Asian Highway Network
The Asian Highway Network (AH), also known as the Great Asian Highway, is a cooperative project among countries in Asia and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) to improve their connectivity via highway systems. It is one of the three pillars of the Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development (ALTID) project, endorsed by the ESCAP commission at its 48th session in 1992, comprising Asian Highway, Trans-Asian railway (TAR) and facilitation of land transport projects.
Agreements have been signed by 32 countries to allow the highway to cross the continent and also reach to Europe. Some of the countries taking part in the highway project are India (Act East policy), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Nepal and Bangladesh.<ref name="Kamat" /> Most of the funding comes from the larger, more advanced Asian nations such as China, South Korea and Singapore as well as international agencies such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
The project aims to make maximum use of the continent's existing highways to avoid the construction of newer ones, except in cases where missing routes necessitate their construction. Project Monitor, an Asian infrastructure news website, has commented that "early beneficiaries of the Asian Highway project are the planners within the national land transport department of the participating countries [since] it assists them in planning the most cost-effective and efficient routes to promote domestic and international trade. Non-coastal areas, which are often negligible, are the other beneficiaries."<ref name="Kamat" />
However, in the mid-2000s some transportation experts were skeptical about the viability of the project given the economic and political climate in both South and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Kamat" />
HistoryEdit
The AH project was initiated by the United Nations in 1959 with the aim of promoting the development of international road transport in the region. During the first phase of the project (1960–1970) considerable progress was achieved, however, progress slowed down when financial assistance was suspended in 1975.
ESCAP has conducted several projects in cooperation with AH member countries step by step after the endorsement of ALTID in 1992.
The Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network (IGA) was adopted on February 28, 1997 by the Intergovernmental Meeting; 37000 kilometers,<ref>https://www.doh.go.th/content/page/page/8103</ref> and was adopted on November 18, 2003, by the Intergovernmental Meeting; the IGA includes Annex I, which identifies 55 AH routes among 32 member countries totalling approximately 140,000 km (87,500 miles), and Annex II "Classification and Design Standards". During the 60th session of the ESCAP Commission at Shanghai, China, in April 2004, the IGA treaty was signed by 23 countries. By 2013, 29 countries had ratified the agreement.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}.</ref>
In 2007, British drivers Richard Meredith and Phil Colley completed the first full East to West journey of the entire highway in an Aston Martin Vantage which was later sold to raise money for UNICEF. The drive was a marketing stunt promoted by the car manufacturer.<ref>Milton Keynes Citizen 2008-11-03 "Aston adventure" Page 2</ref>
ImplicationsEdit
The advanced highway network would provide for greater trade and social interactions between Asian countries, including personal contacts, project capitalizations, connections of major container terminals with transportation points, and promotion of tourism via the new roadways.<ref name="Kamat">Kamat, Rahul The Great Asian Highway Template:Webarchive, Project Monitor website, 31 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-05-05</ref> Infrastructure consultant Om Prakash noted that, "It's an excellent step taken by ESCAP to gather all the Asian countries under one crown but the problem with this project is political disputes between some countries, notably Pakistan and Myanmar, which is delaying the project."<ref name="Kamat" />{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Fix }}
Future development plansEdit
Route AH1 is proposed to extend from Tokyo to the border with Bulgaria (EU) west of Istanbul and Edirne, passing through both Koreas, China and other countries in Southeast, Central and South Asia. The corridor is expected to improve trade links between East Asian countries, India and Russia. To complete the route, existing roads will be upgraded and new roads constructed to link the network. Template:US$ has been spent or committed Template:As of with additional US$18 billion needed for upgrades and improvements to Template:Convert of highway.<ref>"Priority Investment Needs for the Development for the Asian Highway Network" Template:Webarchive, accessed July 14, 2007</ref>
Numbering and signageEdit
The project new highway route numbers begin with "AH", standing for "Asian Highway", followed by one, two or three digits.<ref name="TCIGU" /> Single-digit route numbers from 1 to 9 are assigned to major Asian Highway routes which cross more than one subregion.<ref name="TCIGU" /> Two- and three-digit route numbers are assigned to indicate the routes within subregions, including those connecting to neighbouring subregions, and self-contained highway routes within the participating countries.<ref name="TCIGU">Newswire Template:Webarchive, Tourism Commission of the International Geographical Union website. Retrieved 2009-05-05;</ref> Route numbers are printed in the Latin script and Hindu-Arabic numerals and may simply be added to existing signage, like the E-road network.<ref name="TCIGU" />
The actual design of the signs has not been standardized, only that the letters and digits are in white or black, but the color, shape and size of the sign being completely flexible. Most examples feature a blue rectangular shield with a white inscription (similar to German Autobahn signage) with further examples of white on green and black on white rectangular shields.<ref name="Kamat"/><ref name="TCIGU"/><ref name="AsiaTimes">McCartan, Brian Roadblocks on the Great Asian Highway, Asia Times website, 23 January 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-05;</ref>
RoutesEdit
AH1 to AH9: Continent-Wide RoutesEdit
- East-West, from S to N: 2, 1 intermixed, 5, 9, 6.
- North-South, from E to W: 1 (along East China), 3, 4, 7, 8.
- File:Tabliczka AH1.svg – Template:Convert: Tokyo, Japan – Bulgarian border, Turkey<ref name="treaty">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagg Border of Bulgaria – Kapıkule – Istanbul – Gerede – Ankara – Sivas – Refahiye – Aşkale – Doğubayazıt – Gürbulak –
- Template:Flagg Bazargan – Ivughli – Tabriz – Qazvin – Tehran – Semnan – Damghan – Sabzevar – Neishabour-Mashhad – Dowqarun –
- Template:Flagg Islam Qala – Herat – Delaram – Kandahar – Kabul – Torkham –
- Template:Flagg Peshawar – Hassan Abdal – Rawalpindi (– Islamabad) – Lahore – Wagah –
- Template:Flagg Attari – New Delhi – Agra – Kanpur – Varanasi – Sasaram –Gaya–Dhanbad– Kolkata – Petrapole –
- Template:Flagg Benapole – Jashore – Dhaka – Kachpur – Sylhet – Tamabil –
- Template:Flagg Dawki – Shillong – Jorabat (– Guwahati) – Nagaon – Dimapur – Chümoukedima – Kohima – Viswema – Imphal – Moreh –
- Template:Flagg Tamu – Mandalay – Meiktila – Payagyi (– Yangon) – Myawaddy –
- Template:Flagg Mae Sot – Tak – Nakhon Sawan – Bang Pa-in (– Bangkok) – Hin Kong – Kabin Buri – Aranyaprathet –
- Template:Flagg Poipet – Phnom Penh – Bavet –
- Template:Flagg Mộc Bài – Ho Chi Minh City – Biên Hòa (– Vũng Tàu) – Nha Trang – Hội An – Da Nang – Huế – Đông Hà – Vinh – Hanoi – Đồng Đăng – Hữu Nghị –
- Template:Flagg Youyiguan – Nanning – Guangzhou (– Shenzhen – Template:Flagg Hong Kong) – Xiangtan – Changsha – Wuhan – Xinyang – Zhengzhou – Shijiazhuang – Beijing – Shenyang – Dandong –
- Template:Flagg Sinuiju – Pyongyang – Kaesong –
- Template:Flagg Munsan – Seoul – Daejeon – Daegu – Gyeongju – Busan ...
- Template:Flagg Fukuoka – Tokyo
- File:Tabliczka AH2.svg – Template:Convert: Denpasar, Indonesia – Khosravi, Iran<ref name="treaty" />
- Template:Flagg Khosravi – Hamadan – Saveh – Salafchegan (– Tehran) – Yazd – Anar – Kerman – Zahedan – Mirjaveh –
- Template:Flagg Taftan – Quetta – Rohri – Multan – Lahore – Wagah –
- Template:Flagg Attari – New Delhi – Rampur – Banbasa –
- Template:Flagg Bramhadev Mandi – Mahendranagar – Kohalpur – Narayangarh – Pathlaiya – Kakarbhitta –
- Template:Flagg Siliguri –
- Template:Flagg Banglabandha– Rangpur– Hatikumrul – Dhaka – Kachpur – Sylhet – Tamabil –
- Template:Flagg Dawki – Shillong – Jorabat (– Guwahati) – Nagaon – Dimapur – Chümoukedima – Kohima – Viswema – Imphal – Moreh –
- Template:Flagg Tamu – Mandalay – Meiktila – Kengtung – Tachilek –
- Template:Flagg Mae Sai – Chiang Rai – Tak – Nakhon Sawan – Bang Pa-in – Bangkok – Hat Yai – Sadao –
- Template:Flagg Bukit Kayu Hitam – Butterworth – Kuala Lumpur – Seremban – Johor Bahru –
- Template:Flagg Singapore – Sengkang
- Template:Flagg Jakarta (– Merak) – Cikampek (– Bandung) – Semarang – Surakarta – Surabaya – Denpasar
- File:Tabliczka AH3.svg – Template:Convert:
- Northern section: Ulan-Ude, Russia – Tanggu, China<ref name="treaty" />
- Template:Flagg Ulan-Ude – Kyakhta –
- Template:Flagg Altanbulag – Darkhan – Ulaanbaatar – Nalaikh – Choir – Sainshand – Zamyn-Üüd –
- Template:Flagg Erenhot – Beijing – Tanggu
- Southern section: Shanghai, China – Chiang Rai, Thailand<ref name="treaty" />
- Template:Flagg Shanghai – Hangzhou – Nanchang – Xiangtan – Guiyang – Kunming – Jinghong (– Daluo – Template:Flagg Mong La – Keng Tung) – Mohan, Yunnan –
- Template:Flagg Boten – Nateuy – Houayxay –
- Template:Flagg Chiang Khong – Chiang Rai
- Northern section: Ulan-Ude, Russia – Tanggu, China<ref name="treaty" />
- File:Tabliczka AH4.svg – Template:Convert: Novosibirsk, Russia – Karachi, Pakistan<ref name="treaty" />
- Template:Flagg Novosibirsk – Barnaul – Tashanta –
- Template:Flagg Ulaanbaishint – Khovd – Yarantai
- Template:Flagg Ürümqi – Kashgar – Honqiraf –
- Template:Flagg Khunjerab – Hassanabdal – Rawalpindi – Islamabad – Lahore – Multan – Rohri – Hyderabad – Karachi
- File:Tabliczka AH5.svg – Template:Convert: Shanghai, China – Bulgarian border, Turkey<ref name="AmendedTreaty">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagg Border of Bulgaria – Kapikule – Istanbul – Gerede – Merzifon – Samsun – Trabzon – Sarp –
- Template:Flagg Batumi – Poti – Senaki – (Port of Anaklia – Zugdidi bypass road – Samtredia) Khashuri – Mtskheta – Tbilisi –
- Template:Flagg Red Bridge – Qazax – Ganja – Gazi Mammed – Alat – Baku ...
- Template:Flagg Turkmenbashi – Serdar – Ashgabat – Tejen – Mary – Turkmenabat – Farap –
- Template:Flagg Ələt – Bukhara – Navoi – Samarkand – Syrdaria – Tashkent – Chernyavka –
- Template:Flagg Chernyaevka – Shymkent – Merki –
- Template:Flagg Chaldovar – Kara Balta – Bishkek –
- Template:Flagg Kordai – Kaskelen – Almaty –
- Template:Flagg Khorgas – Jinghe – Kuytun – Ürümqi – Turpan – Lanzhou – Xi'an – Xinyang – Nanjing – Shanghai
- File:Tabliczka AH6.svg – Template:Convert: Busan, South Korea – Belarusian border, Russia<ref name="treaty" />
- Template:Flagg Border of Belarus – Krasnoye – Moscow – Samara – Ufa – Chelyabinsk – Petukhovo –
- Template:Flagg Chistoe – Petropavl – Karakoga –
- Template:Flagg Isilkul – Omsk – Novosibirsk – Krasnoyarsk – Irkutsk – Ulan-Ude – Chita – Zabaykalsk –
- Template:Flagg Manzhouli – Qiqihar – Harbin – Suifenhe –
- Template:Flagg Pogranichny – Ussuriysk – Razdolnoye (– Vladivostok – Nahodka) – Khasan –
- Template:Flagg Sonbong – Chongjin – Wonsan (– Pyongyang) –
- Template:Flagg Goseong – Ganseong – Gangneung – Gyeongju – Busan
- File:Tabliczka AH7.svg – Template:Convert: Yekaterinburg, Russia – Karachi, Pakistan<ref name="treaty" />
- Template:Flagg Yekaterinburg – Chelyabinsk – Troisk –
- Template:Flagg Kaerak – Kostanai – Astana – Karaganda – Burubaital – Merke –
- Template:Flagg Chaldovar – Kara-Balta – Osh Template:Flagg–
- Template:Flagg Andijon – Tashkent – Syrdaria – Khavast –
- Template:Flagg Khujand – Dushanbe – Nizhniy Panj –
- Template:Flagg Shirkhan – Pol-e Khomri – Jabal Saraj – Kabul – Kandahar – Spin Boldak –
- Template:Flagg Chaman – Quetta – Kalat – Karachi
- File:Tabliczka AH8.svg – Template:Convert: Finnish border, Russia – Bandar Emam, Iran<ref name="treaty" />
- Template:Flagg Border of Finland – Torfyanovka – Vyborg – St. Petersburg – Moscow – Tambov – Borisoglebsk – Volgograd – Astrakhan – Khasavyurt – Mahachkala – Kazmalyarskiy –
- Template:Flagg Samur – Sumgayit – Baku – Alat – Bilasuvar – Astara –
- Template:Flagg Rasht – Qazvin – Tehran – Saveh – Ahvaz – Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni
- File:Tabliczka AH9.svg – 9,222 km (5,730 mi)Template:Citation needed: St. Petersburg, Russia – Lianyungang, China<ref name="AmendedTreaty" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagg St. Petersburg – Moscow – Ulyanovsk – Toliatti – Samara – Orenburg – Sagarchin –
- Template:Flagg Zhaisan – Aktobe – Kyzylorda – Shymkent – Taraz – Almaty –
- Template:Flagg Khorgas – Urumqi – Lianyungang
AH10 to AH29: Southeast Asia RoutesEdit
- File:Tabliczka AH11.svg – Template:Convert: Vientiane, Laos – Sihanoukville, Cambodia<ref name="treaty" />
- Template:Flagg Vientiane – Ban Lao – Thakhek – Seno – Pakse – Veunkham – Tranpeangkreal –
- Template:Flagg Stung Treng – Kratie – Phnom Penh – Sihanoukville
- File:Tabliczka AH12.svg – Template:Convert: Nateuy, Laos – Hin Kong, Thailand<ref name="treaty" />
- File:Tabliczka AH13.svg – Template:Convert: Hanoi, Vietnam – Nakhon Sawen, Thailand<ref name="treaty" />
- File:Tabliczka AH14.svg – Template:Convert: Hai Phong, Vietnam – Mandalay, Myanmar<ref name="treaty" />
- Template:Flagg Hai Phong – Hanoi – Viet Tri – Lao Cai –
- Template:Flagg Hekou – Kunming – Ruili –
- Template:Flagg Muse – Lashio – Mandalay
- File:Tabliczka AH15.svg – Template:Convert: Vinh, Vietnam – Udon Thani, Thailand<ref name="treaty" />
- File:Tabliczka AH16.svg – Template:Convert: Đông Hà, Vietnam – Tak, Thailand<ref name="treaty" />
- File:Tabliczka AH17.svg – Template:Convert: Đà Nẵng, Vietnam – Vũng Tàu, Vietnam<ref name="ASEANMap">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="ASEANPlan">Template:Cite book</ref>
- File:Tabliczka AH18.svg – Template:Convert: Hat Yai, Thailand – Johor Bahru Causeway, Malaysia<ref name="treaty" />
- File:Tabliczka AH19.svg – Template:Convert: Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand – Bangkok, Thailand<ref name="treaty" />
- AH21 – length unknown: Qui Nhơn, Vietnam – Serei Saophoan, Cambodia<ref name="AmendedTreaty" />
- Template:Flagg Quy Nhon port – Pleiku – Le Thanh –
- Template:Flagg O Yadav – Banlung – Stung Treng – Preah Vihear – Siem Reap – Serei Saophoan
- File:Tabliczka AH25.svg Trans-Sumatran Highway (Eastern Route) – Template:Convert: Banda Aceh, Indonesia – Merak, Indonesia<ref name="treaty" />
- Template:Flagg Banda Aceh – Medan – Tebingtinggi – Dumai – Pekanbaru – Jambi – Palembang – Tanjung Karang – Bakauheni ... Merak
- File:Tabliczka AH26.svg Pan-Philippine Highway – Template:Convert:<ref name="slides">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Laoag, Philippines – Zamboanga, Philippines<ref name="treaty" />
- Template:Flagg Laoag – Tuguegarao – Guiguinto – Quezon City (– Manila – Makati) – Makati – Calamba – Legazpi – Matnog ... Allen – Tacloban (– Ormoc City ... Cebu City) – Liloan ... Surigao – Butuan – Davao (– Cagayan de Oro) – General Santos – Cotabato City – Zamboanga
AH30 to AH39: East Asia and Northeast Asia RoutesEdit
Route No. | Distance | Start | End | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
AH30 | 2,739 km (1712 miles) | Ussuriysk, Russia | Chita, Russia | |
AH31 | 1,595 km (997 miles) | Belogorsk, Russia | Dalian, China | |
AH32 | 3,748 km (2342.5 miles) | Sonbong, North Korea | Khovd, Mongolia | |
AH33 | 575 km (359 miles) | Harbin, China | Tongjiang, China | Also known as G1011 |
AH34 | 1,033 km (646 miles) | Lianyungang, China | Xi'an, China | |
AH35 | 1,305 km (811 miles) | Undurkhaan, Mongolia | Jinzhou, China |
AH40 to AH59: South Asian RoutesEdit
Route No. | Distance | Start | End |
---|---|---|---|
AH41 | 948 km (592.5 miles) | Teknaf, Bangladesh | Mongla, Bangladesh |
AH42 | 3,754 km (2346 miles) | Lanzhou, China | Barhi, India |
AH43 | 3,024 km (1892 miles) | Agra, India | Matara, Sri Lanka (Via) Rameswaram, TN, IN |
AH44(A6) | 107 km (67 miles) | Dambulla, Sri Lanka | Trincomalee, Sri Lanka |
AH45 | 2,030 km (1269 miles) | Kolkata, India | Krishnagiri, TN, IN (Via) Chennai, TN, India |
AH46 | 1,967 km (1,222 miles) | Hazira port, Surat, India | Howrah, India |
AH47 | 2,057 km (1286 miles) | Gwalior, India | Bengaluru, Karnataka, India |
AH48 | 276 km (171 miles) | Thimphu, Bhutan | Changrabandha, India |
AH51 | 825 km (513 miles) | Peshawar, Pakistan | Quetta, Pakistan |
AH60 to AH89: North Asia, Central Asia and Southwest Asia RoutesEdit
Route No. | Distance | Start | End | |
---|---|---|---|---|
AH60 | 2,151 km (1344 miles) | Omsk, Russia (on AH6) | Burubaital, Kazakhstan (on AH7) | |
AH61 | 4,158 km (2599 miles) | Kashgar, China (on AH4/AH65) | border between Russia and Ukraine | |
AH62 | 2,722 km (1701 miles) | Petropavl, Kazakhstan (on AH6/AH64) | Mazari Sharif, Afghanistan (on AH76) | |
AH63 | 2,434 km (1521 miles) | Samara, Russia (on AH6) | Guzar, Uzbekistan (on AH62) | |
AH64 | 1,666 km (1041 miles) | Petropavl, Kazakhstan (on AH6/AH62) | Barnaul, Russia (on AH4) | |
AH65 | 1,250 km (781 miles) | Kashgar, China (on AH4/AH61) | Termez, Uzbekistan (on AH62) | |
AH66 | 995 km (622 miles) | border between China and Tajikistan | Termez, Uzbekistan (on AH62) | |
AH67 | 2,288 km (1430 miles) | Kuitun, China (on AH5) | Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan (on AH62) | |
AH68 | 278 km (174 miles) | Jinghe, China (on AH5) | Ucharal, Kazakhstan (on AH60) | |
AH70 | 4,832 km (3020 miles) | border between Ukraine and Russia | Bandar Abbas, Iran | |
AH71 | 426 km (266 miles) | Dilaram, Afghanistan (on AH1) | Dashtak, Iran (on AH75) | |
AH72 | 1,147 km (717 miles) | Tehran, Iran (on AH1/AH2/AH8) | Bushehr, Iran | |
AH75 | 1,871 km (1169 miles) | Tejen, Turkmenistan (on AH5) | Chabahar, Iran | |
AH76 | 986 km (616 miles) | Puli Khumri, Afghanistan (on AH7) | Herat, Afghanistan (on AH1/AH77) | |
AH77 | 1,298 km (811 miles) | Jabal Saraj District, Afghanistan (on AH7) | Mary, Turkmenistan (on AH5) | |
AH78 | 1,076 km (672.5 miles) | Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (on AH5) | Kerman, Iran (on AH2) | |
AH81 | 1,143 km (714 miles) | Larsi, Georgia | Aktau, Kazakhstan (on AH70) | |
AH82 | 1,261 km (788 miles) | border between Russia and Georgia | Ivughli, Iran (on AH1) | |
AH83 | 172 km (107.5 miles) | Qazakh, Azerbaijan (on AH5) | Yerevan, Armenia (on AH81/AH82) | |
AH84 | 1,188 km (742.5 miles) | Doğubeyazıt, Turkey (on AH1) | İçel, Turkey | |
AH85 | 338 km (211 miles) | Refahiye, Turkey (on AH1) | Merzifon, Turkey (on AH5) | |
AH86 | 247 km (154 miles) | Askale, Turkey (on AH1) | Trabzon, Turkey (on AH5) | |
AH87 | 606 km (378.75 miles) | Ankara, Turkey (on AH1) | İzmir, Turkey | |
AH88<ref name="AmendedTreaty" /> | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Chabahar, Iran (on AH75) | Bandar Imam Khomeini, Iran (on AH8) |
AH100 to AH299: ASEAN Southeast Asia RoutesEdit
These routes were set up by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as part of an extension to the Asian Highway Network, known as the ASEAN Highway Network.<ref name="ASEANMap" /><ref name="ASEANPlan" />
Distance by country or regionEdit
The planned network runs a total of Template:Convert.
See alsoEdit
- Other intercontinental highway systems: International E-road network, Pan-American Highway, Arab Mashreq International Road Network and Trans-African Highway network
- Trans-Asian Railway
- Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel
- G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway
- Seikan Tunnel
- One Belt, One Road
- Eurasian Land Bridge
- Bering land bridge
- Hippie trail
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- The project homepage Template:Webarchive
- Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network
- Asia signs up to 'new Silk Road' BBC News report (April 26, 2004)
- UNESCAP press release announcing treaty
- 2003 Asian Highway Handbook
- Template:Usurped
- Driven Together, Historic first crossing of Asia's new Highway to the West
- Asian Highway Network Details