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Congressional Cemetery

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox cemetery The Congressional Cemetery, officially Washington Parish Burial Ground, is a historic and active cemetery located at 1801 E Street in Washington, D.C., in the Hill East neighborhood on the west bank of the Anacostia River. It is the only American "cemetery of national memory" founded before the Civil War.<ref name = "NHL nom p4">National Historic Landmark Nomination, p. 4</ref> Over 65,000 individuals are buried or memorialized at the cemetery, including many who helped form the nation and Washington, D.C., in the early 19th century.<ref name="congressional cemetery website"/>

Christ Church, an Episcopal church, owns the cemetery. The U.S. government has purchased 806 burial plots, which are administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Located about a mile and a half (2.4 km) to the southeast of the U.S. Capitol Building, the cemetery is historically associated with the U.S. Congress.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The cemetery still sells plots, and is an active burial ground. It is three blocks east of the Potomac Avenue Metro station and two blocks south of the Stadium-Armory Metro station.

Many members of Congress who died while Congress was in session are interred at Congressional Cemetery. Other burials include early landowners and speculators, the builders and architects of early Washington, D.C., Native American diplomats, Washington, D.C. mayors, American Civil War veterans, and 19th century Washington, D.C., families unaffiliated with the federal government.

The cemetery is the resting place of one vice president, one Supreme Court justice, six Cabinet members, nineteen senators, 71 U.S. Representatives, including a former speaker of the House, veterans from every American war, and J. Edgar Hoover, the first FBI director.<ref name="congressional cemetery website">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 23, 1969, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2011.<ref name="NHL designation">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

19th centuryEdit

File:Latrobe Clinton LOC cropped.jpg
An 1812 architectural drawing of Vice President George Clinton's monument; Clinton was later reinterred in Kingston, New York. The monuments to the right are in the form of the Latrobe cenotaphs.
File:Sousa Grave and Bench DC.JPG
Grave of John Philip Sousa

Congressional Cemetery was established by private citizens associated with Christ Church on a 4.5-acre plot in 1807, who later gave the property to the church, which gave it its official name Washington Parish Burial Ground. By 1817 sites were set aside for government legislators and officials; this includes cenotaphs for many legislators buried elsewhere. The cenotaphs, designed by Benjamin Latrobe, each have a large square block with recessed panels set on a wider plinth and surmounted by a conical point.

From 1823 to 1876, the U.S. Congress funded the expansion, enhancement, and maintenance of the cemetery, but it never became a federal institution. Appropriations funded a gravel road from the Capitol to the cemetery, paving within the cemetery, the public vault, fencing, and the gatehouse, and funerals for congressmen and the cenotaphs.<ref name = "NHL nom p4"/> During the early part of this period, graves were laid out in a grid pattern in an extension of the grid in the L'Enfant Plan for Washington, and little or no landscaping or plantings were made on the grounds.<ref name = "NHL nom p8">National Historic Landmark Nomination, p. 8.</ref> The grid survives to this day and was extended as the cemetery expanded.

Starting in the late 1840s, the cemetery was influenced by the rural cemetery movement in which the graves were placed in a park-like setting with extensive landscaping. To implement this new vision, the cemetery needed to expand.<ref name = "NHL nom p8"/>

Between 1849 and 1869, the cemetery grew in area to 35.75 acres. The original cemetery was located on block 1115 on E Street between 18th and 19th Streets Southeast in 1808. In 1849, it doubled in size by acquiring the block to its south, 1116. In 1853, it expanded to the east on blocks 1130, 1148 and 1149 between F and G Streets Southeast. In 1853–53, the cemetery expanded to the west by acquiring block 1104, between 17th Street and 18th Streets Southeast. In 1858, the cemetery acquired block 1105 and Reservation 13. In 1859, it added blocks 1105 and 1123. Finally, the cemetery reached its current extent of 35.75 acres by growing south to Water Street Southeast with blocks 1106 and 1117 in 1869.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Arsenal Disaster MonumentEdit

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File:DC arsenal cenotaph.JPG
The Washington Arsenal Disaster Monument

In 1864, an explosion at the nearby Washington Arsenal killed a woman supervisor and 20 teenage girls, most of them Irish, who worked packing explosives and cartridges. President Lincoln led the funeral procession to the cemetery and attended the graveside ceremonies. Later a monument was erected over the graves of 16 of the victims. A sculpture of a grieving young woman stands atop a marble column on the monument.<ref>NHL Nomination, pp. 11 and 23.</ref> Local artist Lot Flannery, of the Flannery Brothers Marble Manufacturers, sculpted the monument.<ref name=flannery>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=lot>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Eventually the land to the south of the cemetery was transferred to the National Park Service, although the access road to the RFK Stadium parking lot is administered by the DC Sports and Entertainment Commission. In the 1950s, it appeared that the southeast corner of the cemetery would become a part of the right of way for the Southeast-Southwest Freeway. However, protracted environmental litigation halted construction at Pennsylvania Avenue, with the dead end of the freeway being connected by a temporary road to the RFK parking lot and to 17th Street Southeast at the southwest corner of the cemetery.

After 1876, the cemetery was seldom used or supported by Congress. Nevertheless, many wealthy Washingtonians continued to bury family members there, and figures associated with the government who were local residents, including Marine Corps Band director John Philip Sousa and FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, are buried there.

20th centuryEdit

Template:External media By the 1970s, urban decay, the declining membership of Christ Church, and the declining value of the endowment funded by Christ Church, left the cemetery in serious difficulties. Monuments and burial vaults were in disrepair. Maintenance on buildings had been long delayed. There was no paid staff and minimal funding. Drug dealers and prostitutes began to occupy the cemetery.<ref name ="Preserve">Betsy Crosby, The Resurrection of Congressional Cemetery, Historic Capitol Cemetery Revived by Local Preservationists Template:Webarchive, Preservation, January/February, 2012.</ref>

The cemetery is still owned by Christ Church but since 1976 it has been managed by the Association for the Preservation of Historic Congressional Cemetery (APHCC). Progress on the renovation was very slow until two volunteers became involved. Jim Oliver, then assistant manager of the House Republican Cloakroom, became involved in the late 1980s and helped revive congressional interest in the cemetery. The K-9 Corps, a group of dog owners whose activities helped drive away the drug dealers, was organized in 1997.<ref name="Preserve" />

Renovation picked up after C-SPAN broadcast a video on the cemetery on July 5, 1996.<ref name="span A" /> The following weekend 100 airmen from Andrews Air Force Base arrived unannounced to mow the 35-acre lawn, and a contingent from the Army post at Fort Belvoir followed the next month. A Joint Service Day involving all five branches of the U.S. military has since become an annual tradition. In 2013, a record 328 people participated.<ref name="Preserve" />

The National Trust for Historic Preservation included the cemetery on its 1997 list of America's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places and many gifts and donations were soon received. Congress gave $1 million in matching funds in 1999 to create an endowment for basic maintenance, and a 2002 Congressional appropriation funds restoration.<ref name="Preserve" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Several LGBTQ figures and activists have been buried at the cemetery, some near the grave of Leonard Matlovich in an area called the "Gay Corner". The cemetery claims to be the only in the world with an LGBTQ section.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

21st centuryEdit

File:CongressionalCemetery2.jpg
The cemetery looking northeast
File:CongressionalCemeteryWashingtonDC.jpg
The cemetery looking northwest

The APHCC now hosts over 1,000 volunteers each year working on a wide variety of projects, including planting bulbs, resetting tombstones, pruning trees, adopting and landscaping individual plots, providing research, and writing a quarterly newsletter. Events hosted by the APHCC have included free guided tours on Saturdays, Christmas caroling, Christ Church's Easter services, book signings, Pride 5k race and Dead Man's Run 5k race, Day of the Dog Festival, and Ghosts & Goblets Gala.<ref name="congressional cemetery website"/>

In May 2013, Congressional Cemetery hired Topographix, a firm which surveys cemeteries using ground-penetrating radar, to document burials in the cemetery. Although the cemetery had excellent records going back to its founding, many burial sites lacked a marker or had the marker removed or stolen. Additionally, subsidence of some areas and buckling in others has changed the location of some graves.<ref>Bosworth, Sharon. "Congressional Cemetery Revealed." Template:Webarchive Capital Community News. June 1, 2013. Accessed 2013-12-25.</ref> The last time Congressional Cemetery was accurately and completely mapped was 1935.

By the end of 2013, about half the cemetery had been mapped, revealing a potential 2,750 unmarked burial sites. Cemetery staff said many of these burials are probably recorded, but some may be new discoveries. Congressional Cemetery officials said they were one of only 12 cemeteries in the city still accepting burials, and the mapping project would allow it to identify unused space. The mapping project was to be completed in the spring of 2014, and the cemetery said it would use the results to release a mobile phone app which will allow users to search for and locate graves on their own.<ref>Binkovitz, Leah. "'Bone Finder' Plots Unmarked Graves at Historic Congressional Cemetery." Template:Webarchive Washington Post. December 25, 2013. Accessed 2013-12-25.</ref>

In August 2013, the cemetery began using goats to eat and clear the surrounding wooded area of poison ivy, English ivy, grass, and other plants. The 58 "eco-goats", which cost $4,000, are considered more ecologically friendly than mowers and pesticides and provide fertilizer as well. It was the first use of goats inside the beltway. The use of the goats drew widespread international attention and televised reports on BBC World News, Nat Geo, News Hour, NBC Nightly News, Tokyo TV, China CCTV, and Al-Jazeera.<ref>Shapira, Ian. "At Congressional Cemetery, Goats Eating Their Way Through an Acre of Poison Ivy." Template:Webarchive Washington Post. August 7, 2013, accessed 2013-08-08; Weber, Joseph. "Goats Are the Go-To in Historic Congressional Cemetery's Eco-Cleanup Quest." Fox News. August 7, 2013, accessed 2013-08-08; "Grazing Goats Will Help Clean Up Historic Congressional Cemetery in Washington." Associated Press. August 7, 2013; "Goats Graze in Historic Washington Graveyard." Template:Webarchive BBC World News. August 7, 2013, accessed 2013-08-08.</ref>

Monuments and structuresEdit

File:ClayCalhoun QRc CC.JPG
Cenotaphs of former U.S. Senators John C. Calhoun (left) and Henry Clay

The Congressional Cemetery is a National Historic Landmark Historic District with nine contributing structures and 186 contributing objects built from 1817 to 1876. Later structures and objects are considered to be "non-contributing" even if they are significant in the cemetery's current appearance.<ref name="NHL p9">NHL Nomination, p. 9.</ref>

CenotaphsEdit

File:QR CC cenotaphs Tip and Hale.JPG
Cenotaphs of Tip O'Neill (front, with flag) and Hale Boggs (rear, with flag) with QRpedia codes displayed on metal spikes

Of the 186 contributing objects, 168 are the nearly identical Congressional cenotaphs, believed to have been designed by the Architect of the Capitol Benjamin Latrobe.<ref name="NHL p9"/> As used at the Congressional Cemetery, the term "cenotaph" includes not only monuments to those buried elsewhere, but also the Latrobe monuments that mark occupied graves of representatives and senators. Some congressmen are buried under a cenotaph, some are buried without one in a different area of the cemetery, and for some the marker is a true cenotaph. James Gillespie (1747–1805), who was reinterred in 1892, has a separate grave and cenotaph.

A cenotaph was erected for each congressman who died in office from 1833 to 1876. The first was for former U.S. Representative James Lent. After Congress appropriated funds and his monument was ordered, his family reinterred the body in New York. Congress erected the monument in 1839 anyway, establishing the tradition of erecting cenotaphs.<ref name=ceno/>

The cenotaphs are constructed of Aquia sandstone, as are the White House and the Capitol, and were likewise painted white, forming a visual connections with these nearby symbols of federal government, and a contrast to the surrounding gravestones. They are grouped in rows in the older part of the cemetery where they dominate the landscape.<ref name = "NHL nom p8"/>

After the Civil War very few congressmen were buried in the cemetery, as their bodies were commonly shipped to their home states or buried in the new National Cemeteries such as Arlington National Cemetery. Cenotaphs were discontinued in 1876 after Massachusetts Senator George Frisbie Hoar stated that "the thought of being buried beneath one of those atrocities brought new terror to death."<ref name=ceno>Congressional CemeteryTemplate:Dead link, 2007, Cenotaph Walking Tour, accessed April 3, 2012.</ref>

William Thornton, who served as Architect of the Capitol before Latrobe, is the only person honored with a cenotaph who did not serve as a congressman. Former Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill was honored with a cenotaph in 1994, though it is not in the style of a Latrobe cenotaph. After a 1972 plane crash in which their bodies were lost, Hale Boggs and Nicholas Begich share a cenotaph. These are the only cenotaphs erected since 1876.<ref name=ceno/>

Public VaultEdit

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File:Public Vault roses CC.JPG
The Public Vault

The Public Vault is an early classical revival structure built from 1832 to 1834 with federal funds to store the bodies of government officials prior to burial.

A classical marble facade with baroque scrolls decorates the partially subterranean vault. Double wrought iron doors have the words "PUBLIC VAULT" displayed by means of vent holes.<ref name="NHL p9"/> Temporary residents of this vault have included three U.S. presidents: John Quincy Adams (1848), William Henry Harrison (1841), and Zachary Taylor (1850). President Harrison stayed in the vault for three months, three times longer than the time he served as president.<ref name="Washian">Josh Swiller, A Walk Through Congressional Cemetery Template:Webarchive, Washingtonian, May 19, 2011.</ref>

First Lady Dolley Madison was interred in the Public Vault for two years, the longest known interment in the vault, while funds were being raised for her reinterment at Montpelier. Her body was transferred to the Causten family vault, located directly across the path from the Public Vault, for another six years before the funds were raised.<ref>American Artifacts: Congressional Cemetery Template:Webarchive, American History TV, CSPAN3, on YouTube, accessed April 16, 2012.</ref> First Lady Louisa Catherine Adams has been reported as having been interred in the Public Vault, but other sources report that she was interred in the Causten family vault.<ref name="PV Post">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Cong Cem L Adams">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Johnson and Johnson, p. 139, unequivocally states that Louisa Adams was interred in the Causten family vault the day after her death.</ref> Adams is now buried next to her husband in the United First Parish Church in Quincy, Massachusetts.

Lewis Powell is believed to have spent a night in the vault while avoiding pursuit for his role in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.<ref name="Washian"/>

Grand funeralsEdit

Several nationally important or otherwise remarkable funerals have taken place at the Congressional Cemetery. These funerals featured long formal processions starting at the White House or the Capitol, moving down Pennsylvania Avenue to E Street SE, and then to the cemetery. Parts of this road were specially funded by Congress to facilitate these processions. The form and protocol of these funerals formed the basis for later U.S. state funerals, including those of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy.<ref>Johnson and Johnson, Chapter 2, "The Grand Procession to the National Burial Ground."</ref>

These funerals include those held to honor:

Notable intermentsEdit

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Mary Ann Hall, owner of a 19th-century Washington, D.C. brothel
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J. Edgar Hoover
File:Tom Lantos grave, Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D.C..JPG
Tom Lantos
File:Macomb grave CC.JPG
Alexander Macomb
File:Pushmataha grave.jpg
Pushmataha
File:JT McLaughlin Cong Cemetery W6 DC.JPG
John T. McLaughlin
File:Chief Taza at CC no QR.JPG
Chief Taza

Association and active cemeteryEdit

File:Chapel Congressional Cemetery.JPG
The Congressional Cemetery Chapel
File:Congressional Cemetery 2009 (4).jpg
Green space at the cemetery

The cemetery is administered by the Association for the Preservation of Historic Congressional Cemetery (APHCC), which is a non-profit corporation headed by a 15-member board of directors. The association has nine full-time employees, one part-time archivist, and over 500 volunteers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its mission is:

Historic Congressional Cemetery preserves, promotes, and protects our historic and active burial ground. We respectfully celebrate the legacy of those interred here through education, historic preservation, community engagement, and environmental stewardship.<ref name="p2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

In 2009, the association retained Oehme, van Sweden & Associates to develop a new landscape plan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> The cemetery has approximately 2,000 plots available for sale. On March 20, 2014, the cemetery received its green burial certification from the Green Burial Council. Green burials are allowed in any plot in the cemetery.

K-9 CorpsEdit

Congressional Cemetery is also known for allowing members of the Association for the Preservation of Historic Congressional Cemetery (APHCC) to walk dogs off-leash on the cemetery grounds. In addition to their membership dues, K-9 Corps members pay a fee for the privilege of walking their dogs. K-9 Corps members provide about 20% of Congressional Cemetery's operating income. Dog walkers follow a set of rules and regulations and provide valuable volunteer time to restore the cemetery.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The K-9 Corps program is recognized as providing the impetus for the revitalization of Congressional Cemetery, which had fallen into neglect prior to the program's creation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2008, the association restricted K-9 membership, placing restrictions on dogwalkers as the program became more popular.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The K-9 Corps program has been nationally recognized for creative use of urban green space.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

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SourcesEdit

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External linksEdit

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