C (New York City Subway service)

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Good article Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox NYCS service The C Eighth Avenue Local<ref name="timetable">Template:NYCS const</ref> is a Template:Convert<ref name="MTA-ReviewAC-2015"/>Template:Rp rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or "bullet", is Template:NYCS const since it is a part of the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The C operates during daytime hours only between 168th Street in Washington Heights, Manhattan and Euclid Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn, making all stops along the full route; overnight service is replaced by the {{ #if: | A | A }}{{

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}} train, which makes all stops along the C's route.

Historically, most C service ran only during rush hours, along the IND Concourse Line to Bedford Park Boulevard in the Bronx and later along the IND Rockaway Line to Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street in Queens. Prior to 1985, the local C service was referred to as the CC, with the C designation reserved for a complementary express service that was discontinued in 1949. The CC was once the only route to serve the Bronx, Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens in a single trip. Outside of rush hour, local service in Manhattan was usually provided by the AA, later relabeled K, which ran between 168th Street and Chambers Street/World Trade Center. In 1988, the K and C were consolidated into one service, and during the 1990s, the C's routing was altered to create the current service pattern. A 2015 study of the route found that the C had a daily ridership of 250,000.<ref name="MTA-ReviewAC-2015"/>Template:Rp

History

Original IND service

The AA and CC services were the predecessors to the current C service. A and AA service began on September 10, 1932, with the opening of the first line of the Independent Subway System (IND), the Eighth Avenue Line. The IND used single letters to refer to express services and double letters for local services. The A ran express and the AA ran local from 168th Street to Chambers Street/World Trade Center, known at the time as Hudson Terminal. The AA ran at all times, and it was extended to 207th Street during nights and on Sundays when the A did not run.<ref name="Chambers">Template:Cite news</ref> On February 1, 1933, the AA was extended to the newly-opened Jay Street–Borough Hall station when the A did not run, continuing to terminate at Chambers Street when the A did run.<ref name="Chiasson 2011">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Jay">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYTimes-IND8AvJaySt-Jan1933">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The C and CC services began operation on July 1, 1933, when the IND Concourse Line opened. C trains operated between Norwood–205th Street in the Bronx and Bergen Street during weekday rush hours and Saturday mornings and afternoons and made express stops between Tremont Avenue and 145th Street in the peak direction. CC trains replaced the AA Eighth Avenue Local and operated between either 205th Street or Bedford Park Boulevard in the Bronx and Hudson Terminal in Manhattan and made all stops along the full route; CC service originated and terminated at Bedford Park Boulevard instead of 205th Street when the C was operating.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> C trains left Bergen Street between 3:30 p.m. and 6:50 p.m., and left 205th Street between 6:33 a.m. and 11:26 a.m. C trains ran every 4 minutes during rush hours in the peak direction, and every 5 minutes in the reverse-peak direction, and ran with 6- and 7-car trains. During morning rush hours, CC trains operated to 205th Street until 7:30 a.m., and to Tremont Avenue between 7:30 a.m. and 11:30 a.m.. PM rush hour CC trains terminated at Bedford Park Boulevard, and several other trains terminated and originated at Bedford Park Boulevard. CC trains ran every 4 minutes during rush hours, 5 minutes during middays, every 5 and 6 trains during evenings, and every 12 minutes overnight. Trains ran with 5 cars during rush hours, and with 3 cars other times.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> On August 17, 1933, CC trains stopped terminating at Tremont Avenue.<ref name="The New York Division Bulletin 2003">Template:Cite journal</ref>

On January 1, 1936, C service was extended to Jay Street–Borough Hall. On April 9, 1936, C service was extended to Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets.<ref name="Rutgers">Template:Cite news</ref> After July 1, 1937, a few C trains continued to run to Bergen Street southbound in the morning rush hour and northbound in the evening rush hour. Also on the same date, weekend C service was discontinued, and CC service was extended to 205th Street to compensate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

IND Sixth Avenue Line opens

Template:Stack On December 15, 1940, the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened. Two new services, the BB (later {{ #if: | B | B }}{{

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}}, began running. These lines ran on the Eighth Avenue Line in upper Manhattan, switching to the Sixth Avenue Line in Midtown. The BB ran local to 168th Street during rush hours. The D joined the C as the peak direction Concourse Express. CC trains now ran between Hudson Terminal and Bedford Park during rush hours and on Saturdays and during other times, the D made local stops in the Bronx, replacing CC service. On the same date, limited morning rush hour service began between 205th Street, Bronx and Utica Avenue, Brooklyn, making local stops on the IND Fulton Street Line. AA service was reinstated during this time, but only during off-peak hours (non-rush hours, late Saturday afternoons and Sundays) when the BB and CC did not operate. The CC would provide Eighth Avenue Line local service during rush hours.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the 1940s, C trains ran every 10 minutes during rush hour, CC trains ran every 4 minutes, and D trains ran every 5 minutes.<ref name="The New York Division Bulletin 2003" />

On October 24, 1949, C express service was discontinued. Additional D service was added to offset this loss. The CC, which only ran during rush hours, began terminating at Broadway–Lafayette Street Mondays to Fridays, and on Saturdays CC service continued to operate to Hudson Terminal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On December 29, 1951, Saturday CC service was discontinued.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Weekday CC service returned to its previous terminal at Hudson Terminal on October 30, 1954.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:AA Train (1967-1979).svg File:CC Train (1967-1979).svg

1967–1979 bullets

On August 30, 1976, the CC train replaced the {{ #if: | E | E }}{{

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}} train as the rush-hour local along the IND Fulton Street Line and IND Rockaway Line, running from Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street in Queens through Brooklyn and Manhattan to Bedford Park Boulevard in the Bronx, making it the only service to run through all four boroughs served by the subway. The Rockaway Park Shuttle HH was renamed CC. This shuttle ran between Broad Channel and Rockaway Park during off-peak hours, except late nights. With this, all daytime service to and from Rockaway Park was named CC. Late nights, the shuttle ran between Euclid Avenue, Rockaway Park and Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue via Hammels Wye, and was labeled A.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:AA Train (1979-1985).svg File:CC Train - diamond.svg

1979–1985 bullets

On August 28, 1977, late night AA service was eliminated. The A began making local stops in Manhattan during late nights, when the AA was not running.<ref name="Chiasson 2011" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On May 6, 1985, the IND practice of using double letters to indicate local service was discontinued. The AA was renamed the K and rush hour CC service was renamed C. The off-peak Rockaway Park Shuttle was renamed {{ #if: | H | H }}{{

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}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This change was not officially reflected in schedules until May 24, 1987.<ref name="Chiasson 2011" />

File:NYCS-bull-trans-Cd-Std.svg

1985–1988 C bullet

File:K Train (1985-1987).svg

1985–1988 K bullet

Late 1980s and 1990s

On December 10, 1988, the K designation was discontinued and merged into the C, which now operated every day during daytime hours only.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The C operated between Bedford Park Boulevard and Beach 116th Street during weekday rush hours, between 145th Street and Beach 116th Street during weekday midday hours, and between 145th Street and the World Trade Center during weekday evening and weekend daytime hours; C service made all stops along the route, regardless of the time of day. A express service in Brooklyn was expanded to operate during weekday midday hours, and B service to and from 168th Street was expanded to operate during weekday midday and early evening hours as well.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some midday trains also originated and terminated at Euclid Avenue, with trains alternating between Euclid Avenue and Beach 116th Street as southern terminals.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In January 1991, a reduction of service along the Central Park West, Eighth Avenue and Fulton Street corridors to remove excess capacity was proposed. Initially, the C designation would be eliminated, being replaced by the {{ #if: | A | A }}{{

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}} making all stops in Manhattan and Brooklyn between 168th Street and Euclid Avenue. The service change was later amended to retain the C designation, but with a new service pattern: service would make all stops between 168th Street and Euclid Avenue during weekday rush hours and middays. Weekday evening and weekend daytime service would be extended beyond 168th Street and would originate and terminate at 207th Street, and overnight service would be extended beyond Euclid Avenue and would originate and terminate at Mott Avenue in Queens. This service change would have been implemented in October 1991, pending approval from the MTA board.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On October 23, 1992, rush hour C service was cut back from Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street to Euclid Avenue. The 1992 change introduced five A trips in each direction run from 59th Street–Columbus Circle to Rockaway Park during rush hours, with the Rockaway Park Shuttle (renamed from H to S) operating between Broad Channel and Rockaway Park at all times.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On May 29, 1994, weekend service between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. was extended to Washington Heights–168th Street (effectively recreating the old AA) to allow A trains to run express.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Beginning April 30, 1995, C service was extended to 168th Street during middays as construction on the Manhattan Bridge cut B service from Manhattan. On November 11, 1995, midday service was cut back to 145th Street after B service to 168th Street was restored.

The B and the C, which both made all stops along Central Park West, switched northern terminals on March 1, 1998, ending the connection between the C and the Bronx. Instead of alternating between three different terminals depending on the time of day, all C service now terminated at 168th Street.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The change was made to reduce crowding on the C and to reduce passenger confusion about the C's route.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On May 1, 1999, weekday evening and weekend daytime C service was rerouted south of Canal Street and originated and terminated at Euclid Avenue, the same southern terminal as weekday rush hour and midday service. The 1999 change allowed the C to make all stops in Brooklyn every day during daytime hours, which in turn allowed A trains to make express stops in Brooklyn at the same time.<ref name="Chiasson 2011" /> This service change was made due to construction taking place on the Williamsburg Bridge, which prohibited J, M, and Z trains from operating in Manhattan; as a result, service on the C, as well as the A and {{ #if: | L | L }}{{

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}} lines were increased. This service change to the C was made permanent after the Williamsburg Bridge reopened to J, M and Z trains.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

2000s to present

C service was suspended from January 29 to February 14, 2000 due to switch replacement work north of the World Trade Center station, preventing it from being used as a terminal for {{ #if: | E | E }}{{

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}} trains. The E was rerouted south of Canal Street and originated and terminated at Euclid Avenue in Brooklyn every day during daytime hours to replace C trains; overnight E service short turned at Canal Street and did not operate to or from Euclid Avenue. Weekday daytime service between 168th and 145 Streets as well as weekday evening service between 145th and 59th Streets was replaced by {{ #if: | A | A }}{{

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}} trains were extended beyond 145th Street during weekend daytime hours and originated and terminated 168th Street. Rush hour frequencies on the B was increased since it was the only line making all stops along Central Park West at the time.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, C service was suspended and was replaced by A, B and D trains in Manhattan and by E trains in Brooklyn, which was rerouted south of Canal Street and originated and terminated at Euclid Avenue. Normal service was restored on September 24, but trains bypassed Chambers Street until October 5.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=NYDN-092301>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

On January 23, 2005, a fire at the Chambers Street signal room crippled A and C service. C service was suspended until February 2 and was replaced by the A, B, D, E, and V along different parts of its route. Initial assessments suggested that it would take several years to restore normal service, but the damaged equipment was replaced with available spare parts, allowing normal service to resume on April 21.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In August 2012, the Straphangers Campaign rated the C train the worst of the city's subway services for the fourth straight year. No other service had ranked worst for more than three years in a row. The group found that the C performed worst in three of the six categories in its annual State of the Subways Report Card: amount of scheduled service, interior cleanliness, and breakdown rate. It also ranked next-to-worst in car announcement quality, after the 7, but performed above average in regularity of service and crowding.<ref name="StateofSubways-2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref> The New York Times called the C the "least loved of New York City subway lines", citing its fleet of R32s, which were almost 50 years old at the time the Times reported on the issue.<ref name="Grynbaum">Template:Cite news</ref> The New York Times has also stated that the C train "rattled and clanked along the deteriorating maze of tracks beneath the city, tin-clad markers of years of neglect."<ref name="nytc">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2017, the Times referred to the R32s on the C as the world's oldest subway cars "in continuous daily operation".<ref name="nytc" />

File:R211T C Train 59th Street.jpg

Template:Stl-bound R211T C train at 59th Street–Columbus Circle

In 2011, problems with the R32s were at a peak as the fleet's failure rate was rising steadily. The next year, money was directed to replace the R32s with the R179s.<ref name="nytc"/> At the time, all trains on the C were only Template:Convert long, shorter than on most other B Division routes.<ref name="MTA-ReviewAC-2015" /> During summer 2010, some 600-foot-long R44 trains ran on the C, displacing some R32s, whose air conditioning units were repaired.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the summers of 2011 and 2012, some 600-foot-long R46 trains were used on the C, while the R32s were used on the A, which has long outdoor sections.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="MTA-ReviewAC-2015" /> In the summers of 2013 and 2014 as well as from May 2015 to February 2019, some 480-foot-long R160As ran on the C,<ref name="MTA-ReviewAC-2015">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while R32s were used on the mostly-outdoor {{ #if: | J/Z | J/Z }}{{

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}}. In late 2017, after several failed proposals to permanently lengthen C trains as ridership increased,<ref name="MTA-ReviewAC-2015" /> some 600-foot-long R46 trains were reassigned to the C, displacing some more R32s to the A.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The R160As were displaced back to East New York Yard by February 2019,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> after the first R179 cars were delivered the previous November.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> The R179s periodically experienced major mechanical and technical issues in 2020, forcing the MTA to temporarily remove them from service.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The R32s were formally retired in early January 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

From March 29, 2020,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> to April 29, 2020,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> C trains were suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, and A trains to Lefferts Boulevard ran local in their place.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The cutbacks meant that wait times during rush hours increased from 8 to 12 minutes. In March 2021, TWU 100, the union for subway workers, sued the MTA in order to prevent the reduced frequencies from being permanent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> That same month, the MTA decided to bring back full C service; full service was restored in mid-2021.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Service frequencies on the C were increased after the New York state government provided funding for the changes in mid-2023.<ref name="Brachfeld 2023 n882" /><ref name="Izzo 2023 n387">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On August 7 of that year, midday service was increased to run every eight minutes instead of every ten minutes.<ref name="Brachfeld 2023 n882">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There was supposed to be another service increase during the evening starting in December 2023, but Template:As of, this service increase has not happened.<ref name="Brachfeld 2023 n882" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Fleet

Template:As of, the C train's fleet typically consists of R179s and R211s.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> Since 2018, the C route has used Template:Convert R179 trains with eight cars each;<ref name=":0" /> the short train lengths are partially because, in the 2010s, the route's ridership did not meet NYC Transit's Rapid Transit Loading Guideline. This contrasted with trains on the rest of the mainline B Division (except for the Eastern Division and the {{ #if: | G | G }}{{

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}} train), which are Template:Convert long.<ref name="MTA-ReviewAC-2015" /> The C also uses 600-foot-long R211s with ten cars each, which are being delivered Template:As of,<ref name="Martinez 2023 g774">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in addition to 600-foot-long R46s with eight cars each.<ref name=":1" /> R211T trains with open gangways began running on the C in February 2024.<ref name="Siff 2024 b055">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Route

Service pattern

The following table shows the lines used by the C:<ref>Template:NYCS const</ref>

Stations

For a more detailed station listing, see the articles on the lines listed above.<ref name="timetable"/> Template:NYCS service legend

External links

• MTA NYC Transit – C Eighth Avenue Local
• Template:NYCS const
• Template:NYCS const
• MTA NYC Transit – A C Line Review
  • Main Document Template:Webarchive