep /> On the north side, another building housing an auditorium and gallery was designed by Cass Gilbert, also an academy member, and built in 1928–1930.<ref name=desrep /><ref name=aia /> These additions to the complex necessitated considerable alterations to the Audubon Terrace plaza, which were designed by McKim, Mead & White.<ref name=desrep />

In 2007, the American Numismatic Society, which had occupied a Charles P. Huntington-designed building immediately to the east of the academy's original building, vacated that space to move to smaller quarters downtown. This building, which incorporates a 1929 addition designed by H. Brooks Price,<ref name=desrep /> became the academy's Annex and houses additional gallery space.<ref name=aia /> In 2009, the space between the Annex and the administration building was turned into a new entrance link, designed by Vincent Czajka with Pei Cobb Freed & Partners.<ref name=aia />

Membership

Members of the academy are chosen for life and have included some of the American art scene's leading figures. They are organized into committees that award annual prizes to up-and-coming artists.<ref>"Rival to the Great French Academy Limited to 50 Members, Receives Official Recognition From the U.S. Senate; Something About Those on the Original List", The New York Times. January 26, 1913.</ref> Although the names of some of the organization's members may not be well-known today, each was well known in their time. Greatness and pettiness are demonstrable among the academy members, even during the first decade, when William James declined his nomination on the grounds that his little brother Henry had been elected first.<ref>"Editorial Review" of Updike's A Century of Arts and Letters: "Editorial Reviews": Amazon.com.</ref> One of the giants of the academy in his time, Robert Underwood Johnson, casts a decades-long shadow in his one-man war against encroaching modernism, blackballing such writers as H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and T. S. Eliot (before his emigration to England disqualified him for full membership).<ref>"Editorial Review" of John Updike's A Century of Arts and Letters: Alan Weakland, writing in Booklist.</ref> Former Harvard president Charles William Eliot declined election to the academy "because he was already in so many societies that he didn't want to add to the number".<ref>"Eliot not in Academy; Harvard's President Emeritus Said He Was in Too Many Societies", The New York Times. January 21, 1913.</ref>

Although never explicitly excluded, women were not elected to membership in the early years.<ref>"Immortals' Plan Hall of Fame Here; Women Would Be Eligible- But "Better Form a Hall of Their Own", The New York Times. November 16, 1913.</ref> The admission of Julia Ward Howe in January 1908 (at age 88) as the first woman in the academy was only one incident in the intense debate about the consideration of female members.<ref>Google Books summary: John Updike's A Century of Arts and Letters.</ref> In 1926, the election of four women—Edith Wharton, Margaret Deland, Agnes Repplier and Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman—was said to have "marked the letting down of the bars to women".<ref name="nyt1926">"First Women Elected to Institute of Arts; Edith Wharton Among the Four Chosen — American Academy Makes Two Men Members", The New York Times. November 12, 1926.</ref> The first African-American woman member-elect was Gwendolyn Brooks in 1976.<ref name=Busby>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Below is a partial list of past members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and its successor institution, the National Institute and Academy of Arts and Letters:<ref>The history of the National Institute of Arts & Letters and the American Academy of Arts & Letters as Told, Decade by Decade, by Eleven Members: Louis Auchincloss, Jack Beeson, Hortense Calisher, Ada Louise Huxtable, Wolf Kahn, R. W. B. Lewis, Richard Lippold, Norman Mailer, Cynthia Ozick, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.- John Updike, Editor, Columbia University Press, New York, 1998.</ref>

• Henry Brooks Adams<ref name="nyt1916a">"Academicians Meet Here This Week; Members of Institute Will Join Them in Sessions at the Ritz-Carlton. France to send Greeting; Concert Wherein All Works Are by American Composers Will Be Heard", The New York Times. November 12, 1916.</ref>
• Herbert Adams<ref name="nyt1916b">"Two New Members for the Academy; Dr. Barrett Wendell and Garl Melchers, the Painter, Honored at Meeting", The New York Times. November 16, 1916.</ref>
• Henry Mills Alden<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Nelson Algren
• Hannah Arendt
• Newton Arvin<ref>American Academy of Arts and Letters: Deceased Members Template:Webarchive. Retrieved January 5, 2010.</ref>
• Wystan Hugh Auden
• Paul Wayland Bartlett<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Chester Beach<ref>"W. R. Thayer Wins Medal; J.G. Huneker and Others Elected to Arts and Letters Institute.</ref>
• Stephen Vincent Benét
• William Rose Benét
• Edwin Howland Blashfield<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• William Brownell<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• George de Forest Brush<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• John Burroughs<ref name="nyt1921">"Academy Honors John Burroughs; Naturalist Praised by Bliss Perry and Hamlin Garland at Memorial Meeting", The New York Times, November 19, 1921.</ref>
• William S. Burroughs
• Nicholas Murray Butler<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• George Washington Cable<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Hortense Calisher<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Joseph Campbell<ref name="nyt1987">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• George Whitefield Chadwick<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• William Merritt Chase<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Chou Wen-chung
• Timothy Cole<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Billy Collins<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Kenyon Cox<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• John Dos Passos
• Bob Dylan<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Thomas Harlan Ellett<ref>The Los Angeles Times, May 30, 1943, p. 49.</ref>
• Stanley Elkin
• Duke Ellington
• Ralph Ellison
• Daniel Chester French<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• William Gaddis<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Hamlin Garland<ref name="nyt1918">"Elected to Academy; Brand Whitlock and Hamlin Garland in Arts and Letters", The New York Times. January 12, 1918.</ref>
• Charles Dana Gibson<ref name="nyt1921" />
• Cass Gilbert<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Richard Watson Gilder
• Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Brendan Gill
• William Gillette<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Daniel Coit Gilman
• Allen Ginsberg
• Bertram G. Goodhue
• Robert Grant<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• William Elliot Griffis<ref>"Dr. Griffis, Friend of Japan, Dies; Educator Who Helped Japanese Adapt Themselves to Western Civilization", The New York Times. February 6, 1928.</ref>
• Arthur Twining Hadley<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Childe Hassam<ref name="nyt1921" />
• Thomas Hastings<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Anthony Hecht
• David Jayne Hill<ref name="nyt1921" />
• Ripley Hitchcock<ref>"Hitchcock, Ripley", in Stanley Wertheim, A Stephen Crane Encyclopedia, Greenwood Press, 1997, p. 155.</ref>
• Cecil de Blaquiere Howard
• Julia Ward Howe
• William Henry Howe
• William Dean Howells<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Archer Milton Huntington<ref>"Huntington Gives Site for Academy; Men of Arts and Letters to Erect Building Near Riverside Drive and 155th St. Next to Hispanic Museum; National Institute and American Academy Accept Offer of Eight City Lots for Site", The New York Times. January 25, 1915.</ref>
• Charles Ives
• Henry James<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Robert Underwood Johnson
• Louis I. Kahn
• Kenneth Koch
• Maxine Kumin
• Sinclair Lewis
• Roy Lichtenstein
• Henry Cabot Lodge<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Abbott Lawrence Lowell<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Mary McCarthy
• Hamilton Wright Mabie<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Archibald MacLeish
• Frederick William MacMonnies<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• J. D. McClatchy
• Brander Matthews<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• William Keepers Maxwell Jr.<ref>Template:Usurped</ref>
• William Rutherford Mead<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Gari Melchers<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Willard Metcalf<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Edna St. Vincent Millay
• Charles Moore<ref>Caemmerer, H. Paul. "Charles Moore and the Plan of Washington." Records of the Columbia Historical Society. Vol. 46/47 (1944/1945): 237–258, 254.</ref>
• Douglas Moore
• Paul Elmer More<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Robert Motherwell
• Georgia O'Keeffe
• Thomas N. Page<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Horatio Parker<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Joseph Pennell<ref>Joseph Pennell, Noted Artist, Dead; Won High Honors as Etcher and Illustrator — Later Taught Art and Wrote Books", The New York Times. April 24, 1926.</ref>
• Bliss Perry<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• William Lyon Phelps
• Charles Adams Platt<ref>"Academy Elects Gay and Lippman; Artist and Journalist Named to Vacancies Left by Deaths of Platt and Shorey", The New York Times. November 9, 1934.</ref>
• Ezra Pound
• James Ford Rhodes<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• James Whitcomb Riley<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• George Lockhart Rives<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Elihu Root<ref name="nyt1921" />
• Theodore Roosevelt<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Mark Rothko
• Eero Saarinen
• Carl Sandburg
• John Singer Sargent<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Meyer Schapiro
• Arnold Schoenberg<ref name="Schoenberg">Template:Cite book</ref>
• Harry Rowe Shelley
• Stuart Sherman<ref name="nyt1926" />
• Robert E. Sherwood
• Paul Shorey<ref>"Would Encourage Study of Classics; Academy of Arts and Letters Suggests Courses for Schools and Colleges; Sees Aid to Civilization; Resolution Says Opposite Policy Would Lower the Culture of the American People", The New York Times. December 16, 1918.</ref>
• William Milligan Sloane<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Wallace Stevens
• Meryl Streep<ref>"Streep would like to thank the (arts) academy" "DesMoines Register." April 12, 2010.</ref>
• Lorado Taft<ref>"Mr. Lorado Taft Dies; Leading Sculptor; Creator of Some of Country's Outstanding Monuments is Stricken at 76; Was Teacher in Chicago; Fountain of Time and Columbus Memorial in Washington Among Chief Works", The New York Times. October 31, 1936.</ref>
• Josef Tal<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Booth Tarkington<ref name="nyt1921" />
• Abbott Handerson Thayer<ref name="nyt1921" />
• William Roscoe Thayer<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Augustus Thomas<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Virgil Thomson
• Lionel Trilling
• Henry van Dyke<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• John Charles Van Dyke
• Elihu Vedder<ref name="nyt1921" />
• Kurt Vonnegut<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Julian Alden Weir<ref name="nyt1916b" />
• Barrett Wendell<ref name="nyt1921" />
• Edith Wharton
• Andrew Dickson White<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Thornton Wilder
• Brand Whitlock<ref name="nyt1921" />
• William Carlos Williams
• Woodrow Wilson<ref name="nyt1921" />
• Owen Wister<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• George Edward Woodberry<ref name="nyt1916a" />
• Frank Lloyd Wright
• James A. Wright

Current academicians

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Awards

Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts

The award, a certificate and $1,000, goes to a United States resident who has "rendered notable service to the arts". {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}{{#ifeq:||}}

• 2003: Leon Botstein<ref>van Gelder, Lawrence. "Arts Briefing: American Academy Honors", The New York Times. May 19, 2003.</ref>
• 2008: Judith Jamison<ref>van Gelder, Lawrence. "Arts, Briefly: American Academy Picks Caro and Trillin", The New York Times. April 17, 2008.</ref>

Other awards

Template:More citations needed section The academy gives out numerous awards, with recipients chosen by committees of academy members. Candidates for awards must be nominated by Academy members, except for the Richard Rodgers awards, for which an application may be submitted.

• Arts and Letters Award (formerly, the Academy Award of the American Academy of Arts and Letters): In 1941, the academy established awards to encourage creative work in the arts. Now $10,000 each, Academy Awards are given annually: five to artists, eight to writers, four to composers, and three to architects.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Marc Blitzstein Award: The $5,000 award is given periodically to a composer, lyricist, or librettist, "to encourage the creation of works of merit for musical theater and opera". The award was established in 1965 by the friends of Marc Blitzstein, an academy member.
• Michael Braude Award for Light Verse: The $5,000 biennial award is given "for light verse written in English regardless of the country of origin of the writer".
• Arnold W. Brunner Memorial Prize: The annual prize of $5,000 goes to an architect of any nationality who has "made a contribution to architecture as an art".
• Benjamin H. Danks Award: The $20,000 award is given in rotation to a composer of ensemble works, a playwright, and a writer (fiction, nonfiction, poetry). Since 2002, the academy has administered the prize established by Roy Lyndon Danks in honor of his father, Benjamin Hadley Danks.
• Jimmy Ernst Award: Established by Dallas Ernst in memory of her husband, the Jimmy Ernst Award of $5,000 is given to a painter or sculptor "whose lifetime contribution to his or her vision has been both consistent and dedicated".<ref name="jea">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The award has been presented annually since 1990.<ref name="jea" />

• E. M. Forster Award: E. M. Forster, a foreign honorary member of the academy, bequeathed the U.S. royalties of his posthumous novel Maurice to Christopher Isherwood, who transferred them to the academy to establish this $15,000 award. It is given to a young English writer for an extended visit to the United States.
• American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals: Each year the academy awards gold medals for distinguished achievement in two categories in rotation. The Gold Medal is given for the entire work of the recipient.
  • Belles Lettres, Criticism, Essays and Painting;
  • Biography and Music;
  • Fiction and Sculpture;
  • History and Architecture, including landscape architecture;
  • Poetry and Music;
  • Drama and Graphic Art.
• Walter Hinrichsen Award: The Walter Hinrichsen Award is given for the publication of "a work by a mid-career American composer".
• William Dean Howells Medal: This award is given every five years in recognition of the most distinguished American novel published during that period. It was established in 1925.
• Andrew Imbrie Award in Music: This award of $10,000, inaugurated in 2012, was made possible through a gift from Andrew and Barbara Imbrie. It is awarded annually to a mid-career composer of demonstrated artistic merit.
• The Charles Ives Prize: Six scholarships of $7,500 and two fellowships of $15,000 are now given annually to young composers. In 1998, the academy established the Charles Ives Living, an award of $75,000 a year for a period of three years given to an American composer. The award's purpose is to free "a promising talent from the need to devote his or her time to any employment other than music composition" during that period.
• The Charles Ives Opera Prize: In 2008, the academy awarded the inaugural Charles Ives Opera Prize of $50,000, to be given from time to time to a composer and a librettist for a recently produced opera. It is America's largest vocal music award.
• Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction: The $5,000 prize is given for the best published first novel or collection of short stories in the preceding year.
• Wladimir and Rhoda Lakond Award: an annual award of $5,000 "given either to a composition student or an experienced composer".
• Goddard Lieberson Fellowships: Two Goddard Lieberson Fellowships of $15,000 are given annually to young composers of extraordinary gifts. The CBS Foundation endowed the fellowships in memory of Lieberson, the late president of CBS Records.
• Russell Loines Award for Poetry
• American Academy of Arts and Letters Award of Merit: The Award of Merit, a medal and $10,000, is given each year, in rotation, to an outstanding person in America representing painting, the short story, sculpture, the novel, poetry, and drama.
• Metcalf Awards: In 1986, the academy received a bequest from Addison M. Metcalf, son of the late member Willard L. Metcalf, for two awards to honor young writers and artists of great promise. The Willard L. Metcalf Award in Art and the Addison M. Metcalf Award in Literature are biennial awards of $10,000.
• Katherine Anne Porter Award: This biennial award of $20,000 goes to a prose writer who has demonstrated achievements and dedication to the literary profession.
• Arthur Rense Prize: In 1998, this $20,000 award was established to honor "an exceptional poet" every third year.
• Richard Rodgers Awards for Musical Theater: These awards subsidize full productions, studio productions, and staged readings of musicals put on by nonprofit theaters in New York City. The plays are by composers and writers who are not already established. These are the only awards for which the academy accepts applications.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Rome Prize in Literature: Every year the academy selects and partly subsidizes two young writers for a one-year residence at the American Academy in Rome.
• Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Awards: Each of these two awards are for $5,000. The first, established in 1956, is for a fiction work of "considerable literary achievement" published in the previous year. The second, created in 1959, is for a young painter "who has not yet been accorded due recognition".
• Medal for Spoken Language: This medal, awarded from time to time, recognizes individuals who set a standard of excellence in the use of spoken language.
• The Mildred and Harold Strauss Livings: These Livings provide an annual stipend of $50,000 a year for five years, awarded to two writers of English prose literature to enable them to devote their time exclusively to writing.
• Harold D. Vursell Memorial Award: This $10,000 award is given each year to honor a writer of "recent prose that merits recognition for the quality of its style".
• Morton Dauwen Zabel Award: This $10,000 biennial award is given in rotation to a poet, writer of fiction, or critic, "of progressive, original, and experimental tendencies".
• Thornton Wilder Prize

References

Notes

Sources

• Lewis, Richard W. B. (1998). "1898–1907: The Founder's Story", in A Century of Arts & Letters (John Updike, ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Template:ISBN (cloth)

External links

• American Academy of Arts & Letters — official website
• Cornell Legal Institute: Title 36 > Subtitle II > Part B > Chapter 203 > § 20301 et seq. — easiest to read
• United States House of Representatives: 36 USC Chapter 203
  • United States Government Publishing Office (GPO): US Code, Title 36, Chapter 203 — revised §4701 et seq. (1916–1998)
• American Academy of Arts and Letters records, 1864–1942 from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art