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Black Madonna

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File:Czestochowska.jpg
The Black Madonna of Częstochowa, Poland
File:Procession 2006 - n°6.JPG
Black Madonna of Outremeuse, Liège, in a procession
File:Guingamp-madonna.jpg
Black Madonna of Guingamp
File:Praga, Stare Miasto, figura Czarnej Madonny.JPG
Madonna at House of the Black Madonna, Prague

The term Black Madonna or Black Virgin tends to refer to statues or paintings in Western Christendom of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Infant Jesus, where both figures are depicted with dark skin.<ref name="douricy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} The Jungian scholar, San Begg published a study of Black Virgins and their possible pagan origins.</ref> Examples of the Black Madonna can be found both in Catholic and Orthodox countries.

The paintings are usually icons, which are Byzantine in origin or style, some of which were produced in 13th or 14th-century Italy. Other examples from the Middle East, Caucasus or Africa, mainly Egypt and Ethiopia, are even older.Template:Citation needed Statues are often made of wood but are occasionally made of stone, painted, and up to Template:Convert tall. They fall into two main groups: free-standing upright figures or seated figures on a throne. About 400–500 Black Madonnas have been recorded in Europe, with the number related to how they are classified. There are at least 180 Vierges Noires in Southern France alone. There are hundreds of copies made since the medieval era. Some are displayed in museums, but most are in churches or shrines and are venerated by believers. Some are associated with miracles and attract substantial numbers of pilgrims.

Black Madonnas come in different forms. Speculations behind the basis of the dark hue of each individual icon or statue vary greatly and some have been controversial. Explanations range from the Madonnas being made from dark wood, Madonnas that have turned darker over time, due to factors such as aging or candle smoke, to a study by Jungian scholar Ean Begg into the potential pagan origins of the cult of the black Madonna and child or the intent to reflect the darker-skinned populations indigenous to certain parts of the world.<ref name=Begg>Template:Cite book</ref> Another suggestion is that dark-skinned representations of pre-Christian deities were re-envisioned as the Madonna and child.<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Studies and researchEdit

Research into the Black Madonna phenomenon is limited. Begg links the refrain from the Song of Solomon, “I am black, and I am beautiful” to the Queen of Sheba.<ref name="Begg"/> Recently, however, interest in this subject has gathered more momentum.

Important early studies of dark-skinned holy images in France were by Camille Flammarion (1888),<ref>L'Atmosphère : Météorologie populaire (1888), édition avec gravures fr.</ref> Marie Durand-Lefebvre (1937), Emile Saillens (1945), and Jacques Huynen (1972).

The first notable study in English of the origin and meaning of the Black Madonnas appears to have been presented by Leonard Moss at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science on December 28, 1952. Moss divided the images into three categories: (1) dark brown or black Madonnas with physiognomy and skin pigmentation matching that of the indigenous population; (2) various art forms that have turned black as a result of certain physical factors such as deterioration of lead-based pigments, accumulated smoke from the use of votive candles, and accumulation of grime over the ages, and (3) miracle-worker Madonnas, the focus of the study, Black Madonnas found in areas of a Roman legion and, therefore, not a reflection of the current population's skin colour.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In the cathedral at Chartres, there were two Black Madonnas: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a 1508 dark walnut copy of a 13th-century silver Madonna, standing atop a high pillar, surrounded by candles; and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a replica of an original destroyed during the French Revolution. Restoration work on the cathedral resulted in the painting in 2014 of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, to reflect an earlier 19th-century painted style. The statue is no longer a "Black Madonna" and the restoration was severely criticized for wiping away the past.<ref>Filler, Martin "A Scandalous Makeover at Chartres", The New York Review of Books, December 14, 2014</ref><ref>Ramm, Benjamin. "A Controversial Restoration That Wipes Away the Past", The New York Times, September 1, 2017</ref>

Some scholars have chosen to explore the significance of the dark-skinned complexion to pilgrims and worshippers rather than focusing on whether this depiction was intentional. By virtue of their unusual presence, the Black Madonnas have sometimes acted to make their shrines revered pilgrimage sites. Monique Scheer attributes the importance of the dark-skinned depiction to its connection with authenticity. The reason for this connection is the perceived age of the figures.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

List of Black MadonnasEdit

AfricaEdit

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AsiaEdit

JapanEdit

File:Black Madonna at Catholic Tsuruoka Church 1.jpg
Black Madonna at Tsuraoka Catholic Church, Yamagata, Japan

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The PhilippinesEdit

File:Virgen de Regla de Opon, Isla de Mactan, Cebu, FIlipinas.jpg
Our Lady of the Rule of Opón, Lapu-lapu City, Cebu
File:Nuestra Señora De Guia.jpg
Our Lady of Guidance, Ermita, Manila

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IndiaEdit

TurkeyEdit

  • Trabzon: Sümela Monastery<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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EuropeEdit

AustriaEdit

BelgiumEdit

  • Brugge, "Our Lady of Regla"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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File:Marija Bistrica.jpg
Marija Bistrica

CroatiaEdit

Czech RepublicEdit

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TROJA CHATEAU chapel- original "Montserrat Madonna" from Old Town Byzantine building (pg.100 of Martin Krummholz ISBN 978-80-7010-131-5)

FranceEdit

File:Saint-Jouan-des-Guérets (35) Église 12.jpg
Madonna of Saint-Jouan-des-Guérets (35)
File:Vierge noire de l'abbaye de Graville au Havre 1.JPG
Vierge noire de Graville (Le Havre)
File:ViergeNoire.jpg
The statue of the Black Virgin at Rocamadour

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GermanyEdit

File:Gnadenbild, Gnadenkapelle Altötting.jpeg
Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting, Altötting: Gnadenkapelle

GreeceEdit

HungaryEdit

File:Boldogságos Szűz Mária, máriapócsi kegykép másolata, Egri főszékesegyház, 2016 Hungary.jpg
Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Cathedral Basilica of Eger, Hungary

IrelandEdit

ItalyEdit

File:Patti Tindari Schwarze Madonna.jpg
Tindari Madonna Bruna: restoration work in the 1990s found a medieval statue with later additions. Nigra sum sed formosa, meaning "I am black but beautiful" (from the Song of Songs, 1:5), is inscribed round a newer base.
File:Fotothek-df ge 0000379-Venedig.jpg
Street performer in Black Madonna costume in Venice

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KosovoEdit

LithuaniaEdit

File:Siluvos baznycia2. 2007-04-21.jpg
Our Lady of the Pine Woods Lithuania

LuxembourgEdit

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MacedoniaEdit

MaltaEdit

PolandEdit

File:Czestochowa MB Czestochowska.jpg
Icon of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa, covered in a decorative silver shield, at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Poland

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PortugalEdit

RomaniaEdit

File:VergineTricherusa.jpg
Serbian Orthodox Three-handed Black Madonna, Serbian Orthodox Hilandar. Serbia

RussiaEdit

SerbiaEdit

SloveniaEdit

SpainEdit

File:Virgendecandelariacamarin01.jpg
Image of the Virgin of Candelaria, in the Basilica of Candelaria (Tenerife)

SwedenEdit

SwitzerlandEdit

File:BlackTheotokosHalki.png
One of three of Turkey's surviving icons of the Theotokos on the island of Heybeliada at the Theological School of Halki

UkraineEdit

United KingdomEdit

North AmericaEdit

Costa RicaEdit

CubaEdit

MexicoEdit

Trinidad and TobagoEdit

United StatesEdit

CanadaEdit

  • Windsor, Ontario -Black Madonna chapel located at Italian banquet hall Ciociaro club.

South AmericaEdit

BrazilEdit

File:NS Aparecida.png
Nossa Senhora Aparecida

ChileEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

External linksEdit

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