Bubastis
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Bubastis (Bohairic Coptic: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Poubasti; Greek: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Boubastis<ref>Herodotus ii. 59, 137</ref> or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Boubastos<ref>Strabo xvii. p. 805, Diodorus xvi. 51, Plin. v. 9. s. 9, Ptol. iv. 5. § 52.</ref>), also known in Arabic as Tell-Basta or in Egyptian as Per-Bast, was an ancient Egyptian city. Bubastis is often identified with the biblical Pi-Beseth (Template:Langx py-bst, Ezekiel 30:17).<ref>Ezek. 30:17. Template:Script/Hebrew "Youths of Awen and Pi-Beset will fall by the sword; and they (fem) will go into captivity." Template:Script/Hebrew "they (feminine)" cannot refer to the youths, and so must refer to the cities. Hebrew words meaning "city" are generally feminine (Template:Script/Hebrew).</ref> It was the capital of its own nome, located along the River Nile in the Delta region of Lower Egypt, and notable as a center of worship for the feline goddess Bastet, and therefore the principal depository in Egypt of mummies of cats.
Its ruins are located in the suburbs of the modern city of Zagazig.
EtymologyEdit
The name of Bubastis in Egyptian is Pr-Bȝst.t, conventionally pronounced Per-Bast but its Earlier Egyptian pronunciation can be reconstructed as /ˈpaɾu-buˈʀistit/. It is a compound of Egyptian Template:Langx (“house") and the name of the goddess Bastet; thus the phrase means "House of Bast".<ref>Mohamed I. Bakr, Helmut Brandl, "Bubastis and the Temple of Bastet", in: M.I. Bakr, H. Brandl, F. Kalloniatis (eds.), Egyptian Antiquities from Kufur Nigm and Bubastis. Museums in the Nile Delta Template:Webarchive (M.i.N.) vol. 1, Cairo/ Berlin 2010, pp. 27-36, Template:ISBN.</ref> In later forms of Egyptian, sound shifts had altered the pronunciation. In Bohairic Coptic, the name is rendered {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
HistoryEdit
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Bubastis served as the capital of the nome of Am-Khent, the 18th nome of Lower Egypt. Bubastis was situated southwest of Tanis, upon the eastern side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. The nome and city of Bubastis were allotted to the Calasirian division of the Egyptian war-caste.
Second DynastyEdit
In a later account by the Greek historian Manetho, it's stated that a "chasm opened near Bubastis and many perished" during the reign of Hotepsekhemwy in the Second Dynasty.<ref name="WGW">William Gillian Waddell: Manetho (The Loeb Classical Library, Volume 350). Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2004 (Reprint), Template:ISBN, page 37–41.</ref>
Twelfth DynastyEdit
In the Middle Kingdom, Tell Basta was the site of a large mudbrick palace (16,000 sqm) dated to the Twelfth Dynasty.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has been thought to be a residence of Amenemhat III. A limestone lintel shows the king during his Heb Sed Festival.
Second Intermediate PeriodEdit
Following the Twelfth Dynasty, the Middle Kingdom faded out. At Bubastis, a red granite architrave belonged to Sekhemre Khutawy Khabaw.<ref>Britisn Museum EA 1100</ref> In another monument found at Tanis, he is mentioned along with Hor.
Twenty-Second DynastyEdit
It became a royal residence after Shoshenq I, the first ruler and founder of the 22nd Dynasty, became pharaoh in 943 BC. Bubastis was its height during this dynasty and the 23rd. It declined after the conquest by Cambyses II in 525 BC, which heralded the end of the Saite 26th Dynasty and the start of the Achaemenid Empire.
The Twenty Second Dynasty of Egyptian monarchs consisted of nine, or, according to Eusebius<ref>Chronicon</ref> of three Bubastite kings, and during their reigns the city was one of the most considerable places in the Delta. Immediately to the south of Bubastis were the allotments of land with which Psamtik I rewarded the services of his Ionian and Carian mercenaries;<ref>Herodotus ii. 154</ref> and on the northern side of the city commenced the Canal of the Pharaohs, which Pharaoh Necho II began (but never finished) to go between the Nile and the Red Sea.<ref>Herodotus ii. 158</ref>
Persian rule and declineEdit
After Bubastis was taken by the Persians, its walls were dismantled.<ref>Diod. xvi. 51.</ref> From this period it gradually declined, although it appears in ecclesiastical annals among the episcopal sees of the province Augustamnica Secunda. Bubastite coins of the age of Hadrian exist. The following is the description which Herodotus gives of Bubastis, as it appeared shortly after the period of the Persian invasion, 525 BC, and Hamilton remarks that the plan of the ruins remarkably warrants the accuracy of this historical eye-witness: Template:Quote
ReligionEdit
Bubastis was a center of worship for the feline goddess Bastet, sometimes called Bubastis after the city, who the Greeks identified with Artemis. The cat was the sacred and peculiar animal of Bast, who is represented with the head of a cat or a lioness and frequently accompanies the deity Ptah in monumental inscriptions. The tombs at Bubastis were accordingly the principal depository in Egypt of the mummies of the cat.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The most distinguished features of the city and nome of Bubastis were its oracle of Bast, the splendid temple of that goddess and the annual procession in honor of her. The oracle gained in popularity and importance after the influx of Greek settlers into the Delta, since the identification of Bast with Artemis attracted to her shrine both native Egyptians and foreigners.
The festival of Bubastis was considered the most joyous and gorgeous of all in the Egyptian calendar as described by Herodotus: Template:Quote
Christian bishopricEdit
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Extant documents mention the names of three Christian bishops of Bubastis of the 4th and 5th centuries:
- Harpocration, one of the bishops ordained by Melitius of Lycopolis listed in 325
- Hermon, a contemporary of Athanasius of Alexandria, in about 362
- Iulianus at the Second Council of Ephesus in 449<ref>Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 461</ref><ref>Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 559-562</ref><ref>Klaas A. Worp, A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325 - c. 750), in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 100 (1994) 283-318</ref>
ExcavationsEdit
The tomb of the late New Kingdom vizier Iuty was discovered in December 1964 in the "Cemetery of the Nobles" of Bubastis by the Egyptian archaeologist Shafik Farid.
Since 2008, the German-Egyptian "Tell Basta Project" has been conducting excavations at Bubastis. Previously, in March 2004, a well preserved copy of the Decree of Canopus was discovered in the city.<ref>Tell Basta Project (EES/ University of Göttingen/ SCA) Template:Webarchive Egypt Exploration Society</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Wikisource1911Enc Template:Sister project
- Tell Basta Project (EES/ University of Göttingen/ SCA) Egypt Exploration Society
- Preliminary German website of Tell Basta Project
- Finds from Bubastis on the website of MUSEUMS IN THE NILE DELTA (project M.i.N.)